THE GENEEA

OK

RECENT MOLLUSC A,

VOL. I.

London: I'HINTk-d nv woodkall and kinder,

ANGEL COUitT, SKINNKR STUKKT.

THE GENERA

OF

EECENT MOLLUSCA;

nj

□
m
a

□

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION.

^^^ m

O -D BY

m^= ° HENRY ADAMS, F.L.S.

AND

AETHUE ADAMS, M.E.C.S., F.L.S.

IN THREE VOLUMES.— VOL. l.

LONDON :
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLVIII.

PREFACE.

In offering to the public their work on the " Genera of
Keeent Mollusca," the Authors believe they are supplying a
want in this branch of Zoology, especially as active research
is now being made into the structure and habits of the
animals that produce the beautiful shells so much admired
in the cabinets of Conchologists.

They have endeavoured, as far as the present state of
knowledge on this subject would permit them, to group the
Genera in accordance with their natural affinities, and they
trust that, from the care with which they have consulted
every original source of information, the work will prove a
correct and useful guide to those who desire to become
better acquainted with this interesting division of the animal
kingdom.

The Authors desire to acknowledge their obligations to
Dr. Gray, Mr. S. P. Woodward, and especially to Mr.
Hugh Cuming, who, with his accustomed love of science,
has afforded them liberal access to his unrivalled collection,
and freely imparted to them much valuable information
relative to the habits and localities of various genera.

With regard to the illustrations, the Authors may add,
that many are derived from drawings of the living animals,

VI TREFACE.

and Avliovo not original, liuvo boiMi faith fully copied or ro-
duood iVoni tlio various works (|iiotod. For iho liguros of
the sludls, rooonrso has boon had in almost OYory instnuoe
to the objoots themselves.

Octoht-r, 1858.

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

SHOWING THE SYSTEMATIC AEKANGEMENT.

PAGE

PACE

MoLirscA . . ^

rol. i. 1

Family Buccinidae, continued.

SyiiopHis of Classes .

i. 2

Purpurime Vol.

. 125

-^Class Cephalopoka .

i. 16

Eapanime . . ]

. 133

Order Octopoda

i. 18

Dactylidse . . j

. 139

Family Octopodi<lfe .

i. 18

Harpinse .

. 139

Philonexidse .

i. 21

Dac-tylinic . j

. 140

Argonautidae

i. 23

Ancillinae . i

. 147

Order Decapoda

i. 25

Fasciolariidae i

. 149

Sub-order Chokdeophora

i. 26

Vasidae

. 155

Family Cranchiidie .

i. 26

Volutidae . i. 157; u

. 616

Loligopsidae .

i. 27

Volutinae . . L

. 616

Chiroteuthidse

i. 28

Scaphellime . ij

. 619

Onychoteuthidae .

i. 30

Volutomitrinae . i

.619

Loliginidse .

i. 35

Mitrida;

. 167

Sub-order Sepiophoea

i. 41

Mitrinae .

. 168

Family Sepiidae

i. 41

Columbellina3 . i

. 181

Sub-order Belemxophora

i. 43

Marginellidae i

. 188

Family Ammoniida? i. 4

4; ii. 611

Doliidse . i

. 195

Order Polypoua

i. 45

Sycotypidte .

. 198

Family Kautilida;

i. 46

Velutinida .

. 199

,. Class Pteeopoda

i. 48

Lamellariidae i. 200; i

. 620

Order Thecosomata

i. 60

Naticidae . . i

. 203

Family Cavolinidse .

i. 50

Cassididse . . i

. 214

Tripteridie .

i. 54

Scalidaa

. 220

Cymbuliidai .

i. 55

Pyramidellidae

. 228

Limacinida; .

i. 58

Eulimidae

. 235

Order Gymnosomata

i. 61

Styliferidai .

. 238

Family Clionidaj

i. 61

Cerithiopsidae

. 239

Pneumodermonidif

i. 62

Architectonicidae .

I. 241

Cymodoceidse

i. 64

Sub-order Toxifeea . i

. 245

-^ Class Gastekopoda .

i. 66

Family Conidae

. 246

Sub-class Prosobeanchiat

A i. 68

Turridae . i. 87; ii

. 614

Order Pectinibraschiata

i. 69

Turrinae .

I. 87

Sulvorder PROBOSCli>li-ERA

i. 69

Clavatulinse

1. 93

Family Muricidae

. i. 70

Clathurellinae i. 95 ; i

I. 654

Muriciaae .

. i. 70

Terebridae i. 223; ii

I. 621

Fusinae .

i. 77

Sub-order Rostrifera

1. 256

Tritoniidffi .

i. 101

Family Strombidae .

i. 257

Buccinidse .

i. 107

Strombinae

1. 258

Buccininae

i. 107

Tereljellinae

i. 262

PiLsionellime i. '

527 ;ii. 656

Cyi^raeidae .

1. 263

Nassinae .

i. 108

Amphiperasidae

I. 269

3 :!

*^ ') r

Vlll

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

paue

PAGE

Family Pedieulariidre Vol.

i. 273

Family Pleurobranchidre Vol

. ii.

37

Oancellariidas

i. 275

Pleurobranchim^

ii.

38

Trichotropidpo

i. 278

Operculatiuie

ii.

41

AporrliaidLie .

i. 280

Runcinida3 .

ii.

42

Cerithiidaj .

i. 283

Pleuropliyllidiidae .

ii.

44

Centhiinre

i. 283

PhylUdiidie .

ii.

45

Potamidince

i. 28 S

Order Nudibranchiata .

ii.

. 47

Melaniidre .

i. 2!)3

Sub-order Anthobranchiat

V ii.

48

Melaniiiiie

i. 294

Fam. Dorididffi

ii.

48

Mtdanopsinw

i. 309

Doridina?

ii.

48

Littoriiiid;\? .

i. 312

Doriprismaticiuse ii.

52,

657

Planaxidie .

i. 321

Polyeerinse .

ii.

53

Planaxinse

i. 322

Onchidorididte .

ii.

57

Litiopinse .

i. 324

Triopida; .

ii.

60

Rissoellidaj .

i. 325

Sub-order Aiolobranchiata

ii.

62

Eissoidio

i. 327

Family Tritoniidie .

ii.

62

Viviparidffi .

i. 337

Tritoniime

ii.

63

Valvatidaj .

i. 343

Melibeinaj

ii.

64

AmpuUariidte

I. 344

Proctonotidte

ii.

67

Turiitellidaa .

I. 350

Dotonidae

ii.

69

CajcidiB i. 355 ; i

1. 626

iEoIididiB

ii.

70

Vermetidffi .

I. 356

Glaucinse .

ii.

70

Onustidas

I. 361

Jiolidina? .

ii.

72

Calyptridoe .

I. 363

Hermseidie .

ii.

78

Capulidse

I. 370

Heroidoe

ii.

634

VauikoiidtB .

I. 374

Elysiidte

ii.

80

Order Scutibranchiata .

I. 376

LimapontiidcB

ii.

81

Sub-order Popoi'uthalma

L. 377

Sub-class Heteropcda

ii.

84

Family Neritida

I. 377

Family lanthinidaj .

ii.

85

Trochida^

I. 387

Macgillirrayiidce .

ii.

88

Eutropiinae

I. 389

Atlautidaj .

ii.

90

Turbiniuaj

I. 391

Pterotracheidie

ii.

92

Astraliinae

i. 397

Phyllirrhoidte

ii.

97

LiotiiiiK .

I. 403

Pterosomatidse

ii.

99

Umboniinte

I. 407

—Sub-class PULMONIFERA

ii.

100

Trochinre .

i. 410

Order Inoperculata

ii.

102

Stomatellinfe

I. 435

Sub-order Geophila

ii.

103

HaliotidK

i. 439

Family Oleaeinidte .

ii.

103

Sub-order Edriophthalma

I. 444

Oleacininse

ii.

103

Family Flssiirellidte .

I. 444

Testacellidie .

ii.

124

Dentaliidte .

I. 455

Helicidte

ii.

126

TeetiiridcB .

u 458

Vitrinince ii.

119,

639

Gadiniidre . . ]

I. 462

Sueciuintc .

ii.

127

Patellidaj . . ]

. 463

Achatiuime

ii.

131

Chitonidse . . i

L. 467

BiUiminse .

ii.

141

ChitoniniB . ]

L 469

Pupinffi .

ii.

166

Cryptoplacinffi , i

. 480

Helicince .

ii.

185>

Sub-class Opisthobranchiata

Limacidte

ii.

217

Vol. i]

L. 1

Stenopidffi .

ii.

220

Order Tectibranchiata . i:

. 2

Arionidaj

ii.

227

Family Actwonidte . . i]

. 3

Janellidtie

ii.

229

Aplustridse . . h

. 6

Veroiiicellidte

ii.

231

Cyliclmidte . . i]

. 9

Onchidiida; .

ii.

232

BllllidlB . , il

. 14

Sub-order Limnophila

ii.

235

Pliilinidte . . ii

. 24

Family Ellobiidre

ii.

236

Lopliocercidte . u

. 30

Ellobiinaj .

ii.

236

Aplysiidte . . ii

. 32

Melampinaj

ii.

242

\

TABLE Of CO-\TE-\TS.

IX

page

PAGE

Family Otinidae . Vol. ii.

643

Family Chamid^ . Yol. ii. '462

Limnseitbe .

ii.

250

Chametrachaeidie

ii. 464

Limmeinas

ii.

251

Order Lccisacea

ii. 466

Planorbinae

ii.

260

Family Lucinidae

ii. 4ti6

Ancylinse .

ii.

265

Cngulinidae .

ii. 470

Sub-order Thalassohiila

ii.

268

Laseidae

ii. 473

Family Amphi1x»li<lie

ii.

268

Leptonidce .

ii. 477

Siphonariidae

ii.

270

Galeommidae

ii. 479

Order Opeeculata .

ii.

272

Solemyidae .

ii. 4^1

Sub-order Ectophthalma

ii.

273

Astartidae

ii. 4S3

Family Cyclophoridae

ii.

273

Unionidae

ii. 4S9

Cyclotime .

ii.

274

Unioninae .

ii. 490

Cyclophorinae

ii.

278

ilycetopinas

ii. 504

Pupininae .

ii.

284

Mutelidae

ii. 505

Cyclostominse

ii.

290

.Stheriidae ,

ii. 509

Pomatiasinae

ii.

298

ilj-tilidae

ii. 511

Helicinidse .

ii.

300

M}-tilinae .

ii. 511

Prose rpinidae

ii.

646

Crenellinae

ii. 514

Sub-order Opisophthalma

ii.

309

Lithophaginae

ii. 518

Family Truncatellidse

ii.

310

]^Iodiolarcidae

ii. 519

Sub-order Prosophthalmj

I ii.

3i3

Dreissenidae .

ii. 521

Family Assiminiid*.

ii.

314

Yukellidae .

ii. 523

Class COSCHIFERA .

ii.

316

A^-iculidK .

ii. 524

Order Pholadacea .

ii.

323

Order Pectisacea .

ii. 530

Family Pholadida ,

ii.

323

Family Trigoniidae .

ii. 530

Pholadinae

ii.

324

Arcidae

ii. 532

Teredininae

ii.

331

Arcinae

ii. 533

Gastrochaenidae

ii.

334

Axinaeinae

u. 541

Solenidae

ii.

339

Nuculidae

ii. 544

Soleninse .

ii.

340

Kucnlanidfe . ii

. 546, 660

Pharinae .

ii.

342

Kuculaninae ii

. 546, 660

Saxica\'idae .

ii.

348

Malletiinps

ii. 548

Myidas

ii.

352

Peetinidae

ii. 550

Corbulidae .

ii.

355

Ra<lulidae

ii. 556

Anatinidae .

ii.

359

Spondylidae .

ii. 559

Order Yeseracea .

ii.

374

Anomiidse .

ii. 563

Family ilactridae

ii.

374

Ostreidae

ii. 567

Mactrinae .

ii.

375

Cla.«s Brachiopoda .

ii. 570

Lutrariinae

ii.

381

Family Terebratulidae

ii. 573

Tellinidae .

ii.

388

Terebratulinae

ii. 573

Telliiiinas .

ii.

389

Magasinae .

ii. 576

Donacinas .

ii.

403

Thecideidae .

ii. 580

Scrobiculariinae

ii.

408

Rhynchonellidas

ii. 582

Paphiinae .

ii.

412

Craniidaj

ii. 583

Yeneridae

ii.

416

Discinidae

ii. 584

Yenerina? .

ii.

417

Lingulidas .

ii. 585

Dosiniinae .

ii.

430

Class TtXICATA

ii. 5S7

Tapesime .

ii.

434

Family Ascidiidse .

ii. 589

Petricolidae .

ii.

440

Clavellinidae

ii. 595

Glauconomyidae

ii.

442

Botrj-Uida; .

ii. 597

Cyprinidae .

ii.

443

Polyclininae

ii. 598

Cyrenidae

ii.

445

Didemniinae

ii. 602

Cyrenoididae ,

ii.

452

Pyrosomatidas

ii. 605

Cardiidae

ii.

453

Salpidie

ii. 606

Bucau-diidae .

ii.

460

VOL. I.

INDEX TO aENEKA.

A bicla

Abra

Abralia .

Ahranchus

Abretia .

Acantliina

Acanthinula

AcantJiocardia

Acanthochites

Acauthochitun.

Acanthockkona

Acanthochitus ,

Acauthodoris

Acanthopleura

Acar

A cardo .

Acaviis .

Acella

Acera

A cera

Acesta

A chutes .

Acbatina

Achatinella

Achaiinella

A chaiinellaslrum

A chatiuus

AcJmtium

Acicula

Acicula

Aciculina

Acila

A clone

A cionca

Acirsa

Aclesia

A clesie

Aclis

Acmcea

Acme

A erne

A coskea

Acrenellus

Acrucidiu

Acroloxus

1.

ii.
i.

PAGE

Vol. ii. 168
ii. 410
31
83
225
i. 130
ii. 11 (J
ii. 455
. i. 482
^ i. 482
i. 482
i. 482
ii. 5G
i. 474
535, 660
41, 456
ii. 194
ii. 255
ii. 177
ii. 18, 27
ii. 558
ii. 87
131, 658
ii. 136
ii. 109
ii. 658
ii. 131
ii. 658
312, 659
ii. 134
i. 121
ii. 545
i. 220
i. 221
ii. 621
ii. 35
ii. 35
i. 234
459 ; ii. 312
330; ii. 656
ii..312, 659
ii. 511
ii. 204
i. 371
ii. 266

11

109

Acrybia .
Actason .
Actoion .
Acteonia
Actinella
Actinoboliis
Actinocyclus
Actinodoris
A ctita
Ac idea .
Acura
Acus
Adacna .
Adamsia
Adamsiella
Adeorbis
Adinus .
Adinete .
Adrana ,
A dsjierr/Uluni
Adula
.ffigires .
Jigista .
yEyle .
^Eijlia .
^■Egojyis .
jEgojms .
iEnigma .
iEolis
^EoUs
iEtlieria .
Agadina .
Agaria .
Agaronia
AgatJtirscs
Agathylla
Agina
Aglaia .
Aglaia .
Aidone .
Akera
Akera
Alaba
Ala3a
Alasmodunta

PAGE

Vol. i.

207

ii.

4

ii.

80

ii.

82

ii.

213

ii.

486

ii.

50

ii.

49

i.

371

i.

351

ii.

98

i.

224

ii.

459

ii.

615

ii.

297

i.

407

i.

114

i.

278

ii.

547

ii.

338

ii.

517

ii.

54

ii.

212

i.

63

ii.

495

ii.

114

ii.

114

ii.

564

ii.

72

ii.

75

ii.

509

ii.

611

ii.

486

i.

142

i.

361

ii.

184

ii.

356

ii.

27

ii.

203

i.

172

ii.

18

ii.

27

i.

241

ii.

172

ii.

499

Xll

IJ^DEX TO GENERA.

A lata

Alatus .

Albula .

Alcadia .

Alcitlioe .

Alcyonimn

Alderia .

Alectrion

A lectryonia

Aletes

Alexia

Alia

ANcida .

Alina

A Una

Alinda .

Aloides .

Alopia .

AIuco

Alvania .

Alvearella

Alycseus .

Amsea

Amalda .

Amalthea

Amarula

Amastra .

Amatliina

Amaiira .

Amauropsis

Ainesoda

Ametistina

A metrocjeph yr us

Amiciila .

Ammonia

Amnicola

Amoria .

Amouroucium

Ampelita

AmpMbina

Ampliibola

Amphibulima

AmpiMbulhna

AinpMbuUmus

Ampbiclirena

A mphidesma

Amphidonta

Ampliidoxa

Amplddromus .

Ampbipeplea

Ampbiperas

A nuMrea

A mp>hisphyra

Ampbyssa

Amjyhitrite

Amphitntldia .

Amphorella

PAGE

PAGE

Vol. i. 258

A mpTiorina .

Vol. ii. 73

i. 258

Anipdexus

. ii. 204

i. 210

Ampulla

. ii. 15

. ii. 306

A^npullacera ,

. ii. 269

i. 1(

34; ii. 617

AmpuUaria

i. 345

ii

. 597, 599

Ampullaria .

i. 209, 346

. ii. 79

AmpuUarina .

. ii. 269

i. 118

Anqndlarius .

i. 345

. ii. 509

Ampidlaroides

i. 350

, ii. 628

Amimllina

i. 208

. ii. 241

Ampullina

. ii. 301

i. 183

Ampulloidea .

i. 350

. ii. 20

Amusium

. ii. 555

i. 384

Amussium

. ii. 554

. ii. 590

Amycla .

i. 186

. ii. 182

Amygdala marina

. ii. 25

. ii. 356

Amyxa .

. ii. 656

. ii. 181

Anacbis .

i. 184

i. 285

Anadara

. ii. 536

i. 330

Anadema

i. 430

. ii. 173

Anapa .

. ii. 415

. ii. 278

Anas

i. 284

i. 223

Anatasia

i. 329

i. 148

Anatina .

. ii. 360

i. 373

Anatina .

. ii. 385

i. 294

Anatinella

. ii. 388

ii. 137

Anatomus

i. 439; ii. 630

i. 372

Ananlax .

i. 149

i. 213

Anaulus .

ii. 286, 659

ii. 621

Anazola .

. ii. 655

ii. 449

Anchincea

. ii. 608

ii. 86

Ancbistoma

. ii. 205

i. 483

Ancile ,

i. 367

i. 480

Ancilla .

i. 148

ii. Gil

Ancillaria

i. 149

i. 336

Ancillaria

i. 143

ii. 619

Ancistrocbeinis

i. 31

ii. 601

Ancistroteutbis

. i. 33

ii. 203

Ancula .

. ii. 62

ii. 128

Ancidosa

i. 307

ii. 269

Anculotus

i. 307

ii. 129

Ancylastrum .

. ii. 265

ii. 128

Ancylotus

. i. 307

ii. 128

Ancylus .

. ii. 265

ii. 391

Andrrea .

. ii. 181

ii. 410

Anellum .

. ii. 627

ii. 568

Angaria .

i. 411

ii. 226

A ngarius

. ii. 260

ii. 143

Anguinaria

. ii. 656

ii. 255

Angulus .

. ii. 397

i. 270

Angulus .

. ii. 265

i. 62

Angy stoma

. ii. 198

ii. 12

Anisus .

. ii. 263

i. Ill

Anisiis .

ii. 256, 262

ii. 65

Anna

i. 93

ii. 65

Aniudaria

. ii. 279

ii. 106

Anodon .

. ii. 502

INDEX TO GE^^ERA.

XIU

PAGE

VAGE

Anodonta . . Vol. ii.

501

Arenaria

Vol. ii. 408

Anodontia

ii.

469

Arene

i. 404

Anodontina

ii.

502

Argina .

. ii. 540

Anodontltes

ii.

506

Argiope .

. ii. 580

A noiacia

ii.

655

A rrjivora

. ii. 612

Anolax .

i.

149

ArgobuccimiTn .

i. 104 ; ii. 654

Anoina .

ii.

178

Argonauta

i. 24

A nomala

ii.

651

Argus

ii. 51, 550

Anomalia

ii.

208

Arianta .

. ii. 211

Anomalocardia

ii.

535

Aricia .

i. 265

Anomalocardia

ii.

420

Arinia .

. ii. 288

Anoraia .

ii.

563

Arion

. ii. 227

Anomphala .

i.

209

Ariophanta

. ii. 225

Anonica .

ii.

524

Armida .

. ii. 444

Anostoma

ii.

198

Armina .

. ii. 44

Ansates .

i.

467

Artemis .

. ii. 430

Ansidus .

ii.

265

A rtemon

. ii. 185

Antalis .

i.

457

Arthemis

. ii. 430

A ntalium

i.

457

Artopoia

i. 263

Anthinus

ii.

150

Arytcena

. ii. 338

Anthora .

ii.

629

Arytene .

. ii. 650

Antigona

ii.

417

Asa

. ii. 430

Antiopa .

ii.

68

Asaphis .

. ii. 389

Aperostoma

ii.

275

Ascidia .

. ii. 590

Aphera .

i.

277

Ascidium

. ii. 589

Aphrodita

ii.

456

A solen .

i. 350

Aplexa .

ii.

259

Asolena .

i. 350

A plexus .

ii.

259

Asolene .

i. 349

Aplidiuni

ii.

599

Aspa

i. 106

Aplodon .

ii.

500

Aspastus

. ii. 151

Apthostra

ii.

7

AspergiUum .

. ii. 338

Aplustniin

ii.

6

Aspidoporvs .

. ii. 641

Aplysia .

ii.

33

Assiminea

. ii. 314

Aplysia .

ii.

35

Assiminia

• . ii. 314

AjdysicqJterits

ii.

80

Assula .

. ii. 19

Appendicularia

ii.

609

Astarte .

. ii. 483

A2:>phis .

ii.

501

Asteronotus .

. ii. 50

ApoUon .

i. 10

6; ii.

655

Astrcea .

. ii. 656

Apoma .

ii.

177

Astralium

i. 399

Aporrhais

i.

281

Astralium

i. 397

A2)orrhais

i.

260

A.styris .

i. 187

Aquaria .

ii.

338

Atagema

. ii. 60

Aquilus .

i.

102

Ataxus .

. ii. 161

Aradasia

i.

418

A thoracophorus

. ii. 230

Aranea .

i.

71

Atilia

i. 184

Area

ii.

533

Atlanta .

. ii. 91

Archacliatina

ii.

131

Atlas

ii. 29, 631

Archelix.

ii.

195

Ato2ya

. ii. 208

Architectonica

i.

241

A tract us

i. 81

Aj-chonta

i.

51

Atrina .

. ii. 530

Arcinella

ii.

464

Atys

. ii. 20

Arciyiella

ii.

349

Aidacochiton .

. i. 477

Arcopagia

ii.

396

Aulacomya

. ii. 513

Arcopagia

ii.

406

Aulica .

i. 160 ; ii. 617

Arctica .

ii.

444

Aulopoina

. ii. 282

Arctoe .

ii.

430

A tdus

. ii. 345

Arcularia

i.

118

Auricelki,

. ii. 242, 312

XIV

mOEX TO GENERA.

Aimcul<t

Auricula

A uricularla

Auriculella

Auriculina

Auriculina

A uriculus

A uriformis

Aurinia .

Auris

A uris

Auriscalpiiim

Auris Mustelce

Auris Veneris .

Ausoba .

Avicula .

Axiua

Axiutea .

Axinoderma

Axinus .

Aylacostoma

Azara

Azarella .

Azeca

Azor

A zor

Babylonia
Bacalia .
B alee a .
Balantium
Balcis
Balea
Balea
Balia
Banhla .
Bankivia
Bapliia .
Barbala .
Barhata .
Barbatia .
Baiiosta
Barleeia .
Barnea .
Barnia .
Basistoma
Batbyompbalus
Batillaria
Batillus .
Batissa .
Beguina ,
Bela

Belonis .
Bembicium
Bensonia
Bcquania
Berxiolis .

Vol. ii

PAGE

ii. 147,

237

ii.

6.59

i.

197

ii.

139

i.

233

i.

197

ii.

237

i.

212

166; ii.

617

ii.

149

i.

441

ii.

360

ii.

4

i.

212

160; ii.

618

ii.

524

ii.

193

ii.

541

ii.

642

ii.

469

i.

299

ii.

357

ii.

488

ii. 106,

639

ii.

347

ii.

391

i.

109

i.

312

ii.

174

i.

53

i.

236

ii.

174

ii.

143

ii.

174

ii.

333

i.

425

ii.

499

ii.

501

ii.

501

ii.

534

ii.

491

i.

332

ii.

326

ii.

326

i.

302

ii.

659

i.

289

i.

392

ii.

448

ii.

488

i.

92

ii.

657

i.

317

i.

339

ii.

469

ii.

506

Berthella

Bezoardica

BkqihoHiis

Biconia .

Bicatillus

Bifrontia

Binovohda

BipapillaHa

Bipho7'a .

Biplex .

Birostra .

Birostris

Bitbynia

Bittium •

Bivoiiia .

Blainvillia

Blandia

Blauneria

Bolania .

Bolma .

Boltenia .

Bombt/xinus

Bonellia

Bontia .

Bornella .

Bo7'nia ,

Borus

Bostryx .

Botrylloides

Botryllus

Botula .

Boucbardia

Bourciera

Boysia .

Bracbycblanis

Bracbydontes

Bracbypodella

Brachi/jms

Bracbytoma

Bradyhtena

Brecbites

Brepbulus

Brocbina

Bivehus .

Broderipia

Brontes .

Broicnia

Bryopa .

Bucardia

Bucardium

Buccardium

Buccianops

Buccinclla

Buccinulus

Buccinum

Buccinum

Bucbanania

Vol. ii.

1.

1.
i.
i.

PAGK
38

216

ii. 349

365

365

244

i. 271

. ii. 594

. ii. 607

i. 105

i. 272

i. 270

i. 341

i. 287

i. 358

. ii. 376

. ii. 647

ii. 106, 643

. ii. 283

i. 403

. ii. 594

i. 324

i. 237

. ii. 361

. ii. 67

. ii. 475

, ii. 148

. ii. 165

, ii. 598

. ii. 597

. ii. 519

. ii. 577

. ii. 300

. ii. 167

. ii. 53

. ii. 517

. ii. 176

. ii. 176

i. 89

. ii. 214

ii. 338, 649

. ii. 160

. ii. 627

i. 355

i. 438

. i. 72

ii. 92, 636

ii. 337, 649

. ii. 461

. ii. 454

. ii. 461

i. 113

i. 275

. ii. 5

i. 107; ii. 615

i. 84, 101

. ii. 235

INDEX TO GENERA.

XV

PAGE 1

PAGE

Bufo . . . Vol. i. 105 1

Callista . . . Vol. ii. 424

Bufonaria

. i. 105 1

Calli stomas

i. 421

Bulhus .
Biilimella

137, 209
ii. 137

Callitliea
Callitriche

i. 178
, ii. 512

Bulimina

ii. 658

CalUtrichoderir

M

ii. 512

Biilimnea

ii. 254

Calloarca

ii. 535

Bulimulus

ii. 159

Callochiton

i. 470

Bulimus .

ii. 146

Calma

ii. 633

Bulina .

ii. 141

CcdococMca

ii. 192

Biilinus .

ii. 259

Calopodium .

ii. 370

Bulla .

ii. 15

Cidpurna

i. 273

Bidla

u. 19

Calpui-nus

i. 271

Bullcea .

ii. 19, 25

Cahjpeopsis

. 365, 366

Bullea .

ii. 15

CaljT)tra

i. 364

Bullearius

ii. 15

Calijptraa

i. 364

Bullia .

i. 112

Ccdjiplria

i. 364

Bulliana

i. 112

Ocdi/jilrus

i. 364

Bullidium

ii. 27

Camsena .

ii. 189

BuUina .

ii. 8

CamUlus

i. 284

Bullina .

ii. 10, 13

Caminata

i. 445

BuUinula

ii. 8

Camitia .

i. 409

BuUula .

ii. 27

Oampeloma .

i. 309

Bullus .

ii. 15

Camptoceras .

ii. 258

Bursa

i. 105

Camptonyx

ii. 644

BursateUa

ii. 36

Campulotii3

i. 138

Busiris .

ii. 36

Campylfea

ii. 210

Busyeon .

i. 1.5

1 ; ii. 655

Canal is

i. 456

Butor

ii. 360

Canal ifes

i. 456

Byssanodonta

ii. 498

Canariiim

i. 260

Byssoarca

ii. 533

Cancellaria

i. 275

Byssodonta

ii. 498

Cancdlarius

i. 275

Byssomya

ii. 349

Cancilla .

i. 170

Byssonia

ii. 363

Candiella
Canistrum

ii. 63
. ii. 143

Cabestana

i. 102

Canreyia

ii. 655

Cacophonia

. ii. 383

Cantareus

ii. 188

Cadium .

i. 196

Canthapleura

i. 474

Cadus .

. ii. 655

Cantharidus

i. 423

Csecella .

. ii. 386

Cantharis

i. 423

Ccecillianella

. ii. 657

Can thar ills

i. 423

Csecum .

.' i. Zl

55; ii. 627

Cantharus

i. 84

Ccelopoma

. ii. 276

Canthidomiis

. i. 310

Csesia

i. 120

Canthorbis

. i. 398

Ccesira .

. ii. 591

Canthyria

. ii. 496

Calcar .

i. 398

Capiluna

. ii. 631

Calcarella

ii. 89, 636

Capisterium

. ii. 379

Calceola .

. ii. 500

Caprella

. ii. 147

Ccdcinella

. ii. 408

Caprinus

. ii. 199

CalUa .

. ii. 290

Capsa

. ii. 409

CaUianax

. i. 1

i6 ; ii. 655

Capsa

]

i. 38<

?, 402, 407

Callicochlias

. ii. 192

Capsella .

. ii. 406

Callina .

. ii. 659

Capselki .

. ii. 393

Calliopfea

. ii. 77

Capsida .

. ii. 389

Callopoma

i. 395

Capulus .

. i. 371

Calliostoma

i. 421

Caracolla

. ii. 201

Callipara

'. i. 162 ; ii. 618

CaracoUinci

. ii. 207

Calliscapha

. ii. 506

Caracohcs

. ii. 201

XVI

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

Carassa

Vol. ii. 659

Cerithiopsis

Cardia .

. ii. 444

Ceritlnum

Cardiai^oda

. ii. 96

Cernina .

Cardilia .

. ii. 461

Cernuella

Cardinalia

i. 413

Ceronia .

Cardiocardites

. ii. 486

Cerojjhora

Cardissa

. ii. 458

C/uena .

Cardiia .

. ii. 486

Chajtopleiira

Cardium

, ii. 454

ChaluUs .

Carelia .

. ii. 132

Chama .

Carinaria

. ii. 95

Chama .

Carinea

. i. 271

Chama'2iholas

Carinidea

i. 415

Chamelea

Carinoidea

. ii. 96

ChametrachKa

Carmione

. ii. 655

Chamostrea

Carychium

ii. 242, 643

Charis

CarycMum

. ii. 147

Ckarodrobia

Caryodes

. ii. 154

Charonia

Casella .

ii. 57

Cheletropis

Caseolus

ii. 213, 659

Chelidomira

Casmaria

i. 216

Clielinotus

Ccissida

i. 196, 215, 258

Chelyconus

Cassidaria

i. 218

Chelyosoma

Cassidea

. . i. 217

Chemnitzia

Cassidea

i. 215, 216, 219

Chenojms

Cassidula

. ii. 238

Chernites

Cassidulus

i. 81

Cher sin a

Cassis

i. 214

Chicoreus

Cassis

i. 217

Clulina .

Casta

. ii. 177

Ckihnopsis

Castalia .

. ii. 508

Chilostoma

Cataulus

. ii. 285

Chilotygma

Catillus .

i. 386

CJtilotrema

Catinus .

i. 212

Chimwra

Caulina .

. i. 61

Cbione .

Cavolina

i. 51

CJiione .

Carolina

. ii. 74, 76

Cliiorfera

Ceinoria .

i. 450

C/i ironia

Ceneona .

i. 309

Chiroteutliis

Cenia

. ii. 83

Chiton .

Centronotus

. i. 73

Chitonella

Cepa

. ii. 563

ChitoncUus

Cepcpa ,

. ii. 195

Cliitoyviscus

Cepolis .

. ii. 199

Chittia .

Cerastes .

ii. 455, 660

Clilamys .

Cerastoderma ,

ii. 455, 660

Chloriea .

Cerastoma

. i. 73

CJdoritis

Ceratia .

i. 333

Chloromya

CeratisoJen

. ii. 343

Chlorosina

Ceratodes

i. 347

Clilorostoma

Ceratodoris

ii. 52, 632

Clioanopoma

Ceratosoma

. ii. 56

Chondropoma

Cerceis .

. ii. 466

Chondrosepia

Ceres

. ii. 647

Chondrostachy

Ceripliasia

i. 297

Chondrula

Cerites .

i. 284

Cliondrus

Cerithidea

i. 292

Choristodon

PAGE

Vol. i. 240

i. 284

i. 209

ii. 215

ii. 414

ii. 95

ii. 335

i. 475

ii. 82

ii. 462

ii. 467

ii. 349

ii. 422

ii. 464

ii. 373

ii. 147

ii. 170

i. 101

i. 60, 613

. ii. 26

203 ; ii. 620

i. 252

ii. 594

i. 230

i. 281

i. 381

ii. 135

i. 72

ii. 251

ii. 149

ii. 204

i. 149

ii. 210

ii. 529

ii. 420

404, 425

71, 633

ii. 475

i. 29

i. 474

i. 483

i. 483

i. 483

ii. 647

ii. 553

"" 193

202

512

617

428

296

295

39

652

. II. 164

Vol. ii. 164

ii. 441

11
ii

11.
ii.
ii.
ii.

i.
ii.
ii.

i.
ii.
ii.

IXDEX TO GKNERA.

XYll

Choristoraa

Chonis .

ChromococMea

Chromodoris

Chrysallida

Chrysallis

Chrysame

Clirysodoimis

Chrysostoma

Cihota

Ci darts .

Cimher .

Cinctodonta

Cingula .

Cingulifera

Ciona

Cionella .

Circe

Circinaria

Circomphalus

Cin-hoteuthis

Cirsotrenia

Cistella .

Cistopus

Cistula .

Cithara .

Cittarium

Cladophora

Cladopoda

Clanculus

Claneoj^h'da

Clanrjulus

Clathrodon

Clathrus

Clafhrus

Clatliurella

Clausuria

Clansilia

Clausi/ia

Clau&ina

Clausinella

Clava

Clavagella

Clavatula

Clavella

Clavellina

Clavellithes

Clavicantha

Clarifjer

Clavus ,

Clea

Cleantlms

Cleidotlutrus

Clementia

Cleodora

Clepsydra

Clio

VOL. I.

PAGE

Vol. ii.

310

Clio _ .

i.

125

Cliodita .

ii.

142

Clione .

ii.

632

Clionella

ii.

622

Cliopsis .

ii.

143

Clithon .

i.

171

CUthon .

i.

79

Cliton .

i.

410

ClceUa .

ii.

533

Closia .

i. 391,

393

Cloisonnuria

i.

386

Clotho .

ii.

364

Clypeicella

i.

334

Clypeolum

ii.

210

Clypeus .

ii.

690

Clyijidella

ii. 106,

109

Clypidina

ii.

428

Coccinella

ii.

204

Cochlea .

ii.

422

Cochlearia

i.

21

Cochlicella

i.

223

Coc/dicellm

ii.

581

Cochlicopa

i.

20

Coclilidium

ii.

293

Coc/i/ia .

i.

139

Cockiitoma

i.

412

Corldodcsma

ii.

61

Coclilolepas

i.

359

Cochlo.styla

i.

415

Codakia .

ii.

055

Ccecalium

i.

416

Ccdogonia

ii.

380

Coenatona

i.

222

Colina .

i.

222

Collonia .

ii.

654

Colohus .

ii. 332,

648

Colubi'aria

ii.

179

Columba

ii.

152

Columbella

ii. 422,

469

Columbus

ii.

422

Columna

i. 156,

284

Columna

ii. 337,

649

Columplica

i.

93

Coins

i.

85

Cominella

ii.

595

Complanaria

i.

86

Conarius

i.

93

ConchUium

i.

303

Concholcpas

i.

91

Concliopatella

ii.

623

Conchoscrpida

ii.

38

Conchulus

ii.

373

ConcTiyUum

ii.

433

Concinna

i.

52

Conella .

ii. 338,

649

Conr/eria

i.

52

Con id us

11

PAGE

Vol. i.

62

i.

62

i.

61

i.

311

ii.

613

i.

384

i.

382

i.

384

ii. 79

635

ii.

655

i. 332

648

ii.

349

ii.

643

i.

381

i.

463

i.

448

i.

453

i.

208

ii.

196

i.

373

ii.

162

ii.

102

ii.

104

i.

82

i.

204

ii.

131

ii.

361

i.

373

ii.

141

ii.

467

i.

355

ii.

521

ii.

188

i.

286

i.

396

ii.

163

i.

103

ii.

507

81; ii.

620

i.

181

ii.

134

ii.

109

ii.

187

.i. 78,

150

LO ; ii.

615

ii.

500

i.

247

i.

258

i.

133

i.

132

i.

357

i.

133

i.

270

i.

343

i.

185

ii.

521

ii. 147

xvni

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Conidea

Vol. i.

185

Criopoderma

Vol. ii. 583

Conohelix

i.

180

Ci-iojyus .

. ii. 583

Conopleura

i.

89

Crisia .

i. 53

Contorta .

ii.

659

Crisiaria

. ii. 501

Conulus .

ii.

116

Grocldoponia

. ii. 659

Conulus .

i. 247,

421

Cronia .

i. 128

Conus

i.

247

Crucibuliim

i. 365

Cookia .

i.

402

Cryopus .

. ii. 583

Cor

ii.

458

Ciyirta .

. i. 368 ; ii. 628

Coralliobia

i.

138

Cryptaxis

. ii. 659

Coralliopliaga ,

ii.

439

Cryptella

ii. 122, 640

Coralliophila .

i.

135

CryiDtocella

i. 202

Corasia .

ii.

192

Cryptocliiton .

i. 479

Corbicula

ii.

447

Cryptoconchus

i. 482

Corhis ,

ii.

470

Cry]3todon

. ii. 469

Corbula ,

ii.

355

Cryptodon

. ii. 385

Corcidum

ii.

458

Cryi)togramma

. ii. 420

Cordula .

ii.

451

Cryptomjthalus

. ii. 659

Corephium

i.

474

C'ryi)tomya

. ii. 358

Corettos .

ii.

260

Cryi^toplax

i. 483

Gorilla .

ii.

208

Cryptopthalmu

s . . ii. 23

Coriocella

i.

203

Cryptospira

i. 192

Cornea .

ii.

449

Cryptostoma

i. 212

Corneocydas .

ii.

449

CryptotJiyra

i. 203

Corneola

ii.

204

CrystaUus

, ii. 658

Cornicidina .

i.

355

Ctenocardia

. ii. 459

Cornucopia

ii.

188

Ctenoconcha

. ii. 549

Cornuoides

ii.

627

Ctenoides

. ii. 557

Corona .

ii.

155

Cucnlla?a

. ii. 539

Corona .

i.

384

CiicuUus

i. 247

Cor on aria

ii.

212

Cucumaria

. ii. 497

Coronaxis

i. 248 ; ii.

656

Cultellus

. ii. 344

Coryda .

ii.

198

Cultellus

. ii. 383

Corymya

ii.

361

Cuma

i. 133

Cory|jhella

ii.

75

Cumia .

i. 103

Costellaria

i.

176

Cumingia

. ii. 412

Crancliia

i.

26

Cuneus .

. ii. 436

Crania .

ii.

583

Cuneiis .

ii. 405, 428

CranioKtJies ,

ii.

583

Cunicula

. ii. 490

CraspedocJiitoyi

i.

475

Cuspidaria

. ii. 369

Crasp>edodonta

ii.

502

Cuthona

. ii. 634

Craspedopoma

ii.

283

Cyamium

. ii. 476, 651

Craspedotus

i.

417

Cyan ocy das

. ii. 445

Crassatella

ii.

485

Cyanogaster

. ii. 40

Crassina

ii.

483

Cyathodonta

. ii. 360

Crassispira

i.

90

Cydadina

. ii. 474

Craticida

. ii. 172,

658

Cyclas .

. ii. 467

Cremides

i.

446

Cydas .

ii. 444, 449

Crenatula

ii.

528

Cydemis

. ii. 252

Crenea .

ii.

208

Cyclina .

. ii. 432

Crenella .

ii.

514

Cydina .

. ii. 403

Crenodonta

ii.

495

Cydocantlia

i. 398

Crepidtda

i.

368

Cydocyrtia

i. 122

Crepididus

i.

368

Cydodontina

. ii. 152

Crepipatella .

i.

369

Cydohdix

. ii. 279

Creseis ,

i.

63

Cydonassa

. i. 122

Crino

ii.

654

Cydo^ye .

, i. 122

INDEX TO GENERA.

XIX

PAGE

Cijclophora

Vol. ii.

279

Cyrenoides

Cyclopliorus

ii.

279

Cyrtodaria

C'l/c/opoma

ii.

275

Cyrtopinna

Vycloiw .

i.

122

Cyrtosolen

Ci/clostoma . i

221, 338,

411;

Cyrtotoma

ii. 282,

290

Cyrtidu.s

Cyclostomtis .

ii.

290

Cysticopsis

Ci/rlu.slrema .

i.

330

Cystingia

Cyclostrema .

i.

405

Cythara

Cyclotus .

ii.

274

Cytherea

Cyliclina

. ii. 9,

657

Cytherea

Cjjlichnklca

ii.

106

Cylinder

i.

254

Dacosta .

Cylinclra

i.

179

Dactylidia

Cylindrella

i.

249

Daetylina

Ci/liudrel/a

ii. 10,

175

Dactylus

Cjiiindrina

ii.

111

Dactylus

C)//indrobulla ,

ii.

657

Dadone .

Cylindrus

i.

144

Da'didochila .

CyUndriis

ii.

164

Dayysa ,

Cyllene .

i.

124

Dalacia .

Cymatium

i.

102

Danvalia

Cymatmm

i.

153

Daphne .

Cymba .

i.

158

Daphnella

Cymbiola

i. 162; ii.

617

Dapbnoderma .

Cymbium

i. 158; ii.

616

Daji/inoderma

Cjimhium . i.

159 ; ii. 15,

616

Dariua .

Cymbula

i.

466

Dascmus

Cymbulia

i.

55

Daudebardia .

Cymodocea

i.

65

Davila .

Cynisca .

i.

406

Decadopeden .

Cynodona

i.

156

Defrancia

Cynthia .

ii.

591

Defraucia

Cypboma

i.

271

Deliiria .

Vyphiis .

ii.

332

Delphinula

Cypriea .

i. 264 ; ii.

623

Dclphinidus .

C'ypra'casbis .

i.

217

Deijtldimoklca .

Cypradia

i.

266

Dtlthyris

Cyprcella

i.

271

Dendroconus .

Cyprwora

i.

2o8

Dendrodoa

Cyprreoviila

i.

267

Dcndrodoris ,

Cyprea .

i.

264

Dendronotus .

Cypreovida

i.

268

Dendrostrca .

Cypreoridwm .

i.

268

Dentale .

Cypriarius

i.

264

Dental iopjsis .

Cypmcardia .

ii.

439

Dental is .

Cypricia

ii.

385

Dentalium

Cyprina .

ii.

444

Dentellaria

Cyprorjenia

ii.

496

Dentipecten

Cyprondct,

i.

268

Deridohranchus

Cyrachcea

ii.

468

Dermatobra nch i

Cyrena .

ii. 445,

651

Dermatocera .

Cyrcnaslrum .

ii.

449

Derocerus

Cyrenella

ii.

453

Deshayesia

Cyrenocyclas .

ii.

445

Desmarestia .

Cyrenodonta .

ii.

453

Desmoiilea

Cyreuoida

ii.

452

Detracla

PAGE

Vol. ii. 453
ii. 351
ii. 529
ii. 346
ii. 276
i. 86
ii. 224
ii. 595
i. 98
ii. 660

ii. 423, 428

ii. 649

i. 146

ii. 325

i. 142

190 ; ii. 5

ii. 71

ii. 2(i5

ii. 6(i7

ii. 528

ii. 499

ii. 533

i. 97

ii. 660

ii. 5.33

ii. 381

i. 454

ii. 121

ii. 415

ii. 553

; ii. 654

i. 92

ii. 182

i. 411

i. 411

; ii. 629

ii. 576

i. 250

ii. 592

ii. 50, 51

ii. 65

ii. 569

i. 456

i. 355

i. 456

i. 456

ii. 200

ii. 553

i. 95

405

us

i. 441

ii. 83

ii. 282

ii. 218

i. 2(19

i. 341

i. 115

ii. 238

XX

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Diacria . . Vol. i. 51; ii. 611

Doris

Vol. ii. 51

Diadora

i. 451

Dorsanum

i. 113

Dialeuca

. ii. 197

Doryssa .

i. 304

Uianchora

. ii. 560

Dosina .

. ii. 417

Dianisotis

. ii. 501

Dosinia .

. ii. 430

Diaphana

. ii. 12

Dosinia .

. ii. 403

Diapliera

. ii. 178

Dostia .

i. 383

Diast)'0])ha

. ii. 260

Doto

. ii. 69

Diazona .

. ii. 603

Dreissena

. ii. 521

Dibaplius

i. 256

Drepanostoma .

. ii. 207

Bicrojytera

i. 62

Drillia .

i. 89

Didacna .

. ii. 4G0

Drupa .

i. 129

Didemniura

. ii. 602

Drusia .

. ii. 639

Didonta .

. ii. 349

Drymffiiis

. ii. 150

Diyitata .

i. 260

Dunkeria

. ii. 622

Diloma .

i. 419

Di/odonta

. ii. 179

Dinia

. ii. 21

Dysnomia

. ii. 497

Diodonta

. ii. 402

Dione

. ii. 425

Eastonia

. ii. 383

DiphylUdia

. ii. 44

Ebala

i. 234

Diplodon

. ii. 497

Ehcna

i. 310

Diplodonta

. ii. 472

Eburna ,

i. 109

Diplommatina

. ii. 287

Ecliinella

i. 316

Dipsacciis

i. 147

Eddnora

i. 218

Dipsas .

. ii. 501

Echinospira

. ii. 637

I>ip)sax .

. ii. 501

EcMon .

. ii. 563

Discina .

ii. 584

EcJiionodernvx

. ii. 563

Discina .

ii. 583

Egeria .

ii. 404, 407

Discodoma

. ii. 201

Egeta

. ii. 651

Discolielix

i. 244

Eglisia .

. i. 354

Discoides

ii. 38

Eidothea

. ii. 27

Discula .

. ii. 208

Eione

i. 118

Discus .

. ii. 116

Elara .

. i. 387

Discus .

i

L. 115, 264

Elasmatina

. ii. 140

Dispotasa

i. 366

Elca

i. 382

Distomns

ii. 603

Electra .

. ii. 105

Distorsio

i. 104

Electrina

. ii. 308

.Distorta .

i. 104

Eledone .

. i. 21

Distortrix

i. 104

Elenchus

i. 424

Dithabnia

ii. 521

Elephantulum .

. ii. 627

Ditremaria

i. 451

Elia

ii. 180, 658

Dolabella

ii. 32

Elimia .

i. 300

Dolabrifera

ii. 33

Elisma .

. ii. 162

Doliolum

ii. 608

Elizia

. ii. 393

DoNtes . ,

i. 196

Elliptio .

. ii. 490

Dolium .

i. 196

E/Msloma

i. 301

Domheya

ii. 251

Ellobiiim

. ii. 237

Donaciarius .

ii. 404

Elona

. ii. 211

Donacilla

ii. 414

Elysia .

. ii. 80

DonaciUa

ii. 396

Emarginula

i. 452

Donacina

ii

. 407, 414

EmarginiUus .

i. 452

Donax .

ii. 403

Emhla .

. ii. 367

Don ax .

ii. 405

Embletonia

ii. 79, 635

Dontostoma

i. 378

Emoda .

. ii. 304

Dorid/tjiiata .

ii. 49

Ena

. ii. 160

Doridium

ii. 27

Enaita .

i. 167; ii. 618

Doriprismatica

ii. 52

Engina .

i. 187

I^'DEX TO GE^'ERA.

XXI

Ennea .

Enoceplialus

Enoplochiton

Enoploteuthis

Ensatella

Ensis

Entale .

Entalis .

Entalites

Entalium

Entoconcha

Entodesma

Entodonta

Eolidia .

Eolidina

Epheria .

EpJdppiiim

Epidromus

Epithyris

Epitonium

Epona

Erato .

Erepta .

Ergsea

Ericia .

Ericusa .

Erigone .

Erinna .

Ennea ,

Erodona .

Ersina .

Entra

Ennlia .

Erycina .

Eryma .

Erythnea

Eryx

Esmki

Espiipliylla

Ethalia .

Ethalion

Ethella .

Eubranchus

Eucampe

Eucaryum

Eucliaris

Etcchele ,

Euchelus

Euclia

Eucoelium

Eucore .

Eudesia .

Eudora .

Eudo.rochiton

Eudoxus .

Euf/lesia .

Eiilima .

PAGE

Vol. ii.

171

Eulimella

ii.

521

Eidota

i.

476

Eumelus ,

i.

30

Eumenis

ii.

342

Euomphalus

ii.

342

Euparyplia

i.

457

Eupjera ,

i.

457

Euphemia

i.

457

Eup)hira .

i.

457

Euplaxiphora

i. 239 ; ii.

622

Eupleura

ii.

363

Euplocamus

ii.

113

Euribia .

ii.

73

Euromus

ii.

73

Euiycratera

i.

319

Eurydice

ii.

660

Eurynea

i.

103

Euryomplmla

ii.

574

Eurystoma

i.

351

Em-j-ta .

i.

269

Eurytus .

i.

189

Empira .

ii.

187

Eutbria .

i.

370

Eutropia

ii.

290

Evame .

ii.

619

Exoleta .

ii.

202

ii.

644

Fahdina

ii.

655

Facelina .

ii.

356

Fadyenia

i.

219

Fannyia .

i. 464 ; ii.

169

Fardmen

ii.

416

Fartulum

381, 410,

475

Fasciolaria

ii.

173

Fastigiella

i.

264

Faula .

ii.

413

Faunus ,

ii.

34

Faiinus .

ii.

252

Favorinus

i.

409

Felania .

ii.

73

Fenestella

ii.

637

Ferussacia

ii.

73

Ficida .

ii.

18

Ficus

i.

210

Fidelis .

ii. 71,

367

Fidenas .

i.

418

Filuras .

i.

418

Fimbria

i.

277

Fiona

ii.

604

Firola .

ii.

657

Firoloidea

ii.

575

Fissilahra

ii.

656

Fissiirella

i.

475

Fissurellidtea

ii.

144

Fissarelhis

ii.

451

Fissuridea

i.

236

Fistula .

1. I

PAGE

Vol. i.

233

ii.

214

ii.

218

ii.

66

i.

244

ii.

215

ii.

451

ii.

207

ii.

506

i.

481

i.

107

ii.

61

i.

56

ii.

613

ii.

190

ii.

98

ii.

490

ii.

116

ii.

204

i.

225

ii.

148

i.

209

i.

86

i.

389

79 ; ii.

654

ii.

430

ii.

397

ii.

633

ii.

646

ii.

631

ii.

284

ii.

627

i.

150

55 ; ii.

655

ii.

171

i.

310

i.

309

ii.

75

ii.

473

ii.

5(;3

i. 106,

639

i.

198

i.

198

ii.

310

i.

41

ii.

72

ii. 64,

470

ii.

77

ii.

94

ii.

95

i.

323

i.

445

i.

449

i.

445

i.

446

ii.

341

XXll

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Fistulana

. Vol. ii.

335

Gastrodimia . . Vol. ii. 336

Flabellina

ii.

73

Gastrodon

ii. 169

Fodia .

ii.

591

Gastrodunia

. ii. 296

Fojgia

ii. 339,

619

Gastrodonta

. ii. 113

FoUiculus

ii.

106

Gastfoplax

. ii. 41

Fornax .

i.

391

Gellina .

. ii. 70

Forskalia

i.

432

Geloina .

. ii. 445

Fossar .

i.

319

Gemella .

. ii. 638

Fossarus

i.

319

Gemma .

. ii. 419

Frar/ella

i.

416

Gena

i. 437

Frafjilia .

ii.

402

Genot

i. 89

Fragum .

ii.

458

Genota .

i. 89

Fretillaria

ii.

609

Geomalacus

. ii. 228

Frickella

ii.

140

Geomelania

ii. 311

Fruticicola

ii.

214

Geomltra

ii. 212

Fiyeria .

ii.

40

Geotrochus

ii. 196

Fucicola .

ii.

83

Geovula .

ii. 237

Fiicola .

ii.

83

Gibberula

i. 193

Fnlgoraria

1. 165; ii.

618

Gibbium .

i. 425

Fuhjur .

i.

151

Gibbnla .

i. 431

Fill via .

ii.

457

Gibbulina

ii. 166

Furcella

ii. 332,

648

Gibbus .

ii. 166

Futsillus .

ii.

106

Girasia .

ii. 640

Fusimis .

i.

78

Glabella .

i. 191

Fuisulus .

ii.

174

Glabris .

ii. 504

Fusus

i.

78

Gladius .

i. 261

Fusus

i. 81, 86,

261

Glandina

G/and/olus

ii. 107
i. 61

Gadinia .

i.

463

Glandula

ii. 591

Gwotis .

ii.

123

Glans .

ii. 489

Gafrarium

ii.

470

Glaphyra

ii. 204

Gaimardia

ii.

520

Glaucion

ii. 557

Galatea .

ii.

407

G/auconeUa

ii. 22

Gahiteola

ii.

407

Gkmconome

ii. 443

Galaxias .

ii.

189

Glaiiconomya

ii. 442

Galha

ii.

254

Glaucus .

ii. 71

Galea

i.

196

Glaucus .

ii. 524

Galeodea

i.

218

Gleba .

ii. 612

Galeodes

i.

81

Globularia

i. 209

Galcola .

ii.

655

Globidus

. 209, 408

Galeomma

ii.

479

Globus .

ii. 463

Galericulmn .

i.

199

Glochidium

ii. 502

Galerita ,

i.

371

Glossoderma

ii. 461

Galerus .

i.

367

Glossodoris

ii. 49

Galileja .

ii.

451

Glossus .

ii. 461

GalUna .

ii.

201

Glotella .

i. 300

Gall inula

i.

259

Glycimeris

ii. 350

Galvina .

ii.

634

GJycimeris

i. 349

, 352, 542

Ganga

ii.

625

Glypliis .

ii. 631

Gari

ii.

389

Gnathodon

ii. 380

Garnotia

ii.

628

Gompbina

. ii. 424

Gasteropteron .

ii.

29

Gonatus .

i. 36

Gasteroptera .

ii.

29

Gongylostoma

ii. 176

Gastrana

ii.

402

GonicUs .

i. 464

Gastridia

i.

131

Gon'idomus

ii. 166

Gastridiiim

i.

131

Goniodoris

ii. 52

Gastrochoena .

ii.

334

Goniostoma

i. 329

INDEX TO GENERA.

XXlll

Goniostomns

Gonodmi

Gonospira

Gonostoma

Gonijodiscus

Goodaliia

Gouldia .

6h'anaria

Gryphsea

Grijphus .

Guettera .

Guilfordia

Gidnaria

Gundlachia

Guttiimium

Gymnojilax

Gi/7-aidios

Gi/rhia .

Gynneum

Gyrorbis

Gyrotoma

Halia

Halia

HaUotidarius

Haliotidea

Hcdiotidea

Haliotis .

Haliotis .

Hamadryas

Haininea

Hamus .

Hanleya .

Hapalus .

Hapata .

Harpa

Hai-pago .

Harpalis

Harparia

Harpella .

Harpula .

Harvella

Hastula .

Hatasia

Hatlna .

Haustator

Haustator

Haiistellaria

Hcmitellaria

Haustellum

Hebra

Hecuba .

Helcion .

Heliacus

Helicarion

Helicella

Helicella

PAGE

PAGE

Vol. ii.

151

Helicigona . . Vol. ii. 210

ii.

164

Helicina .

. ii. 301

ii.

166

Heliciiia

i. 408 ; ii. 306

ii.

207

Helicobulinixs

. ii. 142

ii.

116

Helicogena

ii. 208

ii.

483

Helicolimax

. ii. 120

ii.

484

Mel i Cornell a

. ii. 658

ii.

168

Helicon aides

i. 5

9; ii. 610

ii.

569

Helicoplianta

. ii. 122

ii.

574

Helicophanta

ii. 191

ii.

333

HeUcopldejma

. ii. 92

i.

399

Helicopsis

ii. 215

ii.

253

Helicostyla

. ii. 191

ii.

267

Helisiga .

. ii. 130

i.

103

Helisoma

. ii. 262

i.

469

HelLx .

ii. 188

ii.

263

Hemicardia

. ii. 458

i.

106

Hemicardium

ii. 458

i.

105

Hemicycla

ii. 196

i.

344

Hemicyclonostc

. ii. 462

i.

305

Hemifusus
Hemilaatena

i. 82
ii. 499

i.

282

Hemimactra

. ii. 378

i.

108

Ilemimitra

i. 339

i.

441

Hemiodon

. ii. 502

i.

367

Hemipecten

ii. 556

i.

436

Hemiplecta

ii. 223

i.

440

Hemisinus

i. 302

i. 212,

442

Ilemithalamus

ii. 264

ii.

150

Hemiihyris

. ii. 582

ii.

16

Hemitoma

i. 453

i.

315; ii.

656

Hemitrochus

ii. 194

ii.

631

Henterum

i. 338

ii.

144

Heptabranchus

ii. 59

ii.

659

Heptadactylus

i. 261

i.

139

Hercoles .

i. 398

i.

260

Herculea

ii. 621

i.

139

Herilla .

ii. 181

i.

139

Hermsea .

ii. 78

ii.

618

Hermes .

i. 255

i.

165; ii.

617

Hero

ii. 634

ii.

378

Herse

ii. 654

i.

225

Heterocardia

ii. 387

ii.

32S

Heterodonax

ii. 406

i.

359

Heterofiisus

i. '

59; ii. 612

i.

352

Heteropoma

ii. 625

i.

352

Heterostoma

ii. 212

ii.

654

Heteroteuthis

i. 40

i.

72

Hexabranchus

ii. 59

i.

72

Hiatella .

i

i. 349

, 362, 479

i.

120

Hiatula .

ii. 392

ii.

405

Hiatula .

i. 142

i.

460 ; ii.

657

Hima

i. 121

i.

242

Himiantopoda

ii. 527

ii. 226,

642

Hindsia .

i. 123

ii.

118

Hinea

i. 323

ii. 204,

214

Hinnita .

ii. 555

XXIV

INDEX TO GENERA.

Hinnites .

PAGE

Vol. ii. 555

Ilaira

PAGE

Vol. i. 405

Hipimrjus

. ii. 532

Imbricaria

i. 180

Ili]}peutis

. ii. 262

Impcrator

i. 398

Htjypocha'ta .

. ii. 527

Inaclms .

i. 369

Hipiwnyx ' .

i. 373

InciUaria

. ii. 220

Hipi^opus

. ii. 465

Infimdibulum

i. 415

Hipiiopus

. ii. 465

Infimdihidum

i. 366, 367

Hinmdinella .

. ii. 26

Ino

i. 288

HispideUa

. ii. 214

lo .

i. 299

Histioteiithis ,

. i. 29

lodes

, ii. 86

Holcostoma

i. 324

lopas

i. 128

Homala .

. ii. 398

lothia

. i. 461

Homalocantlia

. i. 74

Iphigenia

. ii. 406

HomorvTS

. ii. -132

Iphigenia

. ii. 182

Horriiomya,

. ii. 513

IpMnoe .

i. 280

Humphreyia ,

. ii. 650

Iridea

. ii. 496

Hyala

i. 326

Iridina .

, ii. 506

Hyalcea .

. i. 51, 52

Irus

. ii. 216

Hyalimax

. ii. 219

Irus

. ii. 438

Hyalina i. 194, 1

95; ii. 118, 120

Isanda .

i. 409

Hyalinia

. ii. 118

Isapis

i. 320

Hyaloteutliis .

i. 35

Lsara

i. 171

Eyalus .

. i. 51

IsarcJia .

. ii. 389

Hydastes

. ii. 109

Ischnochiton

. i. 471

Hydatina

. ii. 7

Isclunoradsia ,

i. 471

Hydrobia

i. 335; ii. 624

Ishnula .

i. 92

Hydrocena

. ii. 299

Isidora ,

. ii. 260

Hygrohmm

. ii. 283

Ismenia .

. ii. 578

Hygroinia

. ii. 214

Isocardia

ii. 455

Hyyronoma

i. 301

Isocardia

i

I. 458, 461

Hypanis

. ii. 459

Isognomon

. ii. 526

Hypobranchisea

. ii. 46

Isognomosioma

. ii. 205

Hypogcea

. ii. 341

Isogonum

. ii. 627

Sypogceoderma

. ii. 341

Isomeria

ii. 200

Eypogdla

. ii. 342

Ispidula .

i. 144

Hypostoma

. ii. 167

Isthmia .

ii. 172

Hypotliyru

. ii. 582

HypseUa

. ii. 657

Jamaicia .

ii. 297

Hypselostoma .

. ii. 640

Jaminea .

ii. 241

Hypterus

. ii. 94

Jaminia .

ii. 164

Syria

. ii. 508

Janella .

ii. 230

Hyridella

. ii. 493

Janella .

i. 237

Hyriopais

. ii. 508

Janira

ii. 187

Hystricella

, ii. 659

Janira .

ii. 554

Hystrix .

i. 219

Janulibs .
Janus

ii

. 113, 214
ii. 68

lacra

. ii. 409

Jasis

ii. 607

lanaciis .

. i. 369

Jasonilla

ii. 637

lanthina .

. ii. 86

Jataron us

ii. 463

Iberus .

. ii. 208

Jeffreysla

i. 326

Icarus .

. ii. 30

Jeranea .

i. 150

Ictis

. ii. 83

Jesonia .

ii. 488

Ida

. ii. 251

Jouannetia

ii. 329

Idalia

. ii. 61

Juga

i. 304

Idesa

. ii. 304

Idothca .

. ii. 470

Kanilla .

ii. 4

Idyla . . .

. ii. 180

Katharina

i. 479

IXDEX TO GEj^ERA.

XXV

PAGE

PAGE

Katostoma

Vol. ii. 659

Latinis . . . Vol. i. 152

KeUia .

. ,ii. 474

Latomus.

. ii. 210

Kingena .

. ii. 578

Latona .

ii. 405

Kraussia

. ii. 578

Lafrunculus .

i. 109

Krynickia

. ii. 218

Lauria .

ii. 169

Krynikellus

. ii. 218

Lavacriim

ii. 465

Kuplms .

ii. 332, 648

Laviynonus

ii. 408

Kyphus .

ii. 332, 648

Lazaria .
Leacliia .

ii. 489
i. 28

Labiella .

. ii. 139

LeacMa .

i. 335

Lahio

i. 417, 425

Leda

ii

. 546, 660

Labiosa .

. ii. 385

Leyumia

ii. 490

Lahrum .

ii. 465

Leyuminaria .

ii. 345

Labyrinthus .

. ii. 200

Leynminum .

ii

. 344, 345

Lacliesis

i. 93

Leia

ii. 178

Laciniaria

. ii. 658

Leila

ii. 507

Laconia .

. ii. 643

Leiockeila

iL 190

Laconsilla

. ii. 347

Leiodomus

i. 114

Lacuna .

i. 318

Leiosolenus

ii. 519

Ladas

. ii. 92

Leiostoma

ii. 190

Lsevicardium .

ii. 457

Leiostraca

i. 237

Lagena .

i. 104

Leiostracus

iL 151

Layena .

. i. 85, 154

Leiostj-la

ii. 170

Laguncvila

i. 339

Lembulus

iL 546

Laimodonta

. ii. 246

Lementina

I 359

Lajonkairia

. ii. 403

Lemniseia

ii. 659

Lamarclia

i. 329

Lenticula

ii. 210

Lamhidium

i. 219

Lentidium

ii. 356

Lamb is .

i. 258

Lentillaria

ii. 467

Lamellaria

i. 201

Leonia .

u. 293

Lumellana

i. 202 ; ii. 655

Lepeta .

i. 462

LameUidoris .

ii. 657

Lepidopleurus

L 471

Laminella

. ii. 138

LephyruhoJus

L 368

Lampades

. ii. 563

Leptachatina

ii. 139

Lampadia

. ii. 209

Leptaxis .

. ii. 196

Lampadion

. ii. 201

Leptinaria

iL 140

Lampania

i. 289

LeptocMton

L 472

Lampas .

i. 106

Lei)tocHnuni

. ii. 604

Lampas .

. ii. 574

Leptoconcbiis

L 137

Lamprodoma .

i. 146; ii. 615

Leptoconus

i. 251

Lamproscaplia .

. ii. 503

Leptolimnea

ii. 255

Latnprostoma .

i. 381, 414

Leptomerus

. ii. 156

Lampsilis

. ii. 495

Lepton .

. ii. 477

Lampusia

. i. 102

Leptopoma

. iL 281

Lanioyerus

. ii. 71

Lepjtopoma

. ii. 282

Lanistes

i. 348

Leptospira

. iL 163

Lanistes .

. ii. 515

Leptoxis .

i. 307

Lamstina

. ii. 515

Lepiis marinm

. ii. 34

Laniies ,

i. 349

Lernca .

. iL 34

Laoma .

. ii. 113

Le Tivel .

. ii. 426

Larina

. ii. 624

Leucochroa

. ii. 208

Larva .

i. 445

Leiicouia

. ii. 247

Lasea

. ii. 474

Leucostoma

i. 323

Lastena .

. ii. 502

Leucotis .

i. 375

Laternula

. ii. 353

Leucozonia

L 154

Latia

. ii. 267

Levenia .

L 217

Latiaxis .

i. 134

! Lewisia .

. ii. 646

VOL. I.

XXVI

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Liarea .

Vol. ii. 299

Littm'inida

Vol. ii. 624

Lihitina .

. ii. 439

Lituina .

. ii. 611

Licina .

. ii. 297

Lituus .

i. 45

Licium .

i. 270

Lituus .

. ii. 281

L'lgula . . i

I. 361, 408, 585

Livona .

i. 412

Liguus .

. ii. 135

Livojiia .

. ii. 617

Lima

. ii. 557

Lobaria .

ii. 25, 27, 391

Limacella

ii. 220, 227

Lobiger .

. ii. 31

Limacia .

. ii. 227

Loligo

i. 36

Limacina

i. 58

Loligopsis

i. 27

Limacina

. ii. 120

LomanottiS

. ii. 66

Limcea .

. ii. 558

Lomastoma

ii. 252, 284

Limapontia

. ii. 82

Longceva

. ii. 162

Limaria

. ii. 557

Loplia

. ii. 569

Limatula

. ii. 558

LopLocercus

. ii. 30

Limax .

ii. 217, 641

LopJmridernui

i. 469

Limella .

. ii. 502

Loplairus

i. 469

Limicolaria

. ii. 133

LoilllJTUS

i. 469

Limicolanus .

. ii. 133

Lorica

. i. 477

Limnsea .

ii. 252, 659

Loripes .

. ii. 468

Limncea .

. ii. 502

Lotorium

i. 102

Limnceodcrma

. ii. 502

Lottia

i. 459

Limnceus

. ii. 252

Loxostoma

i. 329

Limnea .

. ii. 252

Lucapina

i. 447 ; ii. 630

Limneria

i. 200

Lucena .

ii. 128, 188

Limno'ica

. ii. 660

Lucerna .

. ii. 198

Limnopliysa

. ii. 254

LucerneUa

. ii. 199

Limopsis

. ii. 543

Lucidella

. ii. 307

LinateUa

. ii. 655

Lucidula

. ii. 200

Lindsleya

. ii. 647

LuciUa .

ii. 116, 658

Linguella

. ii. 44

Liicina .

. ii. 466

Lingiila .

. ii. 585

Lucinopsis

. ii. 402

Linteria .

. ii. 22

Liuis

i. 263

Lintricula

. i. 141

Luna

i. 366

Liocardium

. ii. 457

Lunarca .

. ii. 541

Lioconcha

. ii. 429

Limana .

. i. 391

Liotia

i. 404

Limaris .

i. 391

Liparus .

. ii. 133

Lunatia .

i. 206

Lippistes

i. 136

Lunatica

i. 392

Liria

. ii. 270

Lunatas .

i. 204

Liriope .

. ii. 63

Lunella .

i. 393

Listera .

ii. 341, 408

Lunulicardia .

. ii. 459

Litliarca .

. ii. 534

Luponia .

i. 266

Lithedcq^hus .

i. 364

Lutea

. ii. 255

Litliidion

. ii. 292

LiUicola .

. ii. 490

Lithocli/ptus .

i. 321

Lutraria .

. ii. 383

Lithoconus

i. 250

Lutraria

ii. 383, 408

Lithodomus

. ii. 518

Lutncola

. ii. 408

Lithoglyplms .

i. 320

Lymnadia

. ii. 498

Litholepas

i. 364

Lymnium

. ii. 490

Lithopliaga

. ii. 518

Lymnula

. ii. 252

Lithophagella .

. ii. 439

Lymnus .

. ii. 252

Litliophaijus .

. ii. 518

Lyonsia .

. ii. 362

Lithopoma

i. 401

Lyra

i. 139, 164

Litiopa .

. i. 324

Lyrcea .

i. 310

Littorina

i. 312

Lyria

. i. 166 ; ii. 618

LittorineUa

i. 335

Lyrostoma

. ii. 200

INDEX TO GEXERA.

XXVI 1

Lysinoe .

Lythasia

Lytlioylypter

Maceris .

Macerophylla

Maceropliyllum

Macgillivrayia

Macha .

Macha .

Machcvna

Macluera

Macoma .

Macroceramus

Macrochisma

Macrochlamys

jMacrocyclis

Macrodontes

Macron .

Mactra .

Mactrella

Mactrina

Mactrinula

Macularia

Majra

Magas .

McKjdala

Marjllus .

Malea .

Ma'.ino .

Mu/leolus

Malletia .

MalleiTS .

Mam'dla .

Mamillaria

Mamma .

Mamma .

Maimnaria

Mancinella

Mangelia

Mauri elia

Manrjilia

Mantellum

Maravignia

Marcia .

Margarita

Margarita

Margaritana

Margaritifera

Ma rgaritoplwra

Margaron

Marginella

Marginella

Margmellarius

MargineUus

Mariffilla

Marinula

n

PAOE

'ol. ii.

203

i.

308

i.

321

ii.

463

ii.

463

ii.

463

ii. 88,

635

ii.

346

. 344,

347

ii.

413

ii.

345

ii.

400

ii.

163

i.

449

ii.

224

ii.

202

ii.

152

i.

132

ii.

379

ii.

377

ii.

483

ii.

376

ii.

210

ii.

396

ii.

577

ii.

362

i.

138

i.

196

ii.

641

ii.

332

ii.

549

ii.

527

i. 209,

210

1.

210

i.

210

i.

209

ii.

590

ii.

655

i.

99

i.

98

i.

92

ii.

558

i.

319

ii.

423

i.

433

27 ; ii

526

ii.

499

ii.

525

ii.

525

ii.

490

i.

190

i.

193

i.

190

i.

190

ii.

642

ii.

246

Marisa .

Mainssa .

Marmoi'ostoma

Marx)€ssa

Marsenia

Marsenina

MarsT/as

Martesia

Massyla .

Mastonia

Mastida .

Mastus .

Maugeria

Mazza .

Medora .

Medoria .

Megadesnui

Megadomus

Megaloma

Megalomastoma

Megapelta

Megara .

Megaspira

Megathyns

Megerlia

Meghiviatium

Meiocardia

Meioceras

MelacantJia

Meladomus

Mela fits us

Melagraphia

Melam2'>a

Melampus

Melanatria

MelaneUa

Melania

Melanites

Melanoides

Melanmnona

Melanopsis

Melantho

Melapium

Melaraphe

Melaraphis

Melas

Melasma .

Melatoma

Mdeagcr

Meleagrina

Meleagris

Melia

Meliba'u

Melibe .

Melihoea .

Melina .

Melo

PAGE

Vol. i. 347

i. 347

i. 393

. ii. 179

i. 201 ; ii. 621

i. 202; ii. 620

ii. 237

ii. 330

i. 278

i. 288

ii. 170

ii. 164

ii. 657

i. 156

ii. 183

i. 319

ii. 407

ii. 498

ii. 284

ii. 284

ii. 641

i. 306

ii. 174

ii. 580

ii. 578

ii. 220

ii. 461

ii. 628

i. 294

349
300

i. 425
ii. 243
ii. 243
i. 311
i. 295
301, 303
301
296
310
309
339
1.36
314
314
294
302
305, 311
i. 412
ii. 526
i. 412
ii. 108
ii. 64
ii. 64
ii. 64
ii. 526
i. 159 ; ii. 616

XXVlll

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Melongena . . Vol. i. 81

Monocondylasa

.Vol. ii. 500, 651

Menestho

i. 235

Monodacna

. ii. 460

Menetiis

. ii. 262

Monodactylus .

i. 259

Mentissa

. ii. 185

Monodon

i. 417

Mercenaria

. ii. 418

Monodonta

i. 417

McrcUgera

. ii. 160

Monodonta

i. 316

Mcrdiijcrus

. ii. 160

Monodontes

i. 417

Mei-etrix

. ii. 423

Monodontina .

. ii. 500

Merica .

i. 277

Monoplex

i. 102

Meroe .

. ii. 428

Monoptygma .

i. 234

Merope .

. ii. 382

Monotijgma

i. 234

Merria .

i. 375

Montacuta

ii. 476

Mesalia .

i. 353

Montagua

ii. 74

Mes'imbrinus

. ii. 156

Montfortia

i. 453

Mesodesma

. ii. 413

Mopalia .

i. 478

Mesodon .

. ii. 206

Morio .

i. 218

Mesomphix

. ii. 114

Morrisia .

. ii. 579

Metairtera

. ii. 498

Morula .

i. 130

Metcalfeia

. ii. 646

Monim .

. i. 219 ; ii. 621

Metis

:

i. 39'

), 436, 660

Morvillia

. ii. 645

]\Ietula .

. i. 84

MouUnea

. ii. 379

Micana .

. ii. 655

MouUnsia

. ii. 289

Microcystis

. ii. 224

Mourctia

i. 403

Micromya

. ii. 493

Mulinia .

. ii. 379

Microtis .

i. 437

MuUeria .

. ii. 510

Microtoma

i. 126

Murex

. i. 70; ii. 614

Milax .

. ii. 641

Muricanthus .

. i. 73

Millipes .

i. 261

Muricidea

. i. 75

Miltlia .

. ii. 468

Muricidea

. i. 77

Miranda

. ii. 62

Musica .

i. 164

Mirus

. ii. 165

Musculium

ii. 451, 660

Mitella .

i. 367

3fmcuh(,s

ii. 394, 512

Mitra

i. 168

Mutel .

. ii. 505

Mitra .

ii. 209

Mutela .

. ii. 505

Mitrana

i. 168

Mutyca .

i. 172

Mitrella .

i. 1

53 ; ii. 620

Mya

ii. 353, 050

Mitrella .

i. 180

Ml/a

. ii. 490

Mitreola .

i. 174

Myaparo

. ii. 514

MitroUtes

i. 168

Myatella

. ii. 362

Mitrula .

. 367, 383

Mycena .

. ii. 196

Mitrularia

i. 364

Mycetopus

. ii. 504

Mittrca .

ii. 472

Mychostoma .

. ii. 176

Minis .

ii. 255

Mylitta .

. ii. 475

Mnestia .

ii. 10

Myochama

. ii. 372

Modelia .

i. 394

Myoconcha

. ii. 521

Modicella

ii. 169

Myodora

. ii. 371

Modiola .

ii. 516

Myosota .

. ii. 4

Modiolarca

ii. 520

Myrina .

. ii. 514

Modiolaria

ii. 515

Myristica

i. 82

Modiolus

ii. 516

Myrsus .

. ii. 660

Modulus .

i. 316

Myrtasa .

. ii. 468

Molgula ,

ii. 590

Mysca .

. ii. 490

Monaclia

ii. 214

My.sia

. ii. 472

Monia

ii. 566

Mysia

. ii. 403

Monica ,

ii. 247

Mytilicardia .

. ii. 488

Mouilea .

i. 430

Mytilimeria

. ii. 363

Monoceros

i

118

, 131, 351

Mytilina

. ii. 521

INDEX TO GEXERA.

XXIX

Mytilocardita
Mytilomya
Mytilus .
Mytuhis .
Myiirella
Myxostoma
Myxostomella
Myxus .

Nacca .

Nacella .

Ncesiofus

Naia

Naidea .

Nana

Nanina .

Nanina .

Napajus .

Naranio

Naria

Nanca .

Narona .

Nassa

Nassa

Nassaria .

Natere .

Natica .

Natica .

Naticaria

Naticarius

NaiiccUa

Naticina

Naticina

Naticus .

NaucuM

Nausimacha

Nauta .

Nautilina

Nautilus

Nautilus

Navea

Naricella

Navicula

Naytia .

Netera

Necera .

Nebularia

Neda

Neilo

Nematura

Nenia

Nejjtunea

Neptimella

Nerea

Nereina .

Neripteron

Nerita .

PAGE

Vol. ii. 488

. ii. 521

ii. 512, 651

. ii. 512

. i. 227

. ii. 281

. ii. 274

. ii. 255

i. 204

i. 467

. ii. 161

. ii. 497

. u. 492

i. 122

. ii. 222

i. 122

. ii. 161

. ii. 442

. ii. 623

. i. 375

i. 277

1. 116

i. 109, 186

i. 123

. ii. 656

i. 204

i. 206

i. 208

i. 204

i. 209, 319

i. 211

i. 210

i. 204

. ii. 20

. ii. 71

. ii. 259

. ii. 263

i. 46

i. 24

. ii. 328

i. 386

ii. 149, 533

i. 118

. ii. 368

. ii. 370

i. 169

. ii. 40

. ii. 549

342 ; ii. 626

. ii. 185

. 79; ii. 614

. ii. 654

. ii. 66

i. 381

i. 384

. i. 378

Ne7'itarhts

Neritella

Neritina .

Neritina

Neritoides

Neritopsis

Neritostoma

Neritula .

Nescea .

Netrum ,

Neverita

Newcombia

Niaa

Nicania

Nina

NineUa .

Niohe .

Nionia .

Niotha .

Kiso

Nitidella

Nitocris .

Nvhilia .

Noetia .

Nona

Northia .

Notarchus

Notarchus

Nothus .

Novaculina

Nubecula

Niicula .

Nuculana

NuculocarcUa

Nux

Nympha

Obba .

Obeliscus

Oheliscus

Obelus .

Obovaria

Ochthephila

Ocinebra

Octopodoteutliis

Octopus .

Ocythoe .

Odoncinetus

Odoncyneta

Odontalus

Odontidium

Odonfina

Odoniis .

Odontocincta

Odontocyclas

Odontostoma

Odontostomus

PAGE

Vol. i.

378

i.

380

i.

382

i.

381

i.

314

i.

376

ii.

253

i.

122

i.

93

i.

227

i.

208

ii.

138

ii.

492

ii.

4S3

i.

316

i.

396

ii.

82

i.

875

i.

117

i.

237

i. If

?2 ; ii.

620

i.

308

ii.

618

ii.

536

ii.

23

i.

111

ii.

36

ii.

36

ii.

105

ii.

347

i.

249

ii.

544

i

1. 544,

660

ii.

514

ii.

449

ii.

423

ii.

201

i.

229

ii.

110

ii.

208

ii.

492

ii.

212

i.

74

i.

32

i.

19

i.

24

ii.

364

ii.

364

ii.

106

i.

355

i.

355

i.

417

ii.

364

ii.

173

i. 355 ; ii

309

ii.

152

XXX

INDEX TO GENERA.

*

PAGE

PAGE

Odostomia

Vol. i.

232

Ophicardelus .

Vol. ii. 245

Oihoplem'a

ii.

609

Ophiodcrmis .

. ii. 204

Oitkona .

ii.

77

Ophionyra

. ii. 207

Oithonella

ii.

655

Opiiptera

. ii. 29

Olenia .

ii.

61

Opistlioporiis .

. ii. 276

Olana

i.

466

Orhicula

ii. 583, 584

Oleacina .

ii. 104,

639

Orhicidus

. ii. 430

Olearia .

i.

391

Orbis

i. 244 ; ii. 260

Oligyra .

ii.

302

Orbitina .

. ii. Ill

Oliva .

ii.

657

Orcula .

. ii. 170

OUva .

i.

143

Oris

. ii. 233

Olivancillai'ia .

i.

140

Oii^linus .

. ii. 148

Olivaria

i.

143

Orjjiella .

. ii. 642

Olivarius

i.

143

Orthalicus

. ii. 154

Olivella .

i. 145; ii.

615

Orthonymus .

. ii. 496

Olivia

i.

417

Ortliopnoia

i. 389

Olivina .

ii.

655

OrtJwsfeles

i. 230

Olivina .

i. 145,

146

Orthostylus

. ii. 141

Olivula .

i.

148

Orthygia

. ii. 422

Omala .

ii.

398

Orustia .

. ii. 191

Omalaxis

i.

244

Oscanius .

. ii. 39

Omalaxon

i.

244

Osilinus .

i. 425

Omalonyx . -

ii.

130

Osteodesma

ii. 362, 364

OmhreUa

ii.

41

Ostrea .

. ii. 567

Ominastreplies

i.

34

Ostreum .

. ii. 568

Omphalius

i.

429

Otala .

. ii. 197

Omphaloclathmm

ii.

417

Otala .

. ii. 196

Omplialostyla .

ii.

161

Otaria .

i. 416, 417

Omplialotropis

ii.

300

Otesia .

. ii. 642

Omphemis

i.

338

Otina

. ii. 249

Ompliiscola

ii.

255

Otis

. ii. 237

Onccea .

ii.

131

Otopoma

. ii. 292

Oneliidella

ii.

234

Otostomus

. ii. 149

Onchidia

ii.

233

Otus

i. 198

Oncliidiodoris .

ii.

68

Ovatilla .

. ii. 241

Oncliidiopsis .

ii.

620

Ovida

i. 270

Onchidium

ii.

233

Ovulum .

i. 270

Onchidiiim

ii.

234

Ovidus .

. i. 270

Onchidora

ii.

68

Owenia .

. i. 27

Oncliidoris

ii.

58

Oxinoe .

i. 201

Onchidorus

ii.

58

Oxycheilus

. ii. 155

Onchis .

ii.

234

Oxychiius

. ii. 215

Oncidium

ii.

233

Oxychona

. ii. 194

Oncis

ii.

234

Oxygyrus

. ii. 92

Oncus

ii.

234

Oxyi^eras

. ii. 379

Onoba .

i.

331

Oxystele

i. 426

Onopota .

ii.

654

Oxystyla

. ii. 154

Oniscia .

i.

219

Oxytrema

i. 338

Oniscidia

i.

220

Onithochiton .

i.

476

Pacliya .

. ii. 187

Onustus .

i.

362

Pachybatliron .

i. 194

Onychia .

i.

34

Pacliyclieilus .

i. 298

Onychoteuthis .

i.

32

Pachylabra

. i. 345

Opalia .

i.

222

Pachyotus

. ii. 149

Opeas

ii.

111

Pacliypoma

i. 400

Operculatum .

ii.

41

Pachystoma

. ii. 303

Operculum callosum

ii.

32

Pachystoma .

i. 345 ; ii. 197

IXDEX TO GENERA.

XXXI

Pachystyla

Pacliytes

Pacyodon

Padola .

Padolla .

Padollus .

Pagan a .

Puijoda .

Pa(jodella

Par/odus

Palio

Pallium .

Palmarium

Paliidestrina

Paludina

Paludinella

Paludlnella

Paludomus

Pandocia

Pandora .

Pandora

Pandorina

Panopasa

Panomya

Paphia .

Paphia .

Papillifera

Papyridea

Papyrina

Parallelepipedum

Parapholas

Parascidium

ParmaceUa

Parmophora

Parmopliorus

Parthena

Parthenia

Parthenope

PartJienoptia

Partula .

Partulina

Partidm

Paiy[5lianta

Pasithea

Patella .

Patellaria

Patellariua

PateUoida

PateUics .

Patera .

Patina .

Patro

Patida .

Patularia

Paxillus .

Paj-yodon

Pectelhi .

PAGE

Vol. ii. 224

ii. 560

ii. 356

i. 443

i. 443

i. 443

ii. 120

i. 315

i. 315

i. 315

ii. 633

ii. 553

i. 452

i. 321

i. 338

ii. 315

ii. 172

i. 339 ; ii. 624

ii. 593

ii. 370

ii. 554

ii. 362

351, 659

ii. 659

ii. 413

i, 485, 660

ii. 180

ii. 456

376, 377

ii. 538

ii. 330

ii. 601

121, 639

i. 454

i. 454

ii. 197

i. 233

ii. 479

11

i. 43

11

11

11.

29

ii. 145

ii. 137

ii. 145

ii. 225

i. 236

i. 464

i. 464

i. 464

459, 461

i. 464

ii. 206

i. 467

ii. 564

ii. 116

ii. 504

ii. 288

ii. 508

ii. 123

Pecten .

Pectunculina

Pectunculus

Pectunculus

Pedalion

Pediciilaria

Pedipes .

Pedipes .

Pedum .

Pegea

Pelagella

Pelagia .

Pelex

Pelicaria

Pellicula

Pelonaia .

Peloris .

Pelor&nta

Pelta

PelteUa .

Pelvis

Penicillus

PeniteUa

Pcnnana

Pentadactylus

Peplidia

Pera

Pera

Peracle .

Perdix .

Perforatella

Periholus

Perideris

Periploma

Peristcra

Peristemia

Peristoma

Perlameter

Perna

Perna

Peronsea .

Peronffioderma

PeroiiEeus

Peronia .

Perophora

Perotis .

Perrinia .

Perrona .

Persa

PersepJiona

Persicula

Persona .

Petalifera

Petaloconchus

Petasia .

Petitia

Petrreu

PAGE

^^ol. ii. 550
. ii. 543
ii. 454, 543
ii. 422, 455
. ii. 526
i. 274
. ii. 248
. ii. 243
. ii. 562
ii. 106, 607
. u. 57
i. 64
. ii. 267
. u. 623
. ii. 658
. ii. 593
. ii. 568
i. 379
ii. 43, 130
. ii. 123
. ii. 466
ii. 338, 649
. ii. 330
. ii. 529
i. 129
ii. 61, 657
. ii. 593
. ii. 451
i. 60
i. 196
. ii. 116
i. 264
. ii. 658
. ii. 361
i. 181
i. 153
ii. 159, 658
. ii. 526
. ii. 515
ii. 512, 518, 527
ii. 398
ii. 396
ii. 165
ii. 234
ii. 596
28
419
94
245
330
ii. 620
i. 104
ii. 33
ii. 626
ii. 116
ii. 647
2, 658

-A

1.
i.
i.

ii.
i.

192

XXXll

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Petricola . . ^

"ol. ii. 440

Physodon . . Vol. ii. 258

Pfaffia .

. ii. 657

Pliysopsis

. ii. 258

Pfeiffei-ia

. ii. 119

Phytia .

. ii. 241

Phacoides

. ii. 467

Phjza .

. ii. 256

Pha'dra .

. ii. 191

Pila

i. 379

PlijBclusa .

. ii. 184

Pila

i. 345

Pha'nosplra .

i. 190

PUeopsis

. i. 371

Phal-elloxAcara

i. 482

Pdidmm

i. 461, 462

Phalium

i. 216

Pinaxia .

i. 132

PhaUmia

. ii. 590

Pinctada

. ii. 525

Phaneroptlialmus

. ii. 25

Plncria .

. ii. 163

Pharella .

. ii. 343

Pinna

. ii. 529

Pharetra

. ii. 585

Pinnoctopus

i. 20

Pharus .

. ii. 343

Pionoconus

i. 252

Phascolicama .

. ii. 520

Pira

. ii. 244

Phasianella .

i. 389

Pirena .

' i. 3

10; ii. 590

Phasianema .

i. 319

Pirenella

i. 293

Phasianus

i. 389

Pisania .

i. 83

Pliasis

ii. 195

Pisidmm

. ii. 451

Phasmoconus .

i. 252

Pisina .

. ii. 660

Pliengus .

ii. 144

Pisuni

ii

. 451, 660

Phidiana

ii. 76

Pitliohelix

ii. 142

Phi Una .

ii. 25, 201

Pitonnillus

i. 408

Philiue .

ii. 24

Pitys .

ii. 113

Pliilijipia

i. 243

Placenta .

. ii. 566

PLilomycus

ii, 220

Placentula

ii. 213

Pliilonexis

i. 22

Placobranchus

ii. 36, 81

Philopotamis .

ii. 625

Placostylus

ii. 153

Philopseudis .

ii. 654

Placuna .

ii. 566

Ph'dyrine

ii. 657

Placunanomia

ii. 565

Phoenicobius .

ii. 143

Plagiodon

ii. 651

Pholadidea

ii. 328

Plugiola

ii. 495

Plioladomya

ii. 366

Pkujiostoma .

ii. 568

Pholadomya .

ii. 459

Planaxis .

i. 322

PlioJadopsis .

ii. 329

Plan axis

i. 122

Pholas .

ii. 325

PlaneUa

1. 344

Pholas . . . .

ii. 516

Planispira

ii. 201

PhoJeohia

ii. 349

Planorbella

ii. 261

Pkolidea

ii. 328

Planorlina

ii. 260

Phorcus . . . .

i. 431

Planorbis

ii. 260

Phorus . . . .

i. 363

Planorbula

ii. 265

Phos . . . .

i. 114

Plaiiris .

ii. 506

Pliosphorax

ii. 219

Platyodon

ii

. 354, 650

Photina . . . .

i. 427

Platysemus

ii. 657

Pliotiniila

i. 427

Plaxipliora

i. 481

Plirontis . . . .

i. 117

Plehecida

ii. 116

Phyline . . . .

ii. 25

Plecoclieilus

.

ii. 147

PhilUide

ii. 45

Plecotrema

.

ii. 240

Phyllidia

ii. 45

Plectostylus .

,

ii. 155

Phyllirrhoe

ii. 98

Plectrophoiiis .

,

ii. 125

Phylloda

ii. 397

Pleiodon

,

ii. 506

P/n/Ilodcsmium

ii. 73

Plejona .

i. 164

Phyllonotua

i. 73

Pleurobema

,

ii. 495

Pbysa . . . .

ii. 256

Pleurobranchffia

^,

ii. 40

Pliysella . . . .

ii. 257

PleurobrancMdium .

ii. 40

Physema

ii. 21

Plourobranchus

ii. 38

Physeter .

i. 242

Pleurohrancluu

'

ii. 40

INDEX TC

) GENERA.

XXXlll

PAGE

PAGE

Pleurocera

. Vol. i. 338

Porphyria . Vol. i. 144 ; ii. 655

Phurodonta

. ii. 199

Porphyrohaplie

. ii. 658

Pleuronectia

. ii. 555

Portlandia

. ii. 652

Pleiiropliyllidi;

I . . ii. 44

Posteriohranclius

. ii. 28

Pleuropiis

. i 53; ii. 611

Pcsterobranchiea

. ii. 28

Pleuropus

. ii. 71

Posterohntnchus

. ii. 28

Pleurotoma

. i. 87

Potadoma

i. 299

Pleiirotomaria

. ii. 630

Potamida

.' i. 2

90; ii. 491

Plcurotoinarin

s . . i. 87

Potamides

i. 290

PJeurotomus

. i. 87

Potamidium

i. 290

Plicadomus

. ii. 166

Potamis .

'. i. 2

90 ; ii. 656

Plicaphora

. ii. 183

Potamomya

. ii. 357

PUcaria

i. 275

Potamopthila

. ii. 407

Plicatella

i. 153

Poteria .

. ii. 274

Plicatula

. ii. 561

PotoiiiophUa

. ii. 251

Plirostoma

. ii. 205

Priecia .

. ii. 629

Plocamoccros

ii. 55

Praxis .

. ii. 522

Plocamophorus

. ii. 55

Priamus

i. 282

Plotia .

i. 295

Priene .

. ii. 654

Pneumoderma

i. 63

Pi-isodon

. ii. 508

Pneumodennon

i. 63

Prisogaster

'. i. 3

95; ii. 656

Pododesmus

. ii. 565

Procos .

. ii. 407

Podopsis

. ii. 560

Prodaporia

. ii. 657

Pffinia

. ii. 304

Proctonotus

. ii. 68

Polia .

. ii. 343

Propilidium

i. 462

Polinices

i. 210

Proiitera

. ii. 498

PoKta .

. ii. 118

Proserjiina

. ii. 309

PoUia .

i. 84

Pr oxen id a

i. 368

PoUiana

i. 84

Prunum .

i. 191

Polycera

ii. 54, 633

Psammohella

ii. 391

Pohjcitor

ii. 599, 601

Psammobia

ii. 390

Polyclinum

. ii. 599

Psammocola

ii. 391

Pohjcydus

. ii. 597

Psammophila

ii. 388

Polydonta

. i. 414; ii. 629

Psammosolen

ii. 346

Polydonta

. ii. 544

Psammotfea

ii. 393

Polyr/ona

i. 152

Psammotiea

ii. 390

Polygon mn

i. 152

Psammotella

ii. 393

Polygyra

. ii. 207

Psammotella

ii. 398

Polygyratia

. ii. 207

Pseiidachatina

ii. 134

Polymesoda .

. ii. 445

PseudamussiiiTn

ii. 553

Polymita

. ii. 191

Pseudobalea .

ii. 112

Polyodonta

. ii. 239

Pseudocyrena .

ii. 445

Polypliemopsis

i. 236

PseudodadyliL

}

i. 131

Polyphemus .

. ii. 107

Pseudodon

ii. 502

Polytropa

i. 128

Pseudoliva

i. 131

Polyzona

. . . ii. 603

Pseitdorotella .

ii. 657

Pomacea

i. 345

Pseudostrombu

3

i. 113

Pomatia

. ii. 188

Pseiidotroclius .

ii. 135

Pomatias

. ii. 298

PsiJoceros

ii. 61

Pomaulax

i. 402

Psilopus .

ii. 463

Pomella .

i. 348

Psyche .

i. 57

Pompholyx

. ii. 645

Pteria .

ii. 524

Pomus .

i. 346

Pterocera

i. 260

Pontolimax

. ii. 82

Pteroceras

i. 260

Porcdlana

i. 190, 264

Pferocerus

i. 260

Poromya

. ii. 367

Pteroddlus

ii. 79, 635

Poronia

. ii. 474

Pterocyclos

. ii. 277

VOL. I.

i

Ik

X5X1V

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Pterodoris . . Vol. ii.

49

Quadrula

Vol. ii. 497

Pteronotus

i.

73

Quoyia .

. i. 323

Pterosoma

100

Qiioyie .

. ii. 336

Pterotraehea

94

Pterygia

190

Rabdotus

. ii. 158

Pfychina

469

Rabicea .

. ii. 620

Ptychomphalu-

>•

408

Racbis .

. ii. 160

Pfi/chomya

485

Radius .

i. 272

PfycJwtrema

166

Radix .

. ii. 253

Pmjil .

258

Radsia .

i. 469

Puyilina

82

Radula .

. ii. 556

Pullastra

436

Radula .

i. 376

Piincticulis

248

Raeta

. ii. 386

PimctureUa

451

Raleta .

. ii. 356

Pupa

167

Ralia .

i. 441

Piqm

5

Ramola .

. ii. 615

Pupella .

171

Ran a

i. 105

Piiperita

656

RaneUa .

i. 105

Pupilla .

169

Rangia .

. ii. 380

Pupillaca

450

Ranularia

i. 103

Pupillcea

450

Rapa

i. 137

Pupillia .

450

Rapana .

i. 134

Pupina .

288

Rapella .

i. 137

Pupina .

168

Rapbaiihis

ii. 645, 659

Pupinella

286

Raphitoma

i. 99

Pupula .

312

Rapum .

i. 156

Purpura .

126

Realia .

. ii. 299

Purpura

71

Recluzia

. ii. 87

Pusia

177

Registoma

. ii. 289

Pusio

83

Reniella .

. ii. 523

Pusiodon

201

Resania ,

. ii. 385

Pusionella

227

Retusa .

. ii. 11

Pusiostoma

188

Rheda ,

i. 51

Pustularia

269

Rhegostoma

. ii. 289

Pyramea

258

Rhexistoma

. ii. 289

Pyraniklea

413

Rbinocantha .

i. 72; ii. 654

Pyramidella

228

Rhinodavis

i. 285

PyramidcUus

228

Rldnodomus .

i. 114

Pyramidida

116

Rhipidodonta .

. ii. 492

Pyramis

I. 235,

413

Rbizocbilus

i. 135

Pyramus

282

Rbizoconus

i. 252

Pyrazus .

291

Rhizorus

i. 272

PyreJla .

151

Rbodea .

. ii. 135

Pyrena .

310

Rbodope .

. ii. 83

Pyrene .

185

Rhudostoma .

. ii. 238

Pyrgelix

174

Rhomhoides

. ii. 349

Pyrgella

657

Rhombus

i. 247; ii. 349

Pyrgiscus

230

Rhopalea

. ii. 595

Pyrgula .

308

RJiycobranchus

. ii. 80

Pyrgus .

163

Rhynchonella .

. ii. 582

Pyrosoma

605

Ricinella

. ii. 655

Pyrida .

i. 13

6, 15(

), 15l"

198

Ricinula

i. 129

Pythia .

239

Rigasia .

. ii. 640

Pythia .

241

Rimella .

i. 262

Pythiua" .

475

Ri inula .

i. 451

Pyura

597

Rimula .
Rimularia

i. 451; ii. 213
i. 451

INDEX TO GENERA.

XXXV

PAGE

PAGE

Rimulus . Vol. i.

451

Scalator .

Vol. i. 411

Ringicula

I 197; ii.

620

Scalenaria

. ii. 495

Risella .

i.

317

Scapha .

ii. 505, 616

Rissoa .

i.

329

Scap)]M .

i. 160

Bissoa .

i.

241

Scaphander

. ii. 19

Rwsoaria

i.

329

Scapharca

. ii. 537

Rissoella

i.

325

Scapliella

i. 163 ; ii. 619

Rissoina .

i.

327

Scaphella

. ii. 619

Ritena .

ii.

656

Scaphula .

. ii. 540

Rivicola .

ii.

256

Scaphida

i. 141 ; ii. 655

Rivuliua .

ii.

625

Scarabcea

. ii. 239

Rocellaria

ii.

335

Scarabceus

. ii. 239

Rochia .

ii.

629

Scarahella

. ii. 173

Rollus .

i.

249

Scarabus

. ii. 239

Rossia

i.

39

Schasiclieila

. ii. 306

Rodellaria

i.

261

Schismope

. ii. 657

Rostelluni

i.

261

SchizocheJlus .

i. 305

Rotella .

i.

408

Schizochiton .

. i. 477

Rotula .

ii.

115

Schizodesma .

. ii. 379

Rotundaria

ii.

496

Srhizostoma

i. 244, 305

Roxana .

ii.

20

Scintilla .

. ii. 480

Roxellaria

ii.

336

Sclssodes7)ia .

. ii. 379

Rudolpha

i.

131

Scissurella

i. 439

Rudolphus

i.

131

Scolissediu7n .

i. 357

Ruma

i.

209

Scohjmus

i. 156

Rumina .

ii.

111

Sconsia .

i. 218

Rimcina .

ii.

43

Scopelopldla .

. ii. 173

Rupellaiia

ii.

437

ScroMcularia .

. . ii. 408

RupeKaria

ii.

336

Scurria .

i. 459

Riipicola

ii.

365

ScuLalus .

. ii. 158

Rup'irola

ii.

181

ScutcUa .

i. 4.38, 461

Ryssota .

ii.

223

ScuteUastra
ScuteUina

i. 466
i. 460

Sabia

i.

373

Scutifera

i. 454

Sabincea

i.

334

Scutigerulus .

i. 474

Saccus .

i.

391

Scutum .

i. 454

Sagda

ii.

112

Scutus .

i. 454

Salpa

ii.

607

Scyllsea .

. ii. 65

Sandal if or nies

i.

383

Scymnia

i. 273

Sandaliiun

i.

368

Ser/mentana .

. ii. 264

San dell a

ii.

655

Segmentina

. ii. 264

Sanguinolaria

ii.

391

Sellaria .

. ii. 660

Sanguinolaria

ii.

389

Semele .

. ii. 410

Sao

ii.

21

Semicassis

i. 215

Sarapliia

ii.

168

Semicornu

. ii. 202

Sarcopjferus

ii.

29

Semilimux

. ii. 120

Sarmaticus

i.

393

Semiporcellana

i. 270

Sarnia .

i

I. 239,

659

Senectus .

. i. 392

Saxicava .

ii.

348

Senilia .

. ii. 537

Saxidomus

ii.

437

Separatista

i. 136

Scabricola

i.

170

Sepia

i. 42

Scacchia .

ii.

471

Sepiella .

i. 43

Saea

i.

60

Sepiola .

i. 40

Scala .

i. 2v

!0 ; ii.

621

Sepiolidea

i. 40

Sealaria

i.

220

Sepioteutlii.s .

i. 38

Scalar us

i.

220

Septaria

i. 387

Scalatarius

i.

221

Septaria

ii. 332, 648

XXXVl

INDEX TO

GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Septifer .

Vol. ii. 622

Solenanus . . V

ol. ii. 341

Septiger .

. ii. 522

Sohnella

ii. 549

Sercq^hs .

i. 263

S(jlenocurtus .

ii. 346

Sercq^hys

i. 263

Solenomya

ii. 482

Serajy'is .

i. 263

Solenymya

ii. 482

Scraps .

i. 263

Soletellina

ii. 392

Serenia .

. ii. 625

Solidula . . . .

ii. 5

Sermyla .

i. 296

Sp)arella . . . .

ii. 655

Seii^en fcuhis

. ii. 201

Spatha . . . .

ii. 507

Sejyula .

i. 357

S2'>eo . . . ,

ii. 4

Serpularia

i. 406

Sphwrella

ii. 472

Serpuhides

i. 359

Splueriaslrum

ii. 449

Serpulorbis

i. 359

Sphosriiim

ii. 449

Serra

i. 445

S2)hcerostoma .

ii. 63

Serripes .

. ii. 456

Sphena . . . .

ii. 369

Serrula ,

. ii. 405

Sphenia . . . .

ii. 357

Setia

i. 333

Sphy radium .

ii. 169

Sidnyiim

. ii. 600

Spira . . . .

i. 406

Sidula .

. ii. 238

Spiracella

i. 371

SigapatcUa

. 1. 367

Spiraculum

ii. 278

Sigaretia

i. 201

Spiraxis .

ii. 105

Sigaretiis

i. 213

Spirialis . . . i. J

59; ii. 612

Siguretus

i. 203, 436

Spirialls

i. 60

Sigillina .

. ii. 602

Sp)iriUa .

L. 151, 294

Signia

. ii. 245

Spirillus

i. 151

Siliqua .

. ii. 345

Spirohranchus

i. 138

Siliqiiaria

. ii. 347

Spirodiscus

ii. 260

Siliquaria • .

i. 361

Spiroglyplivis .

i. 360

Sil'iquarius

i. 361

Spirorbis . . i

I. 263, 659

Sirnnia .

. i. 273

Spnrorhida

. ii. 213

Simpulopsis

. ii. 127

Spirilla . . . i. '

14; ii. 611

Simpulum

i. 102

Spisula .

. ii. 378

Sinistralia

. i. 79

Spondylus

ii. 559

Sinum .

. ii. 656

Spongiobrancliia

i. 63

Sinusigera

. ii. 613

Stagnicola

ii. 254

Siona

. ii. 659

Stalagmiwrn .

. ii. 514

Sipho

. i. 81

Standella

. ii. 382

Siplio

i. 451

Staurodon

. ii. 172

Siphonaria

. ii. 270

Stavelia .

. ii. 651

Siphonium

. i. 356; ii. 628

Steganostoma .

ii. 277

Sip>lionostonia .

, ii. 176

Steira

ii. 91

Siphonotus

. ii. 35

Stella _ .

i. 398

SipJiopiatella .

i. 367

Stellaria

i. 398

Sira

ii. 657

Stenogyra

ii. 110

Si strum .

i. 130

Stenopus

. ii. 221

Skenea .

i. 335

Stenosemus

i. 472

Smaragclinella .

. ii. 22

Stenostoma

. ii. 149

Sol .

i. 398

Stenothyi-a

. ii. 626

Solariella

i. 431

Stenolrema

. ii. 205

Solarium

. i. 242 ; ii. 204

Stephanoconus

i. 247

Solaropsis

. ii. 204

Steplianopv^ .

ii. 660

Solecardia

. ii. 475

Sterna .

. ii. 211

Solecurtoides .

. ii. 343

Steromphala .

i. 431

Solecurtus

. ii. 346

Stigmaulax

i. 206

Solemya .

. ii. 482

Stiliger .

. ii. 79

Solen

. ii. 340

Stiliger .

. ii. 79

Solena .

. ii. 342

Stoastoma . . i

I. 308, 646

IIvDEX TO GENERA.

XXXVll

Stobilus .

Stola

Stomatella

Stoma tell a

Stomatia

Stomatia

Stomax .

Stomodonta

Stramonita

Strei^hona

Streptaulus

Streptaxis

Streptostyla

Strigatella

Strigilla .

Slrigida .

Stromhella

Stromhklea

StromLina

Strombiis

Stromhus

Strongylocera

Strophia

Strophina

Strophitm

Strophocheilus

Struthiolaiia

Stycla

Stylifer .

Styiina .

Styliola .

Stylocheilus

Stylodonta

Subemargii^ula

Subula .

Subiilina

Suhulina

Succinea .

Sulculus .

Sulla na .

Sunetta .

Surciila .

Susania .

Sutura .

Swainsonia

Sychar .

Sycotyious

Symmetroyep,

Symphynota

Symphynota

Syncera .

Syndosmya

Synoicum

Syntethys

Syntoxia

Syphonota

Syriiiffites

Vol

liyrus

PAGE

ii. 106, 639

ii, 463

i. 435

i. 438

i. 436

i. 212

i. 436

ii. 179

i. 127

i. 143

ii. 645

ii. 185, 658

ii. 109

i. 173

ii. 399

ii. 239

i. 260; ii. 614

i. 260

i. 186

i. 258

247, 260

i. 115

ii. 168

ii. 177

ii. 502

ii. 147

i. 282

ii. 591

i. 239

i. 239

i. 53

ii. 37

ii. 186

i. 453

i. 224

ii. 110

i. 341

ii. 128

i. 443

ii. 658

ii. 427

i. 88

ii. 632

ii. 526

i. 180

i. 289

i. 198

ii. 657

ii. 503

ii. 501

ii. 314

ii. 410

ii. 600

ii. 596

ii. 495

ii. 34

i. 456

PAGE

Syrinx ,

Vol. i. 78

Tacliea .

. ii. 195

Tagelus .

. ii. 347

Talona .

. ii. 329

Tahnella

. ii. 328

Talopia .

i. 430

Tamann diformis

ii. 516, 518

Tanalia .

. i. 340 ; ii. 625

Tania .

i. 302

Tavychlamys .

. ii. 224

Tanysiphon

. ii. 650

Tuny stoma

. ii. 640

Tapada .

. ii. 128

Tapes

. ii. 434

Taphius .

. ii. 262

Taphon .

i. 151

Tarebia .

i. 304

Taria .

. ii. 413

Teba .

. ii. 215

Tehennophorus

. u. 220

Tedaria

i. 315

Tectarius

i. 315; ii. 656

Tectula .

. ii. 208

Tectura .

i. 458

Tectus .

i. 413

Tedinia .

. ii. 566

Tegiila .

i. 426

Teinostoma

i. 122; ii. 615

Teinotis .

i. 442

Telasco .

i. 119

Telescopdla

i. 297

Telescopiiim

i. 291

TelHdora

, ii. 401

Tellimya.

. ii. 478

Telliua .

. ii. 394

Tellinella

. ii. 394

Tellinides

. ii. 398

TeUinula

. ii. 397

Temana .

i. 318

Temesa .

. ii. 175

Tenagodus

i. 360

Tenare .

. ii. 656

Terebellopsis .

i. 263

Terebelliim

i. 263

Terehellwm

i. 351

Terebra .

i. 226

Terebra .

i. 351

Terehralia

i. 291

Terehraria

i. 224

Terebratella .

. ii. 576

Terebratula

. ii. 574

Terebratulina .

. ii. 574

Terehrina

i. 263

Terebrum

i. 226

Teredo .

ii. 331, 648

Tergipes .

. ii. 76

XXXVlll

INDEX TO GENERA.

Testacella

Testacellus

Telhis .

Tethys .

Tethys .

Tetragonostea

Tetraplodon

Teiitliis .

Text'dia .

Thais .

Tliala .

Tlialessa .

Thalia .

Thallepus

Thallicera

Thalotia .

Thaumasia

Thea

Tlieba .

Tliecacera

Tliecalia .

Thecaphorus

Thecidea

Thecidium

Theliconus

Theliderma

Thelidomus

Theliostonia

Theliostyla

Theniisto

Theodoxus

Theora .

Thetis .

Thetis .

Thiara .

Thiarella

Thovana

Thracia .

Thyas .

Thyatira

Thyca .

Thyreus .

Tiara

Tiara

Tibia .

Tichocjoyiia

Tiedemannia

Tifata .

Tigris

Timoclea

Tivela .

Tomala .

Tomella .

Tomichia

Tomigerus

Tonwgeres

Tonichia

PAGE

Vol. ii.

125

Tonicia .

ii.

125

Tonna .

ii.

607

Torcula .

ii.

64

Torinia .

ii.

34

TornateUa

ii.

362

Tornatellina

ii.

508

Tornatina

i.

38

Torqiiatella

i.

254

Torquilla

i. 126; ii.

655

Tortiilosa

i.

178

Trachdia

i. 127; ii.

655

Trachycardium

ii.

607

Tragomina

ii.

35

TraUa .

ii.

269

Trapezium

i.

420

Trapezium

ii.

175

Tremoctopus

ii.

212

Tresiis

ii.

215

Trevelyana

ii.

55

Tribulus

ii.

489

Trichia .

ii.

22

Tricliocyclus

ii.

581

Trichomorpha

ii.

581

Trichopodus

i.

266

Trichotropis

ii.

497

Tricla .

ii.

197

Tricolia .

i.

219

Tricula .

i.

380

Tridacna

ii.

54

Tridonta

i.

382

Triforis .

ii.

369

Trigona .

ii.

367

Trigonella

ii.

484

Trigonella

i.

295

Ti-igonia .

i.

168

Trigonocwlia

ii.

325

Trigonostoma

ii.

364

Trigonostoma

ii.

660

Trigonulina

ii.

469

Trimuscidus

i.

372

Triodopsis

i.

274

Triomphalia

i.

294

Triopa .

i.

175

Triphora

i.

261

Triphoris

ii.

521

Triplodon

i. 57; ii.

612

Triptera .

ii.

245

Triquetra

i.

412

Tnquetra

ii. 422

660

Trisidos .

ii.

426

Trisis

ii.

356

Tristoma

i.

94

Tritia .

ii.

313

Tritogenia

ii.

162

Triton .

ii.

198

Tritonaliu

i.

473

Triton el /a

Vol. i. 47

i. Ii

PAGE

3; ii.

631

i.

196

i.

352

i.

242

ii.

4

ii.

140

ii.

12

ii.

169

ii.

168

ii.

285

ii.

176

ii.

455

ii.

114

ii.

244

ii.

438

ii.

336

i.

22

ii.

381

ii.

632

6; ii.

655

ii.

214

i.

64

ii.

115

i.

279

i.

279

i.

51

i.

390

i.

306

ii.

465

ii.

483

i.

288

ii.

426

ii.

375

ii.

426

ii.

531

ii.

543

i.

276

ii.

207

ii.

532

ii.

270

ii.

205

ii.

329

ii.

60

i.

288

i.

287

ii.

508

i.

55

ii.

508

ii.

420

ii.

539

ii.

539

i.

288

i.

122

ii.

496

i.

101

i.

74

i.

121

INDEX TO GENERA.

XXXIX

Tritonia .

Triton ia

Tritonidea

Tritomdium

Tritonium

Tritonium

Tritonofusus

Triumphis

Trivea .

Trivia

Trochatella

Trochaiella

Trochia .

Trochidea

Trochidon

TrochiUa

Trochilus

Trochiscus

Trochiscus

Trochita .

Trochms

TrochococLlea

Trochula

TrocJiulus

Troclius .

Trochus .

Trophkliscus

Trophon .

Tropidina

Tropidopliora

TruDcaria

Truncatella

Truncatellina

TrunciUa

Trutina .

Trychotropus

Trycophore

Tuhicanthus

TabuHtes

Tuhulus .

Tuceta .

Tildes .

Tudicla .

Tudora .

Tugali

Tugon

Txigonia .

Tulaxodes

Tuliparia

Turbina .

Turbinellus

Tiirbo .

Turbo .

Turbona

Turbonilla

Turhonilla

TiirbuUma

PAGE i

Vol. ii. 63

i. 1

•21 ; ii.
i.

41

i. 40

61
85
i. 281
i. 101
i. 108
i. 81
ii. 654
i. 268
i. 268
ii. 305
i. 366
i. 127
ii. 208

417
367
421
432
ii. 116

i.

i.

366
425
i. 425
ii. 208
ii. 214
2; ii. 629
312, 412
ii. 263
i. 76
i. 344
ii. 292
i. Ill
ii. 310
ii. 172
ii. 495
ii. 370
i. 279
i. 279
2 ; ii. 656
i. 138
i. 456
ii. 542
ii. 527
i. 151
ii. 294
i. 455
ii. 354
ii. 354
i. 357
i. 249
i. 221
i. 156
i. 391
312, 412
i. 330
i. 230 ; ii. 622
232, 331
ii. 162

Turcica .

Turricula

Tiirricula

Turris

Turns .

Turritella

Tiirritella

TiirriteUus

Tiirtonia

Tyleria .

Tylodina

Tympanostoma

Tympanotonos

Typhis .

Vier

Ulostoma

Uhimus .

Umbella .

TJmbonium

Umbracuhim

Umhrella

Ungiilina

Unicomus

Unidens .

Unio

Unio

Unionium

Uu (opsis .

Uperotus

Urceus .

Urocoptis

Utriciilina

Utriculus

Utriculus

Uvanilla .

Uzita

Yar/ina .

Vaginula

Vaf/i nidus
Yallonia .
Yalvata .
Valvatella

Vahearius
Vanganella

Vanicoro
Yanikoro
Vasitm .
Yediantiiis

YeUetia .
Yelorita .
Yelutella
Yelutina

Yen erupts

Yenilia .
Yeniis

PAGE

Yol. i. 423

i. 175

i. 88, 224 ; ii. 208

i. 87

11

11

175,

351

i.

351

301,

353

i.

351

477,

651

ii.

368

ii.

42

i.

290

i.

290

i.

76

i.

210

ii.

205

i.

271

ii.

41

i.

407

ii.

41

ii.

41

ii.

471

i.

131

i.

417

ii.

490

495,

499

ii.

525

ii.

500

ii.

333

ii.

658

ii.

175

i.

141

ii.

11

i.

249

i.

400

i.

120

ii. 341

ii. 232

ii. 232

ii. 204

i. 343

ii. 629

i. 343

ii. 385

i. 375

i. 374

i. 155

ii. 106

ii. 266

ii. 449

i. 200

i. 199

ii. 438

ii. 68

ii. 417

xl

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Verena .

Vol. i. 308

VoJvarius

Vol. i. 194

Vermetus

i. 357

Volvula .

. ii. 14

Vermetus

i. 357, 359

Vortex .

. ii. 207

Vermicularia .

i. 357, 358

Vulpecula

i. 175

Vermicidarius

. i. 357

Vulsella .

. ii. 523

Veronicella

. ii. 232

Veronicellus .

. ii. 232

Waldheimia . '

. ii. 575

Verpa .

. ii. 338

Waltouia

. ii. 577

Vertagiis

i. 285

Warnea .

. ii. 649

Verticordia

. ii. 531

Wilkinson^a .

. ii. 646

Vertigo ,

. ii. 171

Vesica .

. ii. 15

X uncus .

i. 156

Vespertilio

i. 160

Xanthonella .

. ii. 26

Vexilla ,

i. 129

Xenophora

i. 362

VexiUaria

. ii. 609

Xenophorus .

i. 363

Vexillum

. i. 175

Xcropldla

. ii. 215

Viana

. ii. 305

Xesta

. ii. 222

Vibex .

i. 303

Xylolielix

i. 351

Videna .

. ii. 115

Xylophaga

. ii. 326

Villiersia

. ii. 58

Xi/lotrema

. ii. 205

ViquesneUa .

. ii. 643

Xylotrya

. ii. 333

Vitrea .

. ii.' 118

Vitrella .

. ii. 18

Yelics .

. i. 158 ; ii. 616

Vitrina .

. ii. 120

Yoldia .

ii. 548, 652

Vitrinella

i. 434 ; ii. 629

Vitrinella

. ii. 642

Zaphon .

i. 121

Vitrinus

. ii. 120

Zaria

i. 353

Vitta

i. 382

ZeMna .

i. 328

Vitularia

i. 74; ii. 614

Zehra

. ii. 658

Vi vipara .

i. 337

Zehrina .

. ii. 159

Virvparella

i. 338

Zernira .

i. 110

Viviparus

. i. 338

Zenatia .

. ii. 384

Vola

. ii. 554

Zenobia .

. ii. 214

Volema .

i. 82

Zephyr ina

. ii. 68

VolseUa .

. ii. 516

Zeuxis .

i. 119

Voliita .

i. 164; ii. 617

Ziba

i. 179

Voltiia .

i. 247

Zidona ,

. i. 161; ii. 618

Volutella

i. 192

Zierliana

i. 175

Vohitella . i. 1£

6, 161; ii. 618

Zippora .

. i. 330 ; ii. 656

Volutliarpa

. ii. 615

Z iff a a .

. ii. 327

Volutilithes

i. 167, 618

Zirphfea .

. ii. 327

Vohitomitra

i. 172; ii. 619

Ziziphinus

i. 421

Volutopsius

. ii. 614

Zonites .

. ii. 114

Volva

i. 272

Zonites .

. ii. 118

Voliu

i. 273

Zospeum .

. ii. 643

Volvaria .

i. 194

Zua

. ii. 106

Vdvaria

. ii. 10

Zurama .

. ii. 204

Volvarina

i. 195

.

MOLLUSC A.

Animal soft, fleshy, furnished with a muscular coat
termed a mantle ; without any internal bony skeleton
supporting- jointed limbs, or external skeleton formed of
a hard ringed skin ; nervous system consisting of a number
of medullary masses distributed in different parts of the
body, one of the masses or ganglia placed over the gullet
and enveloping it like a collar.

Molluscous animals, first separated as a Sub-kingdom
by Cuvier, have no skeleton like the Vertehrata, and no
jointed members like the Articulata ; they are, moreover,
known from the Radiata by their organs not radiating
from a common centre. They have a heart and blood-
vessels, a nervous system and breathing apparatus, and
they are covered by a soft mucous membrane, which is
named the mantle. The modifications exhibited in their
organization constitute the basis of the arrangement fol-
lowed in this work, which arrangement, although imper-
fect, may be termed the natural system.

When the locomotive organs of the Mollusca are placed
in a circle round the head they form the Class Cepha-
lopoda ; when they swim by means of a pair of fins placed

VOL. I. B

2 MOLLUSCA.

at the sides of the neck they are called Pteropoda ; when
they crawl on the helly by means of a muscvilar foot
they are termed Gasteropoda ; those furnished with a pair
of ciliated arms arising from the mouth constitute the
Brachiopoda ; those without a head and having the mantle
protected by two shelly valves are named ConcMfera, while
those without any shell and covered merely with a fleshy
mantle comprise the Tunicata.

The following is a Synopsis of the Classes : —

I. Cephalopoda or Cephalopods.

Animal with the foot wanting or rudimentary.
Head large, distinct, furnished with eight, ten,
or more arms, by means of which they crawl
head downwards.
II. Pteropoda or Pteropods.

Animal with the foot wanting or rudimentary.
Head prominent, with one or two pairs of fins
on the side of the neck, by which they move
about in the ocean. Body often covered with
a thin glassy shell.

III. Gasteropoda or Gasteropods.

Animal crawling on a foot placed under the body.
Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles.
Body usually protected by a conical or spiral shell.

IV. Concliifera or Bivalves.

Animal with a foot placed under the body. Head
indistinct. Mouth placed between the gills. Body
enclosed between two equal or subequal valves
united along the back by a cartilage.
V. Brachiopoda or Brachiopods.

Animal destitute of a foot. Mouth placed at
the base of two spirally-twisted ciliated arms

MOLLUSCA. 3

between the two leaves of the mantle, which are
covered with two separate shelly valves. They
live attached to other marine bodies.
VI. Tunicata or Tunicaries.

Animal destitute of shell, but protected by an
elastic muscular mantle with two orifices. Gills in
the form of a net-work or of a riband stretched
across the internal cavity.

Molluscous animals have sufficient maternal instinct
to select situations for oviposition most advantageous to
the development of their eggs. The Ampullariidce de-
posit their conglomerate egg-masses on stones and frag-
ments of wood in the shallow parts of ponds, where the
eggs are exposed to the full power of the sun. The
DoricUdiE and Limnwidw glue their ova together and
attach them in gelatinous bands to floating bodies, that
they may neither sink beyond the influence of the solar
heat, nor be dispersed by the action of the waves. The
lanthina and Argonauta bear theirs constantly about them,
the first attached to a vesicular float, the second con-
tained in a fraofile shell. The Carocolla conceals hers
under loose bark. The PytMce lay theirs under stones
and in holes of rotten wood. The Cyclostoma buries hers
in the yielding soil of decayed vegetable matter. The
thick-shelled Bulimia that live upon the ground, deposit
large oval calcareous eggs among the leaves, while those
lighter and more highly coloured species, that live upon
the trees, glue their coriaceous ova to the under surface
of the leaves, and some among them have sufficient in-
genuity to roll up the edges of the leaves, cement them
together, and form kinds of nests or cradles for their
tender progeny.

4 MOLLUSCA.

The hard or soft albuminous capsules, or ootheco'^ which
defend and protect the ova of molluscous animals, offer
a variety of forms. The eggs of the Cephalopods are
either agglomerated into masses like bunches of grapes,
as in the Cuttles, or into long garlands and strings, as in
nearly all the Squids. The ova of marine Gasteropods
are enveloped before exclusion in mucous capsules, in some .
cases soft, flexible, and transparent, which harden more or
less by contact with the water, and assume forms peculiar
to tribes and genera. This nidus or egg-nest is some-
times simple, but often compound, each compartment
containing many ova. In Mazza the cells are of a
flattened sub-pentagonal form, adhering together and piled
one upon the other, each compartment containing from
twenty to thirty embryos. The ootliecce of Purpura Jkr-
mastoma are yellow or rosy, elongated, quadrangular, and
truncate at their ends, and are fixed in groups upon
the rocks. The nidus of P. lajyillus, which Ellis calls
the sea-cup, is in the form of an elliptical vase supported
on a short stem. The egg-capsule of Neptunea Norve-
glca is attached, isolated, hemispherical, with a thin,
coriaceous membranous coat. In Buccinum widatum the
nidimental capsules are aggregated in large irregular
masses, each case being oblong, one side convex, the
other flat. The nidus of I^assa reticulata is in the form of
a compressed pouch, with a short peduncle and an opening
at the top. The small nidimental cells of the cowry
are aggregated in a flattened group. In Bursa they
are in numerous groups very close together, long, com-
pressed, enlarged at the end, with one or two keels.
In TropJmi they are sub-cylindrical and truncate at
the upper end, and deposited in groups on stones and
fuci.

MOLLUSCA.

111 Bapa tenuis the nidimeutal capsules are attached
in regular linear series to portions of decayed wood ; they
are of a flattened subconical figure, adhere by the apex,
and have the base emarginate. In Murex endka the
cases are tricarinated, one of the keels being bifid. In
Tritonium scaler they are flattened and quadrangular, with
four keels. In Conus cajntaneus they are curved, with a
dorsal keel, and with the free end falciform. In Busycum
affine the capsules are arranged in a long string; they
are oval, flattened, keeled, the edges angled, and attached
by a short peduncle.

To enumerate a few more examples of the oothecce of
marine Gasteropods, — in Acantliina tmicornis they are
cylindrical, and adhere by slender peduncles in densely-
packed masses. In Chot^us monoceros the somewhat
columnar egg-cases are united by slender peduncles in
a large rounded mass, the capsules having lids which the
young push off. In Valuta they are hard, vesicular, and
fixed by broad bases, each containing but one embryo.
In Volutella they are large and hemispherical.

The eggs of the NaticidtB are deposited in flat, spirally-
rolled bands, which are partly buried in the sand ; they
have been mistaken for zoophytes, under the name of
Flustra arenosa. The eggs of Nerites and Neritinas are
ovate, covered with a horny shell, and afiixed to the
surface of stones or to other shells. The egg-mass of
Gihhula cineraria is in the form of a white gelatinous
riuQ-, with a narrow break on one side.

In the Opisthobranchiate Mollusks the oothecce are no
less curious. In Aplasia they are excluded in a long-
string. In Philine the string is necklace-shaped, and
coiled in a loose spiral. In the Tritoniidce, or Sea-slugs,
the ova are expelled together in the form of a long thread.

6 MOLLUSCA,

and arranged also in a spiral manner. In Doris they are
in a spiral band. In Tergipes the egg-mass is saccate ;
in Eolis, funiculate.

In the air-breathing Gasteropods also the nidus varies.
In the Limnaida. it is transparent, gelatinous, and lar-
viform, and the eggs are arranged in two layers, one
above the other. In Fhysa it is oval and smooth. In
Coretus it is shield-shaped, striated, and unattached.
In Ancylus it is circular, flat beneath, and arched above,
with the three-cornered eggs arranged in a circle in the
middle. In BuUnus it is vermiform, free, and transparent.

In the terrestrial Gasteropods the eggs are usually
spherical, opaque, and extruded separately. In Onchidium
occidentale they are oblong, connected by a filament,
rolled together in a ball, and deposited in shady places.
In Limax rufus they are isolated, oblong, opaque, with
white coriaceous shells, and heaped together under stones
in moist places. In Succinea ampJiibia they are circular
and transparent, without nidus, but united in a mass.
In Helix pomatia they are opaque, white, and leathery,
varying in number from thirty to thirty-six, and are
deposited in holes in the ground ; while in the tropical
Bidimi they are often very large, oval, and calcareous,
and sometimes protected by an artificial nest formed of
leaves. The colour of the eggs of the air-breathing
Gasteropods is usually bluish or milk-white ; those, how-
ever, of Achatina, Helix hicarinata, and H. purpurea are
of a beautiful yellow. They also vary greatly in size.
In the common Snail they are no bigger than a mustard-
seed, while in Bulimiis hcemastonius they are almost as
large as a pigeon''s egg, with a hard calcareous shell.

The discovery of the metamorphosis of molluscous
animals was first made by M. Sars in the Nudibranchs,

MOLLUSCA. 7

and afterwards confirmed by Van Beneden in the A'ply-
siidie ; since then it has been extended to the Proso-
branchs by Loven and Mihie Edwards. The Bivalves
also undergo a metamorphosis, but the Cephalopods do
not appear liable to these changes.

The larva is always enclosed in a little, transparent,
nautiloid, calcareous shell, provided with an operculum, and
it swims freely through the ^vater by means of two fin-
like lobes fringed with long cilia. Instead of tentacles
it has two veils shaped like ears, which disappear at a
later period ; the eyes, the ears, the liver, and the vent
are as in the adult. This is the first stage. In the
second stage it is still enclosed in a shell, but the mantle
has become detached and covers the viscera, the foot is
enlarged and projects beyond the operculum, and the
head has two short conical ciliated tentacles. In the
third stage the shell has fallen off, and the general shape
is that of the parent, but the veils still remain. In the
fourth stage the animal begins to crawl by means of its
foot, the gills appear, and the mouth is armed with jaws
and a spiny tongue. The last stage is marked by the
fall of the frontal veils, and the completion of the ten-
tacles and gills, thus concluding the metamorphosis.

The young bivalves are hatched in the gills of their
parents, and have a swimming disc, fringed with long
cilia, and furnished with a slender tentacular filament.
The labial palps next become developed, and the disc
gradually disappears. They then acquire a foot, and are
provided with eyes near the labial tentacles, which, how-
ever, are afterwards lost. The young of the Tunicata^
which are fixed in the adult state, swim freely about by
means of a caudal filament or tail, until they have selected
a proper spot to which they can attach themselves.

8 MOLLUSCA.

In a work like the present, which is intended to be
entirely Zoological, the anatomical and physiological de-
tails are purposely omitted. The zoological peculiarities
of the adult must now be briefly considered.

The head in some families is permanently extended and
proboscidiform, as in Littorinida and Melaniidee. In the
predaceous Gasteropods it is furnished with a muscular
trunk, which is often entirely retractile ; but in the phyto-
phagous tribes it is supplied with jaws for compressing
the food. The head is often inconspicuous, as in many
Muricidte ; in some it is long and flat, as in Bursa and
Sycotypus ; in some it is produced and cylindrical, as in
Cassidulus ; in some broad and flat, as in Bulla and
Luniceps.

Some Mollusks are blind, as the Eolis^ Glaucus, and
Doris, and, in the adult state, the Conchifera. The eyes
make their first appearance as coloured specks on the
upper surface of the neck, as in Apl^siidce, or on the head,
as in Bidlidfc. In their most i3erfect form they have
iris, pupil, crystalline lens, choroid, vitreous and aqueous
humours, and cornea, as in Cywibium, Helix, Stromhus,
and the Cephalopods. The eyes are two, symmetrical, 4
usually at the sides of the head, sessile or pedunculated.
In Haliotis, Nerifa, Turho, Helix, and OncMdium, they
are at the end of long peduncles, or ommatopliora. In
Muricidm and Cyprwidm they are extended on tubercles,
connate with the tentacles ; but in Stromlidw they are |

free. The vision of Mollusks varies with their habits.
In the Bivalves and Tunicaries the eyes are readily
dispensed with, the animals being either fixed or nearly
motionless. In the Pectens, however, which swim rapidly
by the flapping of their valves, the eyes are numerous
and pedunculated, and situated at the bases of the pallial

MOLLUSCA. 9

tentacles. In the apathetic Elysiidce and Bullidw the
eyes are sessile and rudimentary ; but in the active
and carnivorous Strombidw, and in the air-breathing
HelicidtB, they are elevated on peduncles, to allow a
wider and freer range of vision,

Mollusca in general are dumb ; the only instances to
the contrary are the Cephalopods, which squeak and grunt
when removed from the water, and the Tritonia and Eolis
punctata, which produce a sound like the clink of a steel
wire on the side of a jar. The noise produced by snails
crawling on window-panes is merely mechanical. The
Tritonia arhorescens emits audible sounds under water,
which, no doubt, are meant to be heard by other indi-
viduals, but the instrument adapted to receive sonorous
undulations has not been detected ; these lower forms may
be said to hear with the whole surface of their body.
Where it has been observed, the organ of hearing in
Gasteropodous Mollusks is in the form of two round
vesicles containing fluid and certain oval, calcareous, or
crystalline oscillatory bodies situated on the head. In
the bivalves there is only one otolith of large dimensions,
which fills the cavity of the vesicles. The internal ear
is most developed in the Cephalopods, some of which have
even an indication of an external ear.

Smell exists in the Mollusca to a certain degree, but
its organ has not yet been detected. Cuvier thought it
resided in the soft mucous skin ; the labial appendages,
the respiratory apertures, and the surface of the tentacles
may all receive impressions of odoriferous bodies. M.
Valenciennes regards the hollow plicated process beneath
the eye in the nautilus as an organ of smell. Taste may
be exercised by the sensitive buccal appendages and soft
membranes of the pharynx, but the tongue is a mere

VOL. I.

10 MOLLUSCA.

mechanical organ for the attrition of food ; gustatory villi
have, however, been detected on the tongue of the Cepha-
lopods. In the bivalves the mouth is supplied with two
soft membranous palps, and in the Brachiopods with two
ciliated arms. The mouth of the Cephalopods is armed
with horny jaws, which act vertically like the mandibles of
a bird. In the Helicida there is only an upper jaw, and
in the Limnc^idcE there are two accessory lateral jaws.

The tongue is a membrane covered with hooks or prickles,
which are arranged differently in the different families.
It usually forms a triple band, of which the central part
is called the rachis and the lateral tracts pleuree. The
teeth on the middle part are termed central ; those on
the pleurse are named uncini or laterals ; it is sometimes
broader than long, as in Tritonia and Doris, or it is ellipti-
cal and spoon-shaped, as in the Helicidfe. In others it
is riband-shaped and much longer than the body, in which
case it is reversed along the gullet and coiled spirally in
the stomach. In the carnivorous families the tongue is
forked and fleshy, armed with sharp curved teeth and
placed at the end of the muscular proboscis, while in the
phytophagous tribes it is very long and spiny, for filing
their food to pieces. There is no tongue in the Tunicata,
while in the bivalves it appears in the form of a gastric
dart, a cartilaginous stiliform body enclosed in a sheath
with a tricuspid free extremity and attached to the sides
of the stomach.

In the Doris and Aplysia there are no jaws, and the
cartilaginous surface of the tongue is covered with curved
spines. In the Patella the tongue is of great length, and
is covered with transverse rows of spiny teeth. In the
Cephalopods it is short and muscular, and covered with
rows of spines. M. Lov6n has demonstrated that im-

MOLLUSCA. 11

portant generic and specific characters may be derived
from a careful examination of this organ. In the Bullidee
the rachis of the tongue is unarmed, and the trituration of
the food is effected by means of calcareous plates in a
muscular gizzard.

The organs of touch in the Mollusca are in the form of
soft fleshy tentacles without joints. Usually in the Gas-
teropods there are two arising from the sides of the head,
sometimes free, as in the snails, sometimes united with the
eye-pedicles, as in the Murices, and sometimes partially
free, as in the Strombs. In the Tunicaries and Bivalves
there are numerous tentacles placed around the breathing
apertures and margins of the mantle. Additional pairs of
tentacles at the sides of the mouth, called buccal append-
ages, and also prolongations of the lips, termed labial
appendages, are often supplied, as in the AplysiidcB and
Onchidiidce, and occasionally the exposed surface of the
mantle exhibits fleshy tentacular extensions, which serve
to apprize the owners of danger. In the Pteropods and
Cephalopods long tentacular arms are extended round
the head for the more accurate perception of touch, and
in the Trochidte and Turbinid^ the sides of the foot are
furnished with tentacular filaments for the same purpose.

The /oot is a muscular organ usually developed in pro-
portion to the locomotive powers enjoyed by the animals ;
it is wanting in the oyster, which is fixed, but in the snail
it is long and broad. By means of a muscular foot the
PholadideE and Solenida. burrow in the mud, the Limn^us
swims at the surface of the water, and with their grooved
and linear foot the Nudibranchs clasp the stems of floating
fuci. In the Atalants it is compressed laterally into a
swimming fin-like organ ; and in the Dolium it is some-
times greatly expanded by the introduction of water.

12 MOLLUSCA.

Many Mollusca are furnished with numerous comjilicated
canals which communicate with the surroundinsf fluid and
serve (as in Dolium) to distend the foot by the admission
of water. In Cyprcza there is a long slit in the sole of
the foot near its middle. In Haliotis there are two or
three pores at each extremity, and in Doris, Aplysia, and
Bulla there is a series of orifices placed round its edges.
In many families the sole of the foot is imperforate, as
in Turbo, Trochus, Murex, and Purpura, when the water
enters by a peculiar orifice near the vent, from whence
it finds its way into the canals that ramify through the
foot. The use of this system of aqueducts, as Dr. John-
ston has termed it, is to distend the various organs and
render them more firm and capable of muscular exertions.

The dorsal surface of the foot secretes certain horny
or calcareous layers, which constitute the operculum, a
flat body, which closes the mouth of the shell when the
animal is retracted. When the animal is too large to
enter the shell, the operculum is absent, as in Haliotis,
Gena, and Stomatia, or is rudimentary, as in Sigaretus.'
When the animal is entirely retractile within the shell, the
operculum is larger. It is round in the vegetable-eating
tribes, as in TurhinidtE, and unguiform in the flesh-eating
tribes, as in Muricida. When the animal envelopes the
shell in lobes of the mantle, there is no operculum, as in
Cyprtza, Marginella, Cyprcecassis, and Sycotypus. When
the foot is large the operculum is small, and mce versa.
In some tribes the operculum is stony, as in Turhinidce,
while in others it is horny, as in TrocMdee. In other
cases it is stony, in one genus of the same family, as in
Natica, and horny in another, as in Lunatia, or rudimen-
tary, as in Sigaretus. The operculum consists of a hard-
ened portion of the skin, the cells of which are filled

MOLLUSCA. 13

either with horny or calcareous matter. Sometimes an
operculigerous lobe is developed around the operculum,
and secretes a coating of enamel on the upper surface,
as in Imperator, Turho, and Pliasianella.

The operculum may be annular and multispiral, as in
the TrocMdw ; annular and paucispiral, as in Modulus^
Echinella, Stomatella, and Eucliele ; or subannular and ovate,
as in Distortion Bursa, and Murex ; or subannular and
unguiculate, as in Strombus and Harpago. It may be
also spiral and ovate, as in Littorina and the NaticidcB ;
or spiral and orbicular, as in Tympanotomus and Ger%-
thidea. The most singular variations of this organ are
in Hipponyx, Calyptrwa, and lanthina. In the two
former genera it is a calcareous plate, and fixed to foreign
bodies, while in the latter it is vesicular, and serves as
a float.

The mantle is a muscular sac, which envelopes the body.
It is usually open in front, and secretes a shell, which
serves to protect it. Sometimes the shell is contained in
the substance of the mantle, as in the Cephalopods and
Aplysiidtt ; and sometimes the edge of the mantle is
extended and covers the shell, as in Cypreeidce.. The
front edge is often simple and thickened, as in TrocMda;
furnished with filaments, as in BtromVidce ; or with com-
plicated fringes, as in Muricidce. In some tribes, as in
the phytophagous Gasteropods, the margin is entire ; but
in the zoophagous tribes, it is prolonged into a tube or
sipJion.

The shells of Mollusca have been compared to the
skeletons of Vertebrate animals ; but they are obviously,
as shown by Dr. Carpenter, nothing but portions of calci-
fied skin. The mantle, which is a mucous membrane,
throws off an epithelium, which secretes a calcareous

('

14 MOLLUSCA.

matter in its cells, and becomes hardened into a layer
of shell. The epidermis, like that of other animals, is
inorganic, and cast off occasionally by the animal. This
calcified epithelium or shell-structure is formed either of
prismatic cells, filled with calcareous matter, and arranged
perpendicularly in layers, or it is composed of thin
membranes, which deposit the shelly matter on their
surface. When the membranes are finely plaited, and
the folds lie one over another, the nacreous or pearly
appearance is produced. Sometimes the membranous
shell-structure is traversed by tubes, the direction and
distribution of which vary in different genera, but usu-
ally they form a network. Occasionally the prismatic
shell-structure is very large, and the cells are hollow,
as in the Rudistes among Bivalves ; this constitutes the
cancellated shell-structure.

The margin only of the mantle has the power of giving
origin to the outer layer of the shell, w^hile its whole
surface may generate the inner. As the animal increases
in dimensions, each new interior layer of shell projects so
far beyond the preceding, that the new border composed
of the outer layer is simply joined on to the margin of the
former one. The colour is situated always in the outer
layers, and is furnished by glands in the edges of the
mantle ; and the secretion of the colouring-matter, being
uninterrupted, or interrupted at regular intervals, produces
all the stripes and spots which serve to ornament shells.

The shell is moulded on the mantle of the animal, so
that some of the most distinguishing generic characters
may be detected from its examination. The edges of the
mantle are often developed into fringes at certain periods,
and form the spines and ribs, and all the irregularities
seen on the surfaces of shells.

MOLLUSCA. 15

In the Gasteropods the sliell is sometimes wanting, as
in the Nudibranchs ; in others it is very small and rudi-
mentary in the skin of the back, as in the Jjylysiidce ;
and in some it only covers important organs, as in Cari-
naria and Testacellus. In the CMtonidiB it is composed of
several pieces, but in the generality of cases it consists of
a hollow cone closed at the apex, and more or less spirally
rolled. In Patella and Dentalium the cone is nearly
straight. In Vermetus and Scalaria it is spiral. In
Helioo and Coretus the spiral whorls touch. In some
the spiral is elevated, in others depressed ; in some
smooth on the outside, in others spiny or tubercular.
In the carnivorous tribes the aperture of the cone is
emarginate and produced into a calcareous tube, which
lodges the siphon or muscular prolongation of the mantle
that conveys the water to the gills ; but in the herbi-
vorous orders it is usually round and continuous.

The Mollusca, like all other animals, are liable to
attacks of parasitic epizoa and entozoa. The Thetis
Jimhria is infested with the Vertumnus thecidicola of Otto.
Certain mussels have as a parasite Aspidogaster conchicola
(Bser). The intestines of Neritince are frequently full of
entozoa. In Neritina crepidularia are found a Lingri-
citula, and also an Jscaris. A species of epizoon will
attack Limnsei and Helices when in a sickly state, and
ultimately destroy them ; while a remarkable form, the
Disioma helicis, was found by Dr. Leidy in the pericar-
dium of Helix alteriiata. A small crustacean, the Pinno-
theros, lives parasitic in the pearl mussel; and the Phos-
puga atrata^ a Silphideous beetle, preys upon the common
snail.

16

Class CEPHALOPODA.

Head large, separate from the body ; eyes large, com-
plex, lateral ; ears developed ; mouth armed with two
horny or shelly jaws edged with fleshy lips, surrounded by
eight or ten fleshy arms, and furnished with an entire or
slit tube or siphuncle used in locomotion. Body ovate,
roundish, or cylindrical, open in front, containing the
viscera and one or two pairs of internal symmetrical gills ;
naked ; surrounded by a thin shell with a single cavity ; or
partly or entirely contained in the last chamber of a cham-
bered shell furnished with a siphon passing from chamber
to chamber. Individual, unisexual. Animal free, walking
on its head, or swimming in the sea, propelled by the
water from the siphon tube.

The gills of the Cephalopods are placed within the
mantle, to which their stems are attached by a thin mem-
brane ; they are two in number, with the exception of the
Nautilus, where the gills are four in number, and only
united to the mantle by their bases. The Cephalopods are
all oviparous, their eggs receiving in their passage from the
ovary of the female a gelatinous covering, which swells in
the water and prevents their sinking to the bottom.

AVhen the Cephalopods swim, they always move back-
wards, with the head directed downwards, and the body
held nearly in a perpendicular position ; they progress with

CEPHALOPODA. 17

great velocity, by sudden and irregular jerks. They are
carnivorous, ferocious, and greedy, and will even tear pieces
from fishes that have swallowed the baited hook, and many
will attack and devour small individuals of their own spe-
cies. " Their warfare," says Dr. Johnston. " though cruel,
is open, and they are amply furnished with the necessary
weapons. The long flexible arms that encircle the head
are furnished with dozens of cup-like suckers, often pointed
with sharp curved teeth. It must be a fearful thing for
any living creature to come within their compass or within
their leap, for, captured by a sudden spring of several feet,
made with the rapidity of lightning, and entangled in the
slimy serpentine grasp of eight or ten arms, and held by
the pressure of some hundreds of exhausted cups, escape is
hopeless."

When the Cephalopods are opened in the dark, they are
seen to be vividly phosphorescent. Their senses appear to
be very acute ; their tongue is large and fleshy, and par-
tially armed with recurved spines ; their powerful jaws
act vertically, like the beaks of birds, and their eyes are
large and well developed. The Squids and Cuttles, as they
are familiarly termed, are nocturnal or crepuscular in their
habits, coming to the surface or near the shore in the
night, and concealing themselves by day ; they inhabit all
parts of the world, and often attain a very considerable
size, and their prey is shell-fish, fishes, and Crustacea.

The Cephalopods change colour, like the chameleon, by
means of thousands of contractile vesicles filled with colour-
ing matter, with which their skin is furnished : when the
animal is in repose the vesicles are contracted and invisible;
but when excited, they dilate and show themselves, appear-
ing and disappearing with the greatest velocity, forming
coloured spots and waves all over the body.

VOL. I. D

18 OCTOPODA.

Order OCTOPODA.

Body naked. Head separate, with eight fleshy arms,
furnished with sessile cups, without any horny ring ; eves
fixed in the skin. Gills two ; siphuncle entire. Foot
none.

No internal medial dorsal shell.

In this order of Octopods there are only eight arms,
the two elongated tentacular arms being wanting ; their
bodies are rounder than the Decapods, and they are not
so amply provided with fins. The only genus furnished
with a shell is the Argonaut, the shell, however, has only
been found on females, and may possibly serve merely as
a receptacle for the ova ; when there is an internal shell
it is quite rudimentary.

Fam. OOTOPODID^.

Arms subulate. Mantle supported by fleshy bands.
No cephalic aquiferous apertures.

In this family, consisting of five genera, the arms are
similar, elongated, and united at the base by a web ; the
shell, according to Professor Owen, is represented by two
short styles encysted in the substance of the mantle. In
their habits they are chiefly littoral, feeding along the
coasts of the temperate and tropical zones : they escape
detection by varying their tints according to the nature
of the ground over which they pass, and elude the vigi-
lance of their enemies by discolouring the water with an
inky cloud, which they pour out of their ink-bag when
pursued.

OCTOPUS. 19

Genus OCTOPUS, Cuvier.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body round, without
fins. No aquiferous cells between the bases of the arms.

Ex. O. tuberculatus, Blainville, pi. 1, fig. 1.

The Octopus is an excellent swimmer, propelling itself
rapidly backwards by repeatedly striking forward the
whole of its webbed arms at the same instant ; it can
walk, likewise, at the rate of seven feet in a minute, and
when wishing to accelerate its speed, it inflates the body
like a distended bladder, lets go its hold, and rolls over
and over with great velocity. The Octopi are held in
detestation by the Mediterranean fishermen, on account
of the havoc they commit among the most esteemed
species of lobsters and crabs, which appear to constitute
their favourite food : we have taken bruised bivalves and
turbos from the stomachs of trojpical species.

Species of Octopus.

aculeatus, UOrb. Cyanea, Gray.

^gina, Gray. didynamus, Rafin.

aranea, UOrh. Eudora, Gray.

arcticus, F7'osch. Fang Siao, D'Orh. and Ferus.

areolatus, De Haan. Favonia, Gray.

Berenice, Gray. Fontanianus, UOrh.

Boscii, Lesueur, frayedus, Rafin.

brevipes, D'Orh. Geryonea, Gray.

brevitentaculatus, Blainv. granosus, Blainv.

cserulescens, Peron. Hardwickei, Gray.

Carena, Verany. heteropodus, Rafin.

Cassiopea, Gray. horridus, UOrh.

Cephea, Gray. Kcillikeri, Verany.

cocco, Verany. longipes, Leach.

Cuvieri, UOrb. lunulatus, Quoy and Gaim.

20 OCTOPODID^.

Species of Octopus — continued.

Medoria, Gray. superciliosus, Quoi/ and Gaim.

XRQm.hxa,i\2iQ,e\x?,, Quoy and Gaim. Tchuelchus, D'Orh.

ocellatus, D'Orh. and Ferus. tetracirrhus, Belle Ghiaje.

Peronii, Lestieur. tetradynamus, Rafin,

pilosus, Risso. tuberculatus, Blainv.

polyzenia, Gray. venustus, Rang.

rugosus, Bosc. vermetus, Ro/ng.

Saphenia, Gray. vulgaris, Lam.
Sinensis, UOrh. and Ferus.

The Octopus colossus of Montforfc, or Se2na gigas of Oken is
the Kraken, most probably an apocryphal species.

Genus CISTOPUS, Gray.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body round, without fins.
Distinct aquiferous cells between the bases of the arms.

£Jcc. C. Indicus, Biippell, pi. 1, fig. 2.

The genus Cistopus, of which only a single species is
known, has a small aquiferous system, consisting of a bag
with a small pore at the outer edge, situated between the
bases of the arms, and which serves to extend them ; the
suckers of the arms are sessile and placed in two rows :
they live on rocky coasts.

Genus PINNOCTOPUS, D'Orbigny.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body with fins.

Ex. P. cordiformis, Qmi/ and Gaimard, pi. 1, fig. 3.

This genus is characterized by the broad wing-like
expansions which are placed along the sides, extend in
front, and enfold all the body; the F. cordiformis, the
only species at present known, exceeds three feet in length,
and was captured by the naturalists of the Astrolabe, on
the coast of New Zealand.

PHILONEXID.E. 21

Genus ELEDONE, Leach.

Arms with one row of cups ; without beards, and uni-
ted by a short web. Body round.

Ex. E. moschata, Leach, pi. 1, fig. 4.

In this genus there is only one series of suckers on the
arms ; the E. moschata exhales a musky odour, which is so
strong, that it will scent a whole room whether the animal
be dead or alive. They live in rocky places, and feed on
crustaceous and molluscous animals.

Species of Eledone.
moschata, Leach. octopodia, Penn.

Genus CIRRHOTEUTHIS, Eschricht.

Arms with one row of cups, bearded and united by a
broad web. Body finned.

Ex. 0. Miilleri, Eschricht, pi. 1, fig. 5, 5 a.

The circumstance of the cups of the arras alternating
with cirri, and the existence of the broad web, distinguish
this genus; it is remarkable for the extreme length and
slenderness of the arms, which are endowed with great
sensibility, and must prove very effectual in the capture
and retention of their prey. The only species, mentioned
above, inhabits the coast of Greenland.

Fam. PHILONEXID^.

Arms subulate. Mantle supported by two buttons at
the base of the siphuncle, fitting into grooves in the
mantle.

22 PHILONEXID^.

In this family the cups are fleshy and pedunculated,
very extensible, and arranged in two rows ; the eyes are
large and prominent. There is no shell either external
or internal ; the animals are pelagian, living on the high
seas, and are crepuscular or nocturnal, eating floating
raollusca. They are gregarious, and are found in the
Atlantic and Mediterranean ; two genera are at present
known.

Genus PHILONEXTS, D'Orhigny.

Arms free, tapering, unequal. Nocturnal.

Ex. P. Eglais, D''Orbigny^ pi. 1. fig. 6.

The Philonexes during the night, cover the surface of
the water in innumerable phalanxes ; they inhabit the
high seas, and are sociable and gregarious ; like the
Ommastrephes and Loligines, they are true voyagers,
instead of being sedentary like the Octopi properly so
called. They avoid the light, change colour, and are very
voracious, preying on Glauci, lanthintE^ and Pliysaliee. ;
there are six species known.

Species of Philonexis.

Alcaeus, Gray. hyalynus, Rang.

Atlanticus, UOrh. microstomus, Regnaud.

Eglais, nOrh. tuberculatus, Risso.

Genus TREMOCTOPUS, Delle Ohiaje.

Arms moderate ; the two upper pair longest, and
webbed nearly to the tip.

Ex.. T. Quoyanus, WOrhigny., pi. 1. fig. 7.

ARGONAUTID^. 23

This genus derives its name from two large aquiferous
pores on the back of the head ; the arms are webbed.
Like Philonexis, Tremoctopus feeds on the mollusca of the
high seas, coming to the surface at the dusk of evening,
and pursuing its prey until the following morning ; there
are two species known, from the Mediterranean, and the
middle of the Atlantic.

Species of Tremoctopus.
Quoyanus, B'Or'b. violaceus, Ftrus.

Fam. AKGONAUTID.^.

Arms subulate. The two upper or dorsal webbed at
the extremity, secreting (in the female) a symmetrical
involuted shell ; mantle supported by two buttons, fitting
into grooves at the base of the siphuncle.

The male of the Argonaut is described by M. H.
Mliller as being much smaller than the female ; shell-less,
and with the superior arms not expanded as in the female,
but pointed. The most curious circumstance, however,
is the fact of a part developed within a coloured sac,
which occupies the place of the third arm, of the left
side ; this organ, which is an arm of the animal meta-
morphosed irregularly, is detached when the seminal
fluid formed in the true testes of the Argonaut has been
deposited in it, and from this moment it enjoys an
apparently independent life, and is the Hectocotylus of
Cuvier. " The Hectocotylus of the Argonaut, is then
the arm of a male Argonaut, metamorphosed for the
purpose of carrying the semen, and therewith impreg-
nating the female ; an arm endowed with so high a

24 argonautidjE.

degree of independence, that it truly deserves Cuvier's
phrase, ' un ver vraiment extraordinaire." " (M idler.)

In the young state, according to Madame Power, the
female Argonaut resembles a little worm, with two rows
of suckers along its length, with a filiform appendage at
one extremity, and is without a shell.

Genus ARGONAUTA, Linnseus.

Vide character of family.

Hyn. Ocythoe, Bafinesque. Nautilus, Aristotle and
PI my.

Ex. A. Owenii, Adams and Reeve, pi. 2. fig. 1. 1, a.
Shell, A. Argo, fig. 1, h.

The shell secreted by the female Argonaut is thin
and semipellucid ; it is embraced by the webs of the
dorsal arms which cover the outer surface and keep it
in its place. The animals found in these shells are
always females, and the apex of the shell is filled with
eggs, upon which they sit as if incubating : it therefore
seems probable, that it serves as a nest to contain the
ova. The shell is one-celled, brittle, horny, slightly
flexible when wet, with a large hemispherical nucleus ;
there are several species known.

The Argonaut swims with great velocity in a reversed
position with the siphuncle directed towards the fore-part
and keel of the shell, and the velated arms firmly embracing
the sides of the shell ; it also crawls along the bottom by
the contortions of its simple arms, holding the shell back
upwards with the membranous arms which are bent back-
wards ; there is no muscular or organic connection between
the animal and shell, which, when vacated by the Argonant,
floats at the mercy of the waves ; while in confinement.

DECAPODA. 25

at least, the female, deprived of her precious burden, beats
herself against the sides of the vessel in which she is placed
and shortly dies.

Sjyecies of Argonauta.

Argo, Limi. (Ocythoe tubercu- hyans, Soland. (Ocythoe Cran-

lata, Rafin.). chii, LeacK).

gondola, Dillw. oryzata, Meusch. (Octopus rari-

Gruneri, Dunher. cyathus, Blainv.).

Owenii, Adams and Eeeve.

Order DECAPODA.

Body naked. Head separate, with ten fleshy arms, the
two longer arms furnished with peduncled cups with a
horny circle; eyes fi-ee in the orbit. Siphuncle entire; gills
two. Foot none. An internal medial shell.

In this order, the two longer arms, sometimes called
tentacles, have expanded ends ; the eyes are moveable
in their sockets, and the body is always provided with
a pair of fins. The funnel or siphuncle, is usually pro-
vided with an internal valve. The decapods are con-
veniently divided into those with an internal horny pen
{ChondropTiora) ; those with a calcareous bone {Sepia-
phord) ; and those with an internal chambered calcareous
shell {Behmnopliord) .

The long tentacular arms of the Decapodous Cephalopods
originate within the circle of the other arms, and are more
or less retractile into pouches under the eyes, except in
Cheiroteuthis^ where they are non-retractile. These arms
serve to secure their prey when beyond the reach of the ordi-
nary arms, and to moor the animals to floating bodies. In
many fossil genera, the chambered shell is combined with
the gladius or pen, and in some, the internal shell resembles

VOL. I. E

26 CHONDROPHORA,

the apex of the sepion, or cuttle-bone. The decapods
chiefly frequent the open sea, appearing periodically like
fishes in great shoals on the coasts and banks.

Suborder CHONDROPHORA.

Shell internal, solid, horny or cartilaginous, either lan-
ceolate, pennate with a central longitudinal dorsal ridge
above, and a groove beneath ; or flat, narrow, with a central
longitudinal solid rib, and a similar rib on each edge. The
apex solid, sometimes thickened, produced, and carti-
laginous. In the families Cranchiadce^ and Loligopsida', the
mantle is supported by two internal fleshy bands ; and in
CheiroUuthidfc, OnychoteutMd^^ and LoUgidce, it is furnished
with three internal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral.

Fam. CRANCHIAD^.

Eyes covered with the skin. Mantle supported by two
internal fleshy bands. Siphuucle with a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

In this family the body is large and membranous, the
head is very small ; the eyes, which are large and promi-
nent, are covered with a continuous skin, with a small
transparent spot ; the club of the tentacular arms is finned
behind, and has four series of cups ; the buccal membranes
are large and lobed ; the fins of the body are terminal and
small.

Genus CRANCHIA, Leach.

Shell horny, as long as the body, narrow, bilanceolate,
and pointed at each end.

LOLIGOPSIDiE. 27

Ex. C. scabra, Leach^ pi. 1, fig. 8. Shell, C scabra,
fig. 8, a.

In Cranchia, the three upper pairs of sessile arms are
shortly webbed together ; there are two species, both from
the Atlantic Ocean. The genus is named in honor of Mr.
J. Cranch, naturalist to the Congo Expedition. Both this
genus and Lolicfojms are somewhat allied to the Octopidw ;
one of the most striking peculiarities is the tentacular club
being finned behind.

Species of Cranchia.
maculata, Leach. scabra, Leach.

Subgen. owenia, Prosch.
Sac joined to the neck by a pseudo-articulation.

megalops, Prosch.

Fam. LOLIGOPSID^.

Eyes naked. Mantle supported by two internal fleshy
bands. Siphuncle simple.

Shell solid, horny.

The members of this family have the eyes peduncled and
not covered by a skin ; the fins are caudal, terminal, and
semicircular; the body is membranaceous, semipeHucid,
elongate, and tapering behind. They inhabit the high seas
and are powerful swimmers.

Genus LOLIGOrSIS, Lamarck.

Arras short, cups in two rows ; tentacular arms slender ;
funnel without a valve. Pen slender, with a minute conical
appendix.

28 CHIROTEUTHIDiE.

Ex. L. cyclura, Lesueur, pi. 1, fig. 9. Shell, L. cyclura,
fig. 9, a.

In this genus, the eyes are very large and beautiful ;
the head though small, is broad ; the buccal membrane is
seven lobed without cups, and the siphuncle is very large and
notched on the sides. In some species the body is smooth,
forming Loligopsis proper, in others, the sides have rows of
acute tubercles, forming the subgenus Leachia of Lesueur,
or Perotis of Eschscholtz. There are eight species, from the
North Sea, Atlantic, Mediterranean, India, Japan, and the
South Sea.

Species of Loligo2ysis.

QWx^so'^iQrdi,, Adams and Reeve. vermicolaris, Ruiypell.
pavo, Lesueur. Zygoena, Verany.

Subgen. Leaciiia, Lesueur (Perotis, Escn.)
Sides with rows of acute tubercles. Shell solid at the tip.
cyclura, Lesueur.

Douhtftd Siyecies.

chrysophthalmos, D'Orh. Peronii, Lam.

dubia, Rathke.

Fam. CHIROTEUTHID^.

Eyes naked, simple above. Mantle furnished with
three internal cartilages, one dorsal, and two ventral.
Siphuncle simple, without a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

The fins in this family are on the hinder part of the
back ; the body is elongate and tapering, the ears are with-
out any crest, the buccal membrane is short, and the
tentacular arms are outside the web, and not retractile.

HISTIOTEUTHIS. 29

111 the first genus, Chiroteuthis, the shell is narrow, and
rather dilated or winged at each end, and there are
scattered cups at the bases of the long tentacular arms ;
in the second genus, Histiofeutkis, the shell is lanceolate,
and pennate.

Genus CHIROTEUTHIS, D'Orbigny.

Arms free, cartilages of the mantle dilated below ;
rings of cups contracted in the middle.

Shell, slender, dilated at each end.

Ex. C. Veranyi, Ferussac, pi. 2, fig. 2. Shell, C.
Veranyi, fig. 2, a.

In this genus, the tentacular arms are slender and ex-
tremely elongated, with distant sessile cups on the pedun-
cles, and four rows of pedunculated claws on their expanded
end. The C. Veranyi does not exceed four inches in
length, the tentacular arms are two feet and a half, and as
slender as a thread, organs admirably adapted to encircle
any prey that may be seen floating at a distance and
unconscious of the impending danger.

Sj)ecies of Chiroteuthis.
Bonplandi, D'Orh. Veranyi, Ferm.

Genus HISTIOTEUTHIS, D'Orbigny.

Three upper pairs of sessile arms webbed nearly to the
end ; cartilages of the mantle linear, elongate ; rings of
cups convex externally.

Shell broad, pennate.

Ex. H. Bonelliana, Ferussac, pi. 2, fig. 3. Shell,
H. Bonelliana, fig. 3, a.

30 ONYCHOTEUTHIDiE.

In this genus the body is sliort, the tentacular arms
long, outside the web, with six rows of dentated cups on
their ends ; the pen is short and broad. The H. Bonel-
liana rivals in colour the brilliancy of the butterflies of
tropical suns ; the large membrane which unites its arms
is of a rich purple, and the suckers are sapphire, the under
surface being" studded with blue and yellow spots on a
reddish ground, sprinkled with purple spots.

Species of Ilistiotetithis.
Bonelliana, Ferus. Riippellii, Verany.

Fam. ONYCHOTEUTHID^.

Eyes naked, with a sinus above. Mantle furnished with
three internal cartilages, one dorsal, and two ventral,
Siphuncle with a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

The fins are posterior, dorsal, and angular ; the head is
moderate and cylindrical ; the eyes naked, with a deep
lachrymal sinus at the upper edge ; the ears have a well-
marked longitudinal crest ; the tentacular arms have a
rounded group of small sessile cups at the extremity of the
club ; the shell is internal, horny, lanceolate, and without
any air-chambers. These animals are usually termed
Squids, and Calamaries ; they are gregarious and frequent
the open seas of all climates.

Genus ENOPLOTEUTHIS, D'Orbigny.

Fins subterminal, dorsal, rhombic. Tentacular and ses-
sile arms with claw-like hooks. Sessile arms with hooks
only.

ABRALIA. 31

Shell pennate, lanceolate.

Ex. E. Smithii, Leach, pi. 2, fig. 4. Shell, E. Smithii,
fig. 4, a.

In this genus the tentacular arms are slender, feeble,
scarcely clubbed, and armed with hooks only. The shell is
pennate, lanceolate, without any appendix at the tip, and
the central ridge is narrow, keeled, and produced in front ;
there are five recent species known, and one fossil, the
former from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.
The natives of the Polynesian Islands have a well-founded
dread of these animals on account of the great size they
sometimes attain.

Species of Enoploteuthis.

margaritifera, Ruppell. unguiculata, Molina.

Owenii, Verany. Verany, Riippell.

Smithii, Leach.

Genus ANCISTROCHEIRUS, Gray.

Fins occupying the whole side of the back, rhombic.
Tentacular and sessile arms with claw-like hooks. Sessile
arms with hooks only.

Shell dilated at each end.

Ex. A. Lesueurii, Ferussac, pi. 8, fig. 1. Shell A.
Lesueurii, fig. 1, a.

There are no cups on the arms of Ancistrocheirus, and
the hooks are in two alternate series. The shell is narrow,
lanceolate, slightly convex, with a very broad central
groove, and with the ends produced ; there is but one
species, A. Lesueurii, Ferussac, from the Indian Ocean.

Genus ABRALIA, Gray.
Fins subterminal. Tentacular and sessile arms with

32 ONYCHOTEUTHIDiE.

claw-like hooks. Sessile arms with hooks at the base, and
cups at the tip.

Shell lanceolate, concave on the edges.

Ex. A. armata, Quay and Gaimard, pi. 3, fig. 2.
Shell, A. armata, fig. 2, a.

In Ahralia, the sessile arms, besides a series of hooks at
the base, have a double row of hemispherical cups at the
tip ; and the tentacular arms have a fevv long hooks on the
club, alternating with a series of cups. The shell is lanceo-
late, and sinuous at the edge near the tip. There is one
species from the Indian Ocean.

Species of Ahralia.
armata, Quoy and Gaim. Morisii, UOrh.

Genus OCTOPODOTEUTHIS, Riippell.

Fins on the hind part of the back, roundish. Tentacular
and sessile arms with claw-like hooks.

Shell narrow.

Ex. 0. Sicula, Btlppell and Krolin, pi. 3, fig. 3. Shell,
O. Sicula, fig. 3, a.

This genus, of which but a single species is known, in-
habits the shores of Sicily. The sessile arms are cylindrical
and curled at the end, with a double series of small nearly
sessile subcylindrical cups armed with short curved hooks ;
the tentacular arms are very short, with a small club ; the
shell is cartilaginous, very slender, and as long as the back.
It is the same as the Verania of Krohn.

Genus ONYCHOTEUTHIS, Lichtenstein.

Club of tentacular arms with claw-like hooks and cups.
Sessile arms with cups and rings.

ANCISTROTEUTHIS. 33

Shell lanceolate, pennate, sides thin.

Ex. O. Banksii, Leach, pi. 3, fig. 4. Shell, O. Bauksii,
fig. 4, a.

A remarkable mechanical contrivance exists in the Owy-
clioteuthis, one of the most formidable of Cephalopods. At
the extremities of the long tentacular arms, besides the hook-
armed cups, there is a cluster of simple unarmed suckers
at the base of the expanded part. " When these latter
suckers," says Owen, " are applied to one another, the ten-
tacles are firmly locked together at that part, and the uni-
ted strength of both the elongated peduncles can be applied
to drag towards the mouth any resisting object that has
been grappled by the terminal hooks."

Sx>ecies of Onychoteuthis.

Banksii, Leach. Bartlingii, Lesueur.

Kamtschatica, Midd.

Grenus ANCISTROTEUTHIS, Gray.

Tentacular arms with hooks. Sessile arms with cups
and rings. Club of tentacular arms with hooks only.

Shell narrow, rather dilated in front, with one central
and two marginal ribs.

Ex. A. Lichtensteinii, Ferussac, pi. 8, fig. 5. Shell,
A. Lichtensteinii, fig. 5, a.

Three species of this genus are known ; one, with the
body shagreened, from the Indian Ocean. The shell is
horny, linear, very narrow, gradually widening towards the
fore part, the sides are thickened on the edge, and the apex
is long, conical, horny, and obliquely produced.

34 ONYCHOTEUTHID^.

Species of Ancistroteuthis.

Dussumieri, D'Orb. Krohnii, Verany.

Lichtensteinii, Ferus.

Genus ONYCHIA, Lesueur.

Tentacular arms with hooks. Sessile arms with cups
and rings. Club of tentacular arms with hooks on the
centre, and with two rows of small cups on each side.

Shell lanceolate, pennate.

Ex. O. platyptera, U'Orbign^, pi. 3, fig. 6. Shell,
O. platyptera, fig. 6, a.

In Onychia the body is red and spotted ; the tentacular
arms are scarcely enlarged at the ends. Like most other
genera of this family, and other pelagic forms, it is crepus-
cular, darting along the surface of the ocean towards night-
fall, and preying upon small fishes, floating Crustacea, and
acalephse that swim near the surface.

Species of Onychia.
cardioptera, Feroti. platyptera, D'Orb.

Genus OMMASTKEPHES, D'Orbigny.

Tentacular and sessile arms with cups and horny rings.
Fins rhombic, posterior, caudal. Internal cartilage of
mantle dilated below.

Shell narrow, dilated in front, with one central and two
marginal ribs.

Ew. O. Bartramii, Lesueur, pi. 4, fig. 1. Shell, 0. Bar-
tramii, fig. 1 , a.

The sessile arms have two rows of suckers, and some-

LOLIGINID^. 35

times an internal membranous fringe, and the shell has a
hollow conical appendix. These, which are called sagit-
tated Calamaries, live in the high seas in large troops ;
they are nocturnal in their habits, and form the food of
cetacea and pelagic birds. The sailors call them " sea-
arrows" or "flying-squids," from their habit of leaping
out of the water, often to such a height as to fall on the
decks of vessels.

Sioecies of OmmastrepJies.

jequipoda, EiippeU. Oualaniensis, Lesson.

Bartramii, Lesueur, sagittatus, Lam.

EblanjB, Lcdl. Sloanii, Grai/.

giganteus, D'Orb. todarus, Bajln.

Sub-gen. hyaloteuthis, Gray.

Body transparent, tubercular beneath ; one or two cups on
the second pair of sessile arms larger than the others.

pelagicus, Bosc.

Doiibtful Species.

Arabicus, Ehrenh. laticeps, D'Orh.

Bianconii, Verany. Meneghinii, Verany.

Fam. LOLIGINID^.

Eyes covered with skin, simple. Mantle with three in-
ternal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral.

Shell solid, horny.

In this family the fins are on the sides of the hinder
part of the back ; the eyes are without eyelids and covered
with the skin ; the buccal membrane is often furnished
with cups ; the ears have a transverse ridge ; the sessile

36 LOLTGINID^.

arms have two rows of cups, the rings provided with a
narrow prominent ridge on the centre of the external sur-
face ; the tentacular arms are only partly contractile into
the sub-ocular cavity, and the siphuncle is attached to the
head by a double superior medial band.

Genus GONATUS, Gray.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic. Cups of sessile arms in
four rows. Tentacular arms with many rows of small cups,
and a single hooked cup at the base.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. G. amoena, Moller, pi. 4, fig. 2.

In Gonatus the eyes are large, covered by the skin, with
a small transparent spot ; the cups on the sessile arms are
small, conical, contracted at the top, nearly uniform in size,
and in four series ; the club of the tentacular arms is
compressed, and finned at the tip. The shell is horny,
thin, lanceolate, pennate, narrowed and extended in front :
there is one species, G. amwna^ from Greenland.

Genus LOLIGO, Lamarck.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Cups of sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with
cups on the angles. Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. L. magna, Bondeletius, pi. 4, fig. .3. Shell, L.
magna, fig. 3, a.

The rings of the suckers are horny and dentated, and
the tentacular club has four rows of cups. The Loligo
pursues its prey on the bosom of the ocean, and swims

LOLIGO. 37

with great rapidity ; fish and pelagic crustaceans, lanthinse,
and other oceanic mollusca, constitute its food ; many in-
dividuals frequently unite and hunt in companies, their
favourite time for scouring the surface being the evening
after sunset.

The Loligo magna, the common species, is the favourite
food of the cod, and with it one half of all the cod taken
at Newfoundland is caught. When the vast shoals of this
mollusk approach the coast, hundreds of vessels are ready
to capture them, forming an extensive cuttle-fish fishery,
engaging five hundred sail of French and English ships.
During violent gales of wind hundreds of tons of them are
often thrown up together in beds on the flat beaches, the
decay of which spreads an intolerable effluvium around
(Johnston), The L. magna is also used for bait by fisher-
men on our own coast, under the name of " squid." Its
egg-cluster has been estimated to contain forty thousand
eggs. The LoUgines are found in all seas, and the species
are numerous.

Species of Loligo.

Alessandrinii, Verany. Pealii, Blainv.

australis, Grat/. Plei, Blainv.

BrasiliensiS; Blainv. Reynaudii, UOrh. and Fcrux.

brevis, Blainv. fcricariuata, Gray.

Chinensis, Gray.

Duvaucelii, B'Orb. and FSrus. Doubtful species.

Emraakina, Gray. carunculata, Schneider.

Gahi, D'Orb. lanceolata, Eafin.

Hardwickei, Grai/. minima, D'Orb.

magna, Rondelet. Osogadium, Rafin.

neglecta, Gray.

38 LOLIGINID^.

Genus TEUTHIS, Aristotle.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Cups of sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with-
out cups. Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. T. parva, Rondeletius, pi, 4, fig. 4. Shell, T. parva,

4, a.

In TeutJiis the body is elongate and acute behind ; the

fins are rather behind the middle of the sides of the back,

forming together a heart-shaped expansion ; the labial

membrane is simple, not produced into angular lobes, and

destitute of any cups ; the shell is lanceolate and narrow.

There are two species, one from the European, the other

from the Indian Seas.

Species of Teuthis.
parva, Rondelet. Sumatrensis, UOrh. and Ferus.

Genus SEPIOTEUTHIS, Ferussac.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins occupying the sides of the body.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, broad, edges some-
times thickened.

Ex. S. Blainvilliana, UOrhigny and Ferussac.^ pi. 4,
fig. 5. Shell, S. Blainvilliana, fig. 5, a.

In most respects Sepioteutliis resembles Loligo, but the
fins are lateral, and as long as the body ; the external ear
is furnished with a transverse crest, enlarged and curved up
in front ; the sessile arms are conical, subulate, unequal,
and externally finned, with the cups in two series. There
are about twelve species, chiefly from the Indian Seas.

ROSSIA. 39

Species of Sepioteuthis.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. lunulata, Quoy and Gaim.

bilineata, Quoy and Gaim. Madagascariensis, Gray.

Blainvilliana, B'Orh. and major, Gray.

Ferus. Mauritiana, Quoy and Gaim.

Hempricliiij Ehrenh. sepioi'dea, Blainv.

Lessoniana, Ferus. Sloanii, Leach.

Sub-gen. chondrosepia, Leuckart.
Pins most dilated behind the middle of the body,
loliginiformis, Leuck.

Genus ROSSIA, Owen.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins short, on the middle of the sides of the back.

Shell shorter than the back.

Ex. R. macrosoma, Delh GMaje, pi. 4, fig. 6. Shell,
R. macrosoma, fig. 6, a.

Bossia, established by Owen, and named in honour of Sir
John Ross, differs from Sepiola in the head being separate
from the body, and the mantle free all round ; the suckers,
moreover, on the tentacular arms are in two rows. One
species inhabits the Mediterranean, two have been taken
on our coasts, one is from the North Sea, and another from
the Indian Ocean.

Species of Bossia.

macrosoma, Delle Chiaje. subulata, Eyd.

palpebrosa, Owen.

40 LOLIGINID^.

Sub-gen. heteroteuthis, Gray.

Cups of three pairs of lateral arms very large, peduncled, dis-
tant ; cups of other arms small, crowded, equal. Tentacular
arms tapering.

dispar, Ruppell. Jacobi, Ball.

Owenii, Ball.

Genus SEPIOLA, Roncleletius.

Head attached to the back of the mantle by a broad
cervical band. Fins short, in the middle of the sides of the
back. Cups of sessile arms nearly sessile.

Shell narrow, vrith one central and two marginal ribs.

EoG. S. Atlantica, D''Orh%gny and Ferussac, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Shell, S. Atlantica, fig. 7, a.

The body of this genus is round and purse-like, and the
short dorsal fins are rounded and contracted at the base.
These small Cuttles are found in various seas ; the shores of
Britain acknowledge one, one is from Jaj)an, another from
the Mauritius, one from New Holland, and another from
the Atlantic Ocean.

Species of Sepiola.

Atlantica, UOrh. and Ferus. Rondeletii, Gesner.
Japonica, UOrh. and Ferus. stenodactyla, Grant.
Oweniana, D'Orb. and Ferus.

Sub-gen. sepiolidea, D'Orbigny.

Body and head tubercular beneath ; internal cartilage of man-
tle broad, contracted in the middle.

lineata, Qiioi/ and Gaim.

SEPIOPHORA. 41

Genus FIDENAS, Gray.

Head attached to the back of the mantle by a broad
cervical band. Fms short, in the middle of the sides of
the back. Cups of sessile arms very longly peduncled.

Shell narrow, with a central and two marginal ribs.

Ex. F. Penares, Gray, pi. 5, fig. 1.

This genus has been established by Mr. Gray on a
specimen in spirits in the British Museum. The long
peduncles of the cup-like suckers, which peduncles are
suddenly contracted and very thin near the cups, serve
principally to distinguish it from Se;piola ; it is from
Singapore.

Sub-order SEPIOPHORA.

Head united to the mantle by a broad cervical baud.
Mantle attached behind, free in front, and with two in-
ternal cartilaginous longitudinal ridges fitting into carti-
laginous grooves at the base of the sides of the siphuncle.
Fins as long as the sides of the back.

Shell cellular, calcareous ; back hard ; cavity filled with
laminae separated by numerous cells.

This sub-order comprises the Cuttles properly so called ;
they live near the shore, and the mucro of their shell
seems to protect them in the frequent collisions they are
exposed to in swimming backwards.

Fam. SEPHD^.

Eyes covered with skin. Head united to the mantle
by a broad cervical band. Mantle with two cartilaginous
ridges on the ventral side.

VOL. I. ^

42 SEPIID^.

Shell cellular, calcareous.

In the Cuttle-fishes, the animal has elongated tentacular
arms, expanded at their ends; the body is oval, or rounded,
and depressed ; the lower eyelid is distinct ; the buccal
membrane is without cups ; the sessile arms have four
rows of cujis; the horny rings of the cups are convex,
without any external ridges ; the tentacular arms are en-
tirely retractile into the cell at their base ; the siphuncle
is furnished with an internal valve ; and the shell is filled
with irregular cells, without any siphon.

Genus SEPIA, Plinius.

Body oblong, with lateral fins as long as itself.

Shell as wide and long as the body, very thick in front, con-
cave internally behind, terminating in a prominent mucro.

Ex. S. officinalis, Linnaeus, pi. 5, fig. 2. Shell, S. ofii-
cinalis, fig. 2, a.

The Cuttles sometimes attain to an enormous size; the
cuttle-bone was formerly used by apothecaries as an ant-
acid. Dr. Mason Good asserts that the Sepice aid and
regulate their motions by the power they have of intro-
ducing, at option, air into the numerous cells of the back-
bone, and thus, at will, varying their proportionable weight
to the water in which they live : they comprise numerous
species, and inhabit all seas.

Species of Sepia.

aculeata, Van Hasselt. Hierredda, Rang.

Apama, Gray. latimana, Quoy and Gai7n.

Bertheloti, D'Orh. and Ferus. Lefebrei, UOrh.

elongata, UOrh. and Ferus. Lycidas, Gray.

gibbosa, Ehrenb. officinalis, Linn.

BELEMNOPHOUA. 43

plangon, Gray. Sinope, Gray.

Rouxii, D'Orh. tuberculata, Lam.

rupellaria, UOrh. andFerus. vermiculata, Quoy and Gaim.

Savignii, Blainv. Vicellius, Gray.

Sub-gen. SEPiELLA, Gray.

Shell oblong, posterior end expanded, produced, cartilaginous^
not beaked, convex beneath.

Capensis, UOrh. Myrsus, Gray.

elegans, UOrh. Orbignyana, Ftrus.

Indica, D'Orh. and Ferus. ornata, Rang.

Mestus, Gray. rostrata, UOrh.

microcheira. Gray. Sinensis, D'Orh.

Doxihtful Species.
Antillarum, D'Orh. mucronata, Rafin.

Sub-order BELEMNOPHORA.

Shell calcareous, internal, chambered ; chamber tra-
versed by a siphon.

The greater number of genera in this sub-order are fossil,
as the Beloptera and Spirulirostra, which have the apex of
the shell enveloped in a thickened lamellar coat produced
behind ; the ConoteutMs, which has a strong longitudinal
keel on the middle of the back ; the Belemnoteuthis, where
the shell is thin and conical, and covered with an external
coat ; Actinocamax, where the coat is produced, forming a
cylindrical style with its cavity fissured ; and BeUmnites, in
which the conical cavity of the style is entire and without
any fissure.

44 SriRULIDiE.

Fam. SPIRULID^.

Eyes covered with the skin, with a lower eyelid. Buccal
membrane without cups. Sessile arms triangular, tapering.
Cups numerous, equidistant, very small, slightly pedicelled,
in six longitudinal series. Tentacular arms elongate,
peduncled, cylindrical ; club — ?. Siplmncle conical, with
an apical valve.

Body subcylindrical, oblong, end rounded, sometimes
furnished with a thickened belt, and with a small fleshy
semilunate fin on each side. Mantle free all round ; car-
tilage, on the inner side of the ventral surface, linear.

Shell internal, shelly, spiral, chambered ; chambers fur-
nished with a siphon ; the last chamber large enough to
contain but a very small part of the animal.

In the only recent genus, Splrula, the apex of the shell
is simply hooked; in the fossir genera it is enveloped in a
thickened laminal coat produced behind, as in S_piriiltrostra.

Genus SPIRULA, Lamarck.

Fins two, small, caudal, on the side of the extremity of
the back. Eyes large. Cups of sessile arms in six longi-
tudinal rows ; rings entire, or very minute, and denticu-
lated ; third and fourth arms shortly webbed, the rest
free. Siphuncle with an apical valve.

Shell calcareous, cylindrical, conical, tapering, involute
on the same plane, the whorls separate from each other, and
chambered; septa concave outwards, with a shelly funnel-
shaped siphon on the inner or most curved side, tra-
versing each cell without communicating with each other.

Ex. S. Inevis, Gra?/, pi. 5, fig. 3. Shell, S. prototy-
pus, Peron, fig. 3, a.

POLYPODA. 45

The shell is placed vertically in the posterior part of the
body, with the involute spire towards the ventral side.
The last chamber is not larger in proportion than the rest ;
its margin is organically connected ; it contains the ink-
bag (Woodward). In its habits, Spirula is, probably,
pelagic, swimming near the surface in calm weather, prey-
ing on small acalephte towards the evening, and sinking
below the surface during the day. Although the shell has
been long well known, and is found scattered by thousands
on the shores of New Zealand, only one perfect specimen
has been met with, brought home from New Zealand
by Mr. Earl, and figured by Mrs. Gray, in the " Annals
and Magazine of Natural History." M. De Blainville de-
scribed an imperfect specimen sent home by M. Peron ;
Mr. Crouch procured a fragment ; and an injured speci-
men was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. " Sa-
marang,"" and served Professor Owen for an elaborate
memoir of its anatomy.

Species of Spirula.
prototypus, Feron.

Sub-gen. lituus, Brown.

Posterior part of the body furnished with a circular disc
covering and concealing the shell, and with semicircular fin-like
appendages on each side.

Isevis, Gray. reticulata, Owen.

Order POLYPODA.

Body without fins, enclosed in the last chamber of a
siphon -chambered external shell. Head not separate

46 NAUTILIDyE.

from the body, with a great number of cylhidrical, anmi-
lated, retractile tentacles, without cups. Gills four. Si-
phuncle slit. Foot-like a]3pendage distinct.

This order is the same as the Tetrabranchiata of Owen ;
the only recent genus is Nautilus ; the rest are fossil, and
comprise a large number of highly interesting forms, which
must formerly have played an important part in the mala-
cological history of our planet.

Fara. NAUTILID^.

Head retractile within the mantle. Eyes pedunculated.
Mandibles calcareous. Body attached to the shell by ad-
ductor muscles, and by a continuous horny girdle.

Shell external, camerated or many- chambered, and
siphuncled ; the inner layers and septa nacreous, the outer
layers porcellanous ; sutures simple ; aperture simple.

This family contains the only living representative of
the Oephalopods belonging to the present order, the re-
mainder, comprising numerous families and genera, and
upw^ards of one thousand four hundred species, are now
extinct. The generic characters and peculiarities of these
forms are well and clearly pointed out in Mr. S. P.Wood-
ward"'s valuable "Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells," a
work of which we have frequently availed ourselves.

Genus NAUTILUS, Breynius.

Shell involute or discoidal, few-whorled ; siphuncle cen-
tral ; septa dividing the chambers simple ; inner surface
pearly.

Ex. N. Pompilius, Linnaus, pi. 5, fig. 4. Shell, N.
Pompilius, fig. 4, a.

NAUTILUS. 47

The dorsal pair of tentacles is considered to be expanded,
forming the hood which closes the aperture of the shell ;
the tentacles are lamellated on their inner surface, and
are retractile within sheaths which correspond to the eight
ordinary arms of the cuttle-fishes. Besides these, there
are four ocular tentacles, which are supposed by Professor
Owen to be instruments of sensation, like the tentacles of
Doris and Aplysia ; there are, moreover, four groups of
labial tentacles, twelve or thirteen in each group, which
appear to answer to the buccal membrane of the dibran-
chiate Cephalopods ; the mandibles are surrounded by a
fleshy lip. The respiratory funnel, or siphuncle, is formed
by the folding of a thick muscular lobe ; behind the hood,
or foot-like appendage, it forms an expansion which covers
the black part of the shell. The habits of the Nautilus are
not well known ; most probably, like the Octopus, it feeds
upon Crustacea, and crawls along the bottom of the sea,
seeking concealment in rocky places; the tips of the parrot-
like mandibles are hardened and calcareous, and are well
adapted to crush the hard shells of crabs and other Crus-
tacea. A few specimens only have been taken in a perfect
state.

Sjoecies of Nautilv^.

ambiguus, Soiv. Pompilius, Linn.

macromphalus, Sow. stenomphalus, Sow.

perforata SjCow/'acZ. umbilicatus, Lister.

48

Class PTEROPODA.

Head more or less distinct ; eyes none ; mouth often
furnished with cup-shaped appendages. Fins two on the
sides of the mouth ; or two, or rarely four, on the side of
the body between the head and abdomen, often furnished
with a small intermediate lobe between them, apparently
the rudiment of the foot of Gasteropods. Body ovate or
roundish, often enclosed in a thin, conical, cylindrical, or
subglobular shell, with a transverse contracted mouth. In-
dividual unisexual ? Animal free, floating on the surface
of the sea by the assistance of its fins. Nocturnal or cre-
puscular.

The Pteropods inhabit the high seas, floating constantly
in the water by means of a pair of lateral fins. They are
extremely vivaceous in their movements, and are frequently
associated together in prodigious numbers. The form of
their shells is very varied, being globular, subulate, hemi-
spherical, pyramidal, or spiral, but always thin, glassy, and
transparent. Loven compares the fins on the side of the
head to the fins on the side of the head of the foetal or
first-hatched fry of Gasteropods, which are sometimes
retained in the form of a fringe on each side of the body
in the adult animal, as in Turho and Trochus. In the
cup- shaped disks or suckers which many of them have
affixed to the arms that surround the mouth, they show

PTEROPODA. 49

their affinity to the Cephalopods. The Pteropods, like
many of the Cephalopods, are crepuscular in their habits,
sinking at sunrise into the bosom of the deep, and coming
again to the surface on the approach of evening. Accord-
ing to the observations of M. D'Orbigny, the smaller spe-
cies of Cavolina first appear as evening advances ; small
species of Clio then rise in company with other Gavolinee
and Atlantce ; after sporting a few hours the lesser species
descend and disappear, the larger follow, and towards mid-
night hardly one remains; after sunrise not a single Ptero-
pod can be seen. Each species has its own time of rising
and going down, which causes M. D'Orbigny to infer that
each species dwells habitually in the water at a depth pe-
culiar to itself. As the sun rises the Pteropod sinks lower
and lower, until it has reached its greatest descent, but as
the sun goes down the Pteropod passes gradually upwards
until the surface is gained. M. D'Orbigny gives the fol-
lowing as the result of his observations of the geographical
distribution and habits of these animals. Of the twenty-
nine species which he has observed, fourteen are equally
common to all the seas, at least to the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans ; eleven have been observed only in the Atlantic,
and four in the Pacific. Seventeen of the twenty-nine
species are entirely nocturnal and eleven are crepuscular.
The Pteropods swim rapidly by ceaseless movements of
their wing-like fins, which has caused them to be styled the
butterflies of the deep ; they are carnivorous, feeding on
minute Crustacea and medusa3. In their zoological ar-
rangement they are naturally divided into those with, and
those without, a shell, or Thecosomata and Gymnosomata; in
the former, the head is not distinct and the gills are inter-
nal; in the latter, the head is distinct and the gills external.
The true position in a natural arrangement of this curious

VOL. I. H

50 THECOSOMATA.

class of beings is at present not very well-defined. On
account of the arms and suckers in certain genera, and
from a belief that the intermediate lobe, which in Spinalis
and lieterofusus bears the operculum, represents the foot,
we have preferred to follow Cuvier and Rang in placing
them between the Cephalopods and Gasteropods; Lamarck
conceived they should be between the Gasteropods and
Bivalves; M. Elainville maintained they were a tribe of
Gasteropods allied to the BuUidts, and this opinion has
recently been supported by M. Souleyet.

Order THECOSOMATA.

Head indistinct, with two wings on the sides of the
mouth. Tooth of lingual membrane hooked, with a strong
hooked tooth on each side. Gills internal. Body inclosed
in a shell.

This order may be divided into two sub-orders, including
those with the body and shell straight, or globular, and
without an operculum ; and those with the animal and shell
spiral, and with a spiral operculum. The families Cavo-
linidfB and TripteridtK have calcareous shells, while in
CymbuliidfB the shell is cartilaginous ; the second sub-order
contains the single family Limacinidie.

Fam. OAVOLINID^.

Animal with two united fins without any posterior foot-
like appendage between them. Abdomen voluminous. Gills
in pairs. Internal superior organs of generation on the
right side.

Shell calcareous, symmetrical, elongate, or globular.

In the genera Cavolina and Diacria the shell has a

DIACRIA. 51

lateral slit emitting the mantle, while in the genera Clio,
Balantium, and Styliola the shell is without any lateral
fissure ; Vaginella, Theca, and Conularia are fossil genera.

Genus CAVOLINA, Gioeni.

Body short, sometimes furnished with lateral appendages.

Shell globular ; mouth narrower than the internal cavity,
with a lateral slit on each side, interrupted in front,

Spi. Tricla, Betzius. Rheda, Humph. Hyalsea, Lamck.
Hyalus, Fror. and Meek. Caulina, Poll. ? Archonta,
Montf. ? Glandiolus, Montf.

Ex. C. tridentata, Forskal^ pi. 6, fig. 1. Shell, C. tri-
dentata, fig. 1, a.

The shells of this genus are globular, with the lateral
fissures extending nearly the whole length, and the appen-
dices short and directed backwards. The Cavolin(e swim
by means of their lateral fins, and when touched retract
them and fall to the bottom.

Species of Cavolina.

affinis, B'Orh. limbata, UOrh.

angulata, Eyd. and Soid. longirostris, Lesueur.

flava, nOrh. pisum, Morch.

gibbosa, Rang. quadridentata, Lesueur.

globulosa, Rang. teniobrancbia Peron.

inflexa, Lesueur. tridentata, Forsk.

labiata, D'Orb. uncinata, Rang.

Genus DIACRIA, Gray.

Body short, sometimes with lateral appendages.

Shell globular ; mouth narrower than the cavity, with
a slit on each side, not interrupted in front ; apex often
truncated in the adult.

52 CAVOLINIDiE.

>Sy/i. Hyaleea, 5, Rang.

Ex. D. mucronata, Quo^ and Gaimard, pi. 6, fig. 2.
Shell, D. trispinosa, Lesueur^ fig. 2, a.

This genus consists of those forms which are elongated,
with the lateral fissures short, and the appendices pro-
duced. They have the same hahits as Cavolina, and are
found in all the seas of the torrid zone and in many of
those of the temperate zones.

Species of Diacria.

depressa, UOrh. mucronata, Quoy and Gaim.

laevigata, D'Orh. trispinosa, Lesueur.

Grenus CLIO, Browne.

Animal elongate, conical, without lateral appendages.
Fins expanded, united behind, without any small interme-
diate lobe.

Shell elongate, angular, conical ; mouth larger than the
cavity, without any lateral slits.

Syn. Cleodora, Peron and Lesueur.

Ex. C. pyramidata, Browne^ pi. 6, fig. 3. Shell, C. py-
ramidata, fig. 3, a.

The shells of the genus Clio are pyramidal and taper-
ing, with prominent spines at the fore part ; C. cuspidata is
one of the most beautiful of the Pteropods, and is armed
with three very long spines.

Species of Clio.

pyramidata, Browne. Lamartinieri, Rang.

cuspidata, Bosc. compressa, Eyd. and Soul.

deluciana, Rang. Chaptalii, Eyd. and Soul.

STYLIOLA. 53

Sub-gen. pleuropus, Eschscholtz,

Sides of the mantle with elongated tentacular processes. Shell
conical.

pellucida, Eschsch.

Genus BALANTIUM, Leach.

Shell triangular, depressed, transverse, waved ; mouth
oblong, narrow, oblique, without any lateral slits.

Ex. B. recurvum. Children, pi. 6, fig. 4. Shell, B. re-
eurvum, fig. 4, a.

Balantiwn has a simple conical shell, curved at the end,
and compressed from before backwards ; B. recurmim, one
of the handsomest of Pteropods, has a steady mode of
swimming by lateral movements of the fins, and does not
flit about in the water in such a lively manner as the
CavolinKE. They are met with only in small numbers at a
time, and do not make their appearance until after sunset.

Species of Balantium.

australe, D'Orh. recurvum, Children.

inflatum, Eyd. and Soul. rugosum, UOrh.

Genus STYLIOLA, Lesueur.

Body elongate, conical, rounded.

Shell elongate, conical, subcylindrical ; mouth larger
than the cavity, without any lateral slits.

Syn. Cresis, Rang. Crisia, Menke.

Ex. S. subulata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 6, fig. ^,- ^^,
Shell, S. subulata, fig. 5, a. /%^<^^^^C^j

54 TRIPTERID^.

These little animals, remarkable for their subulate glassy
shells with a produced point or style, are found in the
middle of the ocean associated with Cavolincje and Clio ;
they are often cast up dead along the shore, which they
line at high water-mark with incredible numbers of needles
of glass.

They have been stated by M. Eang to cluster occa-
sionally on the Grulf weed, by embracing the leaves and
stalks with their fins, a circumstance, however, which has
not been confirmed by D'Orbigny. One of the authors
has observed them during a calm in the Atlantic, towards
the decline of day, shining near the surface like myriads
of glassy spicula ; they often remain poised and motionless,
and their progression through the water is very irregular.
There are five recent and six fossil species.

Species of Styliola.

corniformis, UOrh. subulata, Quoy and Gaim.

recta, Lesiteur. virgula, Eang.

striata, Rang.

Fam. TRIPTERIDiE.

Animal with the body elongate, cylindrical, divided into
two distinct parts ; the front part with two large lateral
wings, united below to a flat central portion ; the abdo-
minal part cylindrical.

Shell cylindrical or subangular near the mouth, ending
in an acute point, separated from the anterior cavity by
an entire transverse septum ; the tip is often deciduous in
the adult.

This family, according to M. D'Orbigny, is intermediate

CYMBULIIDiE. 55

between Clio and Pnemnodermon, and consists of but a
single genus.

Grenus TRIPTERA, Quoy and Gaimard.

See characters of the family.

Ex. T. columnella, Rang, pi. 6, fig. 6. Shell, T.
columnella, fig. 6, a.

This genus, which was not very fully described by M.
Quoy, is the same as the Cuvieria of Rang, the denticulate
margin mentioned by the first observer must have been
caused by fracture, and the figure in the " Voyage of the
Astrolabe " represents the animal without the shell : there
are four recent species.

Species of Triptera.

columnellaj Rang. rosea, Quoy and Gaim.

oryza, Benson. urceolaris, M'drch.

Fam. CYMBULIIDiE.

Animal globular or ovate. Fins two, horizontal, oppo-
site, on each side of the mouth, with a small intermediate
lobe.

Shell cartilaginous, slipper-shaped, rarely wanting.

This family comprises four singular pelagic genera with
membranous or cartilaginous shells, excepting Tiedemannia,
which does not appear to possess any membranous enve-
lope.

Genus CYMBULIA, Peron and Lesueur.

Fins large, rounded, with a small, elongate, interme-
diate lobe.

56 cymbuliidtE.

Shell gelatlno-cartilaginous, oblong, slipper-shaped, cover-
ed with a thin scarcely visible membrane ; mouth elongate,
truncated in front.

Ex. 0. proboscidea, Peron and Lesueur, pi. 6, fig. 7.

There are three species of this genus known ; the shells
are slipper-shaped and variously spined, and of a firm gela-
tinous consistence. During the day they must occasionally
descend to considerable depths, one having been brought
up attached to the thermometer of a sounding-line during
the voyage of Her Majesty's ship " Samarang," from one
hundred and fifty fathoms in the South Atlantic.

Species of Cymhidia.

ovata, Quoy and Gaim. radiata, Quay and Gaini.

proboscidea, Pero?! andLesueur.

Genus EURIBIA, Rang.

Animal globular ; wings two, horizontal, opposite, on
each side of the mouth, and with a small intermediate
lobe.

Shell cartilaginous or membranous, thin, transparent, re-
gular, shaped like a hood ; mouth round, spread out.

Ex. E. Gaudichaudii, Eydoux and Souleyet^ pi. 6,
fig. 8.

The shell of this beautiful little Pteropod is membranous
and hemispherical, and the intermediate lobe of the animal
small and triangular : three species only appear to be
known. M. D'Orbigny, who never met with this genus,
imagines it to be the carapace of some crustacean.

TIEDEMANNIA. 57

Species of Eurihia.

Gaudichaudii, Eyd. and Soul. Norfolkensis, Qiioy and Gaim,
hemispherica, Rang.

Genus PSYCHE, Rang.

Body free, membranous, without any distinct head ;
tentacles none ; wings two, lateral, elongate, without any
intermediate lobe.

Shell very thin and membranaceous.

Ex. P. globulosa, Rang., pi. 7, fig. 1.

This genus, established by M. Rang, has a cup-shaped,
membranous shell, and long lateral fins, but the animal
wants the intermediate lobe ; it is found in the sea near
Newfoundland.

Genus TIEDEMANNIA, Delle Chiaje.

Body gelatinous, transparent ; neck elongated ; tenta-
cles two,^ wings very large, cuneate, forming a disk ;
mouth below, surrounded by the lips.

Shell none.

Ex. T. Neapolitana, Delle Chiaje., pi. 7, fig. 2.

This curious genus of Delle Chiaje has a transparent
gelatinous body, two tentacles, and two large wing-like
expansions which unite and form a disk ; it very much
resembles a Gymbulia without a shell : there are two spe-
cies known, one from the Bay of Naples, and the other
from New Holland.

VOL. I.

58 LIMACINID.E.

Species of Tiedemannia.
Neapolitana, Delle Ghiaje. punctata, Quoy and Gaim.

Fam. LIMACINID^.

Animal elongate, spiral ; the head indistinct ; mouth at
the union of the two fins and intermediate lobe, with two
small labial swellings ; two fin-like expansions, elongate,
rounded, and united at their base by an intermediate lobe
bearing an operculum. Mantle large, open in front, form-
ing a large gill cavity ; gills internal ; vent on right side of
mantle.

Shell spiral, transparent.

Operculum distinct, spiral, vitreous, of few whorls.

These animals have been confounded by M. D'Orbigny
with the genus Atlanta, among the nucleobranchiate Gas-
teropods, which, however, have a compressed foot with
a sucker on the hinder edge, a distinct head, and no lateral
fins. The Steira of Eschscholtz, which he referred to this
family, is a badly observed and badly figured Atlanta ;
the Cirropteron of Sars is, according to the observations
of Allman, the larva of Buccinum undatum ; and the Belle-
rophina of Forbes is the shell of the larva of various
Gasteropods.

Genus LIMACINA, Cuvier.

Shell subglobose, subdiscoidal, sinistral ; spire slightly
raised; the last whorl with an obscure keel; axis umbili-
cated, keeled on the edge.

Operculum — ?

A%w. Spiratella, Blainv.

HETEROFUSUS. 59

Ex. L. arctica, 0. Fabricius, pi. 7, fig. 3. Shell, L.
arctica, fig. 3, a.

The only species of this genus known, L. arctica, ac-
cording to Scoresby, is extremely abundant in the North
Seas, but rarely met with out of sight of land ; it forms
an important item in the diet of the whale. The operculum,
if it exists in this genus, has not yet been observed.

Genus SPIRIALIS, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Shell thin, vitreous, discoidal, depressed, sinistral ; axis
umbilicated ; whorls smooth ; aperture angiilated below or
canaliculated, sometimes prolonged into a spine-like curved

beak.

Operculum glossy, thin, transparent, of few whorls, with
a central muscular scar.

S^n. Heliconoides. D'Orb.

Ex. S. veutricosa, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 7, fig. 4.
Operculum, S. ventricosa, fig. 4, a. Shell, S. rotunda,
UOrhigny, fig. 4, h.

Although this genus reminds one very forcibly of the
larval form of the Gasteropods, it is, from the animal, a
true Pteropod; it may be known from the shell of the very
young Atlanta and Garinaria by being sinistral.

Species of Spinalis.

australis, Eyd. and Soul. rotunda, DVrh.

inflata, D'Orb. ventricosa, E^/d. and Soul.

JeiFreysii, Forbes andHanley.

Genus HETEROFUSUS, Fleming.
Shell thin, transparent, sinistral, conical, turreted ; spire

60

LIMACINIDiE.

elongate, axis imperforate ; aperture angulated anteriorly,
columella smooth, arcuated.

Si/n. Peracle, Forhes. Scasa, PJdl Spiralis, sp. E^d.
and Soul.

Ex. H. bulimoides, UOrUgny^ pi. 7, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, H. bulimoides, fig. 5, a. Shell, H. clathratus,
Eijdoux and SouUyet, fig. 5, h.

These Pteropods, say M. Eydoux and Souleyet, in
speaking, in the " Voyage of the Bonite," of their genus
Spirialis, are distributed through all seas, and we have met
with them alike in the Atlantic, the Indian and Pacific
oceans, and in the Chinese seas.

Species of Heterofusus.

balea, Ifoller. Mac Andrei, Foi'bes and Hanlei/.

bulimoides, B'Orb. trochiformis, DVrb.

clathratus, U^/d. and Soul. retroversus, Flem.
Gouldii, Stimp.

Genus CHELETROPIS, Forbes.

Shell spiral, turbinate, dextral, imperforate, spirally
ridged or double-keeled, and transversely wrinkled ; spire
prominent, its nucleus sinistral : aperture ovate, canalicu-
lated below, its outer margin furnished with two claw-like
lobes, the one central and formed by a prolongation of the
margin between the keels of the body-whorl, the other
smaller and near the canal ; peristome thickened, reflected,
forming a conspicuous margin.

Operculum — ?

Ex. C. Huxleyi, Forhes, pi. 7, fig. 6.

This genus appears to be gregarious, and was taken in
a towing-nct in the sea off the south-east corner of Aus-
tralia during the voyage of H.M.S. " Rattlesnake." The

GYMNOSOMATA. 61

animal is not yet known, but it is supposed, with proba-
bility, by Professor Forbes to be Pteropodous. There is but
one species known, dedicated to Thomas Huxley, F.R.S.,
the philosophic Zootomist attached to the " Rattlesnake."

Order GYMNOSOMATA.

Body naked, without any shell. Head distinct. Wings
two, or four, at the junction between the head and the body,
with a central intermediate lobe or rudimentary foot. Gills
exterior.

In this order there are three families, all without shelly
covering. The warmer seas doubtless abound in numerous
undiscovered forms ; those already known have a single
heart, the sexes are united, and the respiratory organs
are external.

Fam. CLIONID^.

Animal fusiform. Head with a series of conical pro-
minences on each side. Wings two, with a central foot-
like appendage between them.

In this family the conical prominences probably repre-
sent tentacular arms in a rudimentary condition ; there are
two genera, one, Clione, with the head indistinct and the
tentacles defined, and the other, Cliodita, with the head
Ilstinct, and the tentacles not apparent.

c

Genus CLIONE, Pallas.

Head indistinct ; tentacles six, conical, three on each
side. Tooth of lingual membrane broad, convex behind,
slightly two-lobed and denticulated In front ; lateral teeth
12-12, simple, arched, rather swollen at the base, the outer
gradually diminishing in size.

62 PNEUMODERMONID^.

8i/n. Clio, 0. Fcibr. ?Amphirea, ^a^w. ? Dicropteia,
Rajin.

Eos. 0. borealis, Bruguiere, pi. 7, fig. 7.

The C. borealis is very common in the Northern seas,
and is the food of the whale; it has been anatomically
described by the Baron Cuvier. Scoresby observes that
in swimming it brings the tops of its fins almost in contact,
first on one side and then on the other.

Sj^ecies of Clione.
australis, Briig. borealis, Brug,

Genus CLIODITA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Body fusiform ; head small, hooded, or bilobed, separated
from the trunk by a contraction; tentacles not apparent.

Ex. C. fusiformis, Quo^ and Gaimard, pi. 7, fig. 8.

There are three species of this imperfectly known genus
figured in the " Voyage of the Astrolabe," viz. C. caduceus
and C. fusiformis from the Cape of Good Hope, and G.
pyramidalis from off Amboina.

Species of Cliodita.

caduceus, Quoy and Gaim. pyramidalis, Quay and Gaini.
fusiformis, Quoy and Gaim.

Fam. PNEUMODERMONID^.

Body fusiform. Head with arms furnished with pedi-
cellate suckers. Wings two, entire, with a central foot-
like appendage placed at the base of the head. Gills on
the hinder part of the body.

SPONGIOBRANCniA. 63

In this family the genera are distinguished principally
by the gills, which in Pneumodermon are lobed, and at the
hinder part of the body ; in Spongiohranchia they form a
prominent ring near the end of the body ; in Tricliocyclus
a ciliated ring round the middle of the body ; and in Pe-
lagia they are indistinct or wanting.

Genus PNEUMODERMON, Cuvier.

Body oblong, elongated or subglobose ; fins small and
rounded, on each side of the head. Gills in the form of a
four-lobed leaf, at the extremity of the body.

Syn. Pneumoderma, Peron and Lesueur. ^Egle, Ohen.

Ex. P. violaceum, D'OrUgny^ pi. 7, fig. 9.

The Pneumodermon, like other genera of this class of
animals, is by no means shy in its habits, and swims ac-
tively about in the vessel of water in which it is confined,
but when touched folds its fins upon its body and falls to
the bottom, rolled up into a little ball : there are four
species described.

Species of Pneumodermon.

pellucidum, Quoy and Gaim. rubrum, Quoy and Gaim.
Peronii, Lam. violaceum, D'Orb.

Genus SPONGIOBRANCHIA, D'Orbigny.

Body fusiform ; head distinct ; mouth with long appen-
dages sometimes furnished with sessile suckers. Wings
two, entire, with a foot-like appendage. Gills in a promi-
nent spongy ring on the end of the body.

Ex. S. australis, D''Orhigny, pi. 7, fig. 10.

This genus is remarkable for the near approximation it
makes to the Cephalopods, the cephalic arms or appen-

64 CYMODOCEIDiE.

dages of the mouth being furnished witli rudimentary
acetabular or suckers, liiie those of the Cuttle-fishes.

Species of Spongiohranchia.
australis, UOrh. elongata, UOrh.

Genus TRICHOCYCLUS, Eschscholtz.

Body elongate. Head produced, conical, with two
lateral tentacles. Fins two, oblong, lateral, with a lanceo-
late intermediate lobe. Gills in a ciliated ring round the
middle of the abdomen, and with a similar ring round the
base of the head and on the hinder end of the body.

Ex. T. Dumerilii, Esclisclioltz, pi. 7, fig. 11.

There is but a single species of this curious genus, which
we believe has not, however, been met with since it was
first described and figured by its discoverer in the " Isis"
of Oken.

Genus PELAGIA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Animal gelatinous, rough, transparent, Body oval,
elongate, contracted in the middle ; head indistinct, with
two small tubercles ; mouth hidden. Fins two, lateral, at
the contraction of the body ; vent at the base of the right
fin ; nerves very apparent.

Esc. P. alba, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 7, fig. 12.

Pelagla, as its name implies, inhabits the high seas;
there is but one species known, which is white-netted and
rough, with submedial rounded striated fins.

Fam. CYMODOCEID^.
Body divided into two parts. Wings four, two on each

CYMODOCEA. 65

The two upper wings in this family are broad and
rounded, while the lower ones are nearly linear ; the neck
appears to be elongated, and the mouth is furnished with
four lobes.

Genus CYMODOCEA, D'Orbiguy.

Animal as in family.

Ex. 0. diaphana, D'Orhign^, pi. 7, fig. 18.

Of this curious genus only a single species, which in-
habits the Atlantic Ocean, has been observed ; the body is
translucent, showing the violet viscera ; the medial ap-
pendage is elongate and truncated, the upper pair of broad
ovate fins has the lower edges thickened, and the lower
pair is narrow and digitated.

VOL. I.

66

Class GASTEROPODA.

Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles. Body-
usually protected by a conical or spiral shell. Lower part
of body formed into a thickened, expanded, creeping disk
or foot.

The Gasteropods, so termed from the circumstance of
their crawling on their belly, may be known from the other
Molluscous classes by the head being always present and
provided with eyes and tentacles, the former being either
sessile, or on the ends of ommatophora or peduncles, which
are either free or connate. They constitute by far the most
numerous section of Mollusks, and comprise not only all
those that live upon the land, but likewise a very large pro-
portion of those that breathe by gills and inhabit the water.

With the exception of the air-breathing families, the
Gasteropods are differently shaped when very young, the
fry having ciliated wings on the sides of the head by which
they swim freely about, and the body contained in a little
clear spiral shell with the aperture closed by an operculum.
As they grow, however, the head-wings are absorbed,
the foot or creeping disk becomes developed, and the
shells assume the forms peculiar to the different genera.
In the Nudibranchs the shell falls off and disappears when
the locomotive foot appears, but sometimes it remains ru-
dimental within the folds of the mantle. In their adult

GASTEROPODA. 67

coudition they are either predatory and carnivorous, or prefer
a vegetable diet, and inhabit, sometimes the high seas, as
the Nucleobranchs ; sometimes the forest trees and surface
of the earth, as the Pulmonifera ; sometimes the lakes
and rivers, as the Amjmllariidce, and sometimes the shallow
creeks and bays, as the zoophagous tribes generally. In
the Prosobranchiate division the adult animal is provided
with a shelly covering, usually more or less spiral, with
the aperture either entire, or notched, or produced into a
canal in front ; in the Opisthobranchiate division the body
is either naked, or with the gills protected by a shelly
valve, which is external, or concealed in the mantle. In
the Nucleobranchs or the Heteropoda of Lamarck, the
foot is modified for swimming, as the animals are pelagic,
and the shell is often very thin, rudimentary, or wanting.
The animals of the Pulmoniferous division are usually en-
cased in spiral shells, which, in some tribes, however, are
rudimentary, and in others altogether wanting.

In the branchiferous Gasteropods the form and position
of the gills vary very considerably and offer excellent
characters for defining the orders ; in the Nucleobranchs
they form a projecting comb-like tuft ; in the Nudibranchs
they are exposed upon the surface of the back ; in the
Tectibranchs they constitute a plume between the mantle
and the foot ; in the Prosobranchs, which include most of
the Pectinibranchs of Ouvier, the gills, usually unsym-
metrical, are in the form of two comb-like organs in a
cavity over the back protected by the mantle ; while in
the Pulmoniferous tribes the place of the gills is occu-
pied by an air-sac lined with a vascular net-work, which
acts like a lung. The modifications which the foot, the
mantle, and the other organs undergo, will be mentioned
under the various groups which these peculiarities create.

(J8 PKOSOBRANOHIATA.

The shells of the Gasteropods, those elegant calcareous
cones moulded on the body of the animal, and justly prized
for their varied markings, exquisite sculpture, and graceful
contour of form, most frequently assume the shape of a spiral
coil. The spire is sometimes on the same plane, as in the
discoidal Coretus; or produced, as in the turreted Mega-
spira; or loosely coiled, as in the irregular Vermetus; or
unrolled and partly straight, as in the singular Campulotus ;
or it may be involute, as in the polished Cowry ; or ta-
pering at each end, as in the spindle-shaped Fusus ; or
with the last turn very large, as in the ear-shaped Haliotis;
or the coil may have a flattened base, as in the top-
shaped Trochus. When the shelly cone is not spirally
coiled, it is often tubular, as in the tooth-shaped Denta-
limn ; or flattened out, as in the shield-shaped Scufus ;
simply conical, as in the Limpet ; or slipper-shaped, as in
Cr^pta and Catlllus. The coils are generally right-handed,
but sometimes they are sinistral, as in Clausilia. The
marine spiral Gasteropods, which breathe by gills, usually
have the mouth of the shell closed when at rest by a
horny, or calcareous operculum ; the air-breathing families
are either provided with a similar means of defence, or are
entirely destitute of this appendage.

Sub-class PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Gills pectinate or plumose, placed in a mantle-cavity
above the neck, or under the mantle on the left side.
Heart situated behind the gills. Sexes distinct. Abdo-
men well developed, usually spiral, and protected by a shell.
Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larva furnished with de-
ciduous ciHated fins springing from the sides of the head.

The Prosobranchiate Gasteropods comprise the Cuvierian

PKOBOSCIDIFERA. 69

orders of Pectinibrancliiata, Scutibranehiata, Cyclobran-
chiata, and Tubulibranchiata, the two latter appearing,
however, to be modifications of the second.

Order PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Gills comb-like, formed of one, or rarely of two, longitu-
dinal series of laminae on the left side of the mantle over
the back of the neck. Animal unisexual. Shell spiral.

The Pectinibranchiate Gasteropods offer to our contem-
plation a vast assemblage of Mollusks remarkable for the
extreme variety in the form of their shelly envelopes, but
well associated by Cuvier on account of the comb-like
nature of their gills. They have been divided by Lamarck
into Zoophagous and Phytophagous, the former being sup-
posed always to possess a siphon and emargination in the
mouth of the shell, and the latter being without either.
This arrangement, however, does not hold good, and they
are here divided into two sections from the form of the
mouth.

Sub-order PKOBOSCIDIFERA.

Head small, with an elongated, retractile, longly exsertile
proboscis, when retracted hidden within the body ; tenta-
cles close together at the base, or united by a veil over the
base of the proboscis ; eyes sessile, on the outer base of the
tentacles. Operculum annular (except in Natica). Carni-
vorous, eating living mollusca and other animals.

The predaceous tribes of Prosobranchiate Gasteropods
are said to form the round holes so commonly found in other
shells ; the lingual membrane is placed near the apex of the
exserted trunk ; the trunk or proboscis is of a very compli-

70 MURICID^.

cated structure, and is furnished with a number of muscles
well described by Cuvier in his anatomy of Buccinuni,
which enable it to be withdrawn into itself like the tenta-
cles of a snail. The above description of this extensive and
important group of molluscous animals forms a portion of
new and valuable researches for which we are indebted to
Dr. Grray, who has contributed so materially, by his nume-
rous writings, to rescue this class of beings from the confa-
sion into which they have been thrown by the exclusive
attention formerly directed to their shells only,

Fam. MURICID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1 •!•]), the
central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth flat, with a
bent up process at the end, more or less at right angles with
the base. Mantle enclosed, tlie margin producing varices at
intervals across the shell, and extended in front forming a
straight more or less elongated siphon. Foot simple in front.

Shell spiral, often turreted, more or less extended at the
fore-part into a straight siphonal canal.

In this family are comprised many of the largest and most
beautiful shells hitherto discovered, often remarkable for the
delicacy of their sculpture and the variety of their colours.

Sub-fam. MURICINiE.

Operculum ovate, nucleus sub-apical, within the apex.
Shell with the spire usually as long as the aperture, the
surface rough, or with the varices well-developed.

Genus MUREX, Linnasus.
Shell ovate or oblong ; spire prominent, acute, whorls con-

MUREX. 71

vex, ornamented with three or more continuous varices, which
are foliaceous, tubercular, or spinose ; aperture round or
ovate, ending in front in a contracted canal, long, straight
and tubular, or short and recurved, often partly closed.

Byn. Purpura, Humph. Aranea, Perry.

Ex. M. foliatus, Gmel'm, pi. 8, fig. 1. Operculum, M.
regius, Wood, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, M. tribulus, Linnaus,
fig. 1, c.

A remarkable peculiarity in this genus is the circum-
stance of the mantle-margin secreting varices on the com-
pletion of about a third of a whorl annually. In their
geographical distribution tropical America appears to har-
bour the greatest number ; they are, however, abundant also
in the Eastern Seas, the West Indies, and Africa. The
smaller cancellated species are usually from deep water, as
are those with wing-like varices {Pteronofus, Swains.) ; the
more highly-coloured species with frondose varices and
branching spines abound in rocky places near the coasts, and
the purpuriform species (Vitularla, Swains.) are principally
from coral reefs, under stones, and from crevices of rocks ;
the long-beaked spiny forms are usually dredged from toler-
ably deep water.

Species of Murex.

aduncospinosus, Beck. nigrispinosus, Reeve.

brevispina, Lam. nodatus, Reeve.

concinnus, Reeve. occa, Sow.

duplicatus, Chem. plicatus, Sow.

funiculatus, Reeve. pliciferus, Sow.

hystrix, Mart. pulcher, A. Adams.

messorius, Sow. rarispina, Lam.

Mindanensis, Sow. rectirostris, Soiv.

motacilla, Chem. recurvirostris, Brod.

nigrescens, Sow. similis, Sow.

72

MURTCINiE.

teriiispina, Lam.
trapa, Bolt.
tribulus, Linn.

trigonulus, Lam.
tumulosus, 8ov).

Sub-gen. haustellum, Klein (Brontes, Montf. Haustellaria,
Sivains.).

Shell without spines ; varices tuberculated ; canal excessively

long.

chrysostoma, Grai/.
elegans, Bech.
haustellum, Linn.

trilineatus, Reeve.
variegatus, Mart.

Sub-gen. uhinocantha, H. and A. Adams,

Spire short ; varices numerous and strongly spined ; canal long
and recurved.

brandaris, Linn.

cornutus, Linn.

Sub-gen. CHIC0REU9, Montfort.

Spire elevated ; varices few, foliated j canal moderate.

aculeatus, Lam.
adustus, Lam.
affinis, Reeve.
argyna, Meusch.
axicornis, Lam.
Banksii, Sow.
brevifrons, Lam.
calcar, Kien.
capucinus, Chem.
cervicornis. Lam.
corrugatus, Sow,
cornu-cervi, Mart.
crassivaricosus, Reeve.
crocatus, Reeve.

elongatus, Lam.
fenestratus, Chem.
florifer, Reeve.
frondosus. Mart.
Gubbi, Reeve.
laciniatus, Sow.
lignarius, A. Adams.
maurus, Brod.
megacerus, Soiv.
microphyllus, Lam.
palmiferus, Sow.
pudoricolor, Reeve.
purpuratus, Reeve.
ramosus, Linn.

MUREX.

73

rufus, Lavi.
Saulise, Soio.
Senegalensis, Gmel.
Sinensis, Reeve.
spectrum, Reeve.
SteerijB, Reeve.

strigatus, Reeve,
territus, Reeve.
torrefactus, Sow.
tubulatus, Mart.

virgineus,

Bolt.

Sub-gen. pteronotus, Swainson.

Varices three, compressed, fin-shaped ; canal moderate, generally
closed by the union of the two lips at their base.

acanthopterus. Lam.
alabaster, Reeve.
alatus, Bolt.
bipinnatus, Reeve.
Burnettii, Adams and Reeve.
cancellatus, Sow.
centrifugus, Hinds.
clavus, Klen.
crassus, A. Adams.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
emarginatus, Sow.
eurypteron, Reeve.
falcatus, Sow.
festivus, Hinds.
foliatus, Gmel.
Gambiensis, Reeve.
hamatus, Hinds.
hemitripterus, Lam.

lingua-vervecina, Chem.
macropteron, Desk.
mitriformis, Sow.
raonoceros, Sow.
osseus. Reeve.
pellucidus. Reeve.
phyllopterus, Lam.
pinniger, Brod.
plorator, Adams and Reeve.
roriflus, Adams and Reeve.
rubridentatus. Reeve.
tricarinatus, Lam.
triformis, Reeve.
tripterus. Born.
triqueter. Born.
uncinarius, Lam.
unicornis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. phyllonotus, Swainson (Muricanthus, Swains. Cen-
tronotus, Swains. Cerastoma, Conrad).

Spire short ; varices numerous, foliated ; canal moderate ; outer
lip often with a tooth near the base.

ambiguus. Reeve.

VOL. I

angularis, Lam.

74 MURICINiE,

bicolor, Valenc. pomiformis, Mart.

bifasciatus, A.Adams. princeps, Brod.

brassica, Lam.. radix, Gmel.

crispus, Brod. regius, Wood.

duplex, Mart. rosarium, Chem.

endivia, Lam. saxatilis, Lhm.

imperialis, Swain. spinicostatus, Valenc.

lyratus, A . A dams. spinosus, A . A dams.

melanoleucus, M'drcli. Stainforthii, Reeve.

melanomathos, Gmel. truuculus, Linn.

monodon, Sozv. turbinatus, Lam.

nigritus, Meusch. varius, Soiv.

nitidus, Brod. Yoldii, Morch.

oculatus, Eeeve. Zealandicus, Quay.
oxyacantha, Brod.

Sub-gen. vitdlaria, Swainson.
Varices simple, nearly obsolete ; inner lip flattened.

foveolatus, Hinds. scaber, King.

salebrosusj King.

Sub-gen. homalocantha, Morch.

Spire with the whorls rounded and sutures deep ; varices fo-
liated ; canal long. I

digitatus, Sow. secundus, Lam.

rota, Sow. varicosus, Sow.

Scorpio, Linn.

Sub-gen. ocinebra, Leach (Tritonalia, Flem.).

Spire elevated ; varices numerous, rounded, sometimes raised ;
canal generally closed.

alveatus, Kiener. baeticus, Reeve.

badius, Reeve. breviculus, A. Adams.

MUREX.

75

buxeus, Brod.
Californicus, Hinds.
caliginosus, Reeve.
corallinus, Sacchi.
cyclostomus, Soiv.
deciissatus, Reeve.
(lensus, ff. and A. Adams
(inornatus, A. Adams).
Edwardsii, Menke.
erinaceus, Linn.
erosus, Brod.
exasperatus, A. Adains.
excavatus, A. Adams.
fasciatus, Sow.
fimbriatus, Hinds.
fusiformis, A. Adams.
gyratus, Hinds.
horridus, Brod.
incisus, Brod.
inconspicuus, Sow.
inornatus, Recluz.

Kieneri, Reeve.
laminiferus, Reeve.
laqueatus, Sow.
luculentus. Reeve.
lugubris, Brod.
maculatus, Reeve.
margariticola, Brod.
niveus, A. Adams.
nuceus, Morch.
nux, Reeve.
obeliscus, A.. Adams.
pistacia, Reeve.
planiratus, Reeve.
polygonulus, La^n.
purpuroides, Dunher.
serotinus, A.Adavis.
Singaporensis, A. Adams.
squamulosus, Phil.
tetragonus, Brod.
torosus, Lam.
vibex, Brod.

Sub-gen. muricidea, Swainson.

Spire produced, as long, or longer tban the body whorl ; varices
numerous ; no internal channel at the top of the aperture.

balteatus, BecTc.
Blainvillii, Payr.
carduus. Reeve.
cariniferus, Sow,
cirrosus, Hinds.
clathratus, Reeve.
cristatus, Brod.
dispacus, Brod.
distinctus, Christ.
dubius, Sow.
exiguus, Brod.
euracanthus, A. Adams.

gravidus. Hinds.
hexagonus, Lam.
humilis, Brod.
iostomus, A. Adams.
lappa, Brod.
lepidus, Reeve.
mundus, Reeve.
muricatus. Hinds.
noduliferus, Soiv.
Norrisii, Reeve.
nucula, Reeve,
octogonus, Quoy.

76 MURICINiE.

'pagodus, A. Admns, radicatus, Binds.

peritus, Hinds. rubescens, Brod.

pleurotomoides. Reeve. rusticus, Reeve.

pudicus, Reeve. vittatus, Brod.

Genus TYPHIS, Moutfort.

Mantle-margin prolonged into the last tubular spine be-
tween the varices.

Shell ovate or oblong, muriciform, with projecting hollow
tubes between the spinose varices, the last open, occupied
by the excurrent canal ; aperture orbicular, prolonged in
front into a closed siphonal canal.

Ex. T. Sowerbyi, Broderip., pi, 8, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. Sowerbyi, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, T. Sowerbyi, fig. 2, c.

The recent species of this genus have been found in the
Mediterranean, West Columbia, Western Africa, and at
the Cape ; a small species likewise is from the Indian
Archipelago. There are eight fossil species known, from
the Eocine formations of London and Paris.

Species of Typhis.

arcuatus, Hinds. nitens, Hinds.

Belcheri, Hinds. pinnatus, Hinds.

Clerii, Petit. quadratus, Hinds.

coronatus, Brod. Sowerbyi, Brod.
Oumingii, Brod. and Soto.

Genus TROPHON, Montfort.

Shell fusiform, varices numerous, lamelliform, or laci-
niated; spire prominent; aperture ovate; canal open,
usually turning to the left ; columella smooth, arcuated.

FUSIN.E.

77

Spi. Muricidea (part), Swains.

Ex. T, Patagonicus, D' Orhigny , pi. 8, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. laciiiiatus, Martini, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, T. Geversia-
iius, Pallas^ fig. 3, c.

The species of this genus are natives of cold climates, be-
longing for the most part to the arctic and boreal seas ;
they are inhabitants of deep water, and, besides their laci-
niated or lamellar varices, may be known by their pecu-
liar texture and the dark colour of the interior of their
apertures.

Species of Trophon.

Bamffius, Fenn.
Barviceusis, Johnst.
borealis, lleeve.
Branscombiij Glk.
buccineus, Brug.
candelabrum, Adams and

Reeve.
cinereus, Say.
clathratus, Linn.
corrugatus, Reeve.
crassilabrum, Gray.
cretaceus, Reeve.
craticulatus, Fahr.
crispus, Coidh.
decolor, Fhil.
duodecimus, Gray.
fructicosus, Goidd.
Geversianus, Fallas.
Gunneri, Loven.

incisus, Gould.
inermis, Soiv.
labiosus, Gray.
laciuiatus, Mart.
liratus, Gouth.
Mexicanus, Reeve.
minutisquamosus, Reeve.
multicostatus, Eschsch.
muricatus, Mont.
muriciformis, King and Brad.
Orpheus, Goidd.
pallidus, Sow.
Patagonicus, D'Orh.
Peruvianus, Brug.
plumbeus, Fhil.
scalariformis, Goidd.
senticosus, Lavi.
Stangeri, Gray.
vaginatus, Fhil.

Sub-fam. FUSING.

Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical. Shell more or
less spindle-shaped, varices rudimentary or wanting.

78 rusiNiE.

Genus FUSUS, Klein.

Shell fusiform ; spire many-whorled, acuminate, longer
than the last whorl ; aperture oval ; canal long, straight ;
columella smooth, arcuated ; outer lip entire.

Syn. Colus, Humph. Fusinus, Bafin. Syrinx, Bolten.

Ex. F. colus, LinncEUS, pi. 8. fig. 4. Operculum, F.
Dupetit-Thouarsii, Kiener^ fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, F. incisus,
Martini, fig. 4, c.

The true spindle-shells, as they are sometimes termed,
chiefly inhabit the Eastern Seas, China, and Australia; a
few of them are always reversed ; when they crawl they
readily elevate the shell, and are tolerably lively ; some of
them are highly coloured, and have very elegantly formed
shells.

Species of Fusus.

acus, Adams and Reeve. fragrans, Reeve.

aureus, Reeve. glabratus, Cliem.

australis, Quoy. glomeratus, Meusch.

Beckiij Reeve. gracillimus, Adams a7id Reeve.

bellus, C. B. Adams. gradatus, Reeve.

Blosvillei, Reeve. heptagonalis, Reeve.

cajlatus, Reeve. incisus. Mart.

cinnamomeus, Reeve. Japonicus, Gray.

clausicaudatus. Hinds, lanceola, Mart.

closterj Phil. laticostatus, Desh.

colus, Linn. lignarius, Reeve.

crebriliratus, Reeve. longicauda, Bory.

Cumingii, Jonas. longissimus, Lam.

distans, Lam. marmoratus, Phil.

Dupetit-Thouarsii, Kien. Mexicanus, Reeve.

ficula, Reeve. multicarinatus, Lam.

forceps, Perry. myristicus, Reeve.

NEPTUNEA. 79

Nicobaricus, Chcm. spectrum, Adams and Reeve,

nobilis, Reeve. strigatus, Phil,

Novas Hollandise, Reeve. Syracusanus, Linn.

oblitus, Reeve. Tajlorianus, Reeve.

pagodus, Less. toreuma, Lam.

parvulus, Chem. torulosus, Lam.

pastinaca, Reeve. tuberculatus, Lam.

polygonoides, Lam. turbinelloides, Reeve,

pulcliellus, Phil. ustulatus, Reeve.

pyrulatus, Reeve. vaginatus, Desh.

reuma, Mart. vittatus, Quoy.

rostratus, Oliv. ventricosus, Beck.

rufus, Reeve. vulpinus, Quoy and Gaim.

Sub-gen. evaune, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong-ovate; canal very short, a little recurved; whorls
convex, smooth.

linea, Mart.

Sub-gen. sinistralia, H. and A. Adams.
Shell fusiform, reversed ; canal long ; whorls rounded.

elegans, Reeve. scsevulum, MeuscJi.

maroccanus, Chem.

Genus NEPTUNEA, Bolteii.

Shell fusiform, ventricose ; spire elevated, whorls round-
ed, covered with a horny epidermis, apex papillary ; aper-
ture oval ; canal short ; inner lip simple, smooth.

S^n. Chrysodomus, Swains.

Ex. N. antiqua, Linnceus^ pi. 8. fig. 5. Operculum,
N. antiqua, -fig. 5, a. 5, b. Shell, N. antiqua, fig, 5, c.

80

FUSINTE.

The NeptunecE resemble ventricose Fud^ with very short
canals ; they are usually of an uniform colour, and are in-
vested with an epidermis. They are principally from the
northern and European parts of the globe, being most
numerous in the Northern Seas. One species, N. anti-
qua, is sold in the London markets under the name of
" Whelk."

S2)ecies of Ne'ptunea.

alternata, Phil.

anceps, H. and A. Adams

(Pyr. anomala, Reeve).
anomala (Bucc), Reeve.
aritiqua, Lam,
arctica, Phil.
argyrostoma, Lam.
Baerii, Midd.
Behringii, Midd.
borealis, Phil.
buxea, Reeve.
cassidaria3fbrmis. Reeve.
contraria. Lam.
craticulata, Blainv.
decemcostata, Say.
deformis, Reeve.
despecta, Linn.
dilatata, Quoy and Gaim.
fenestra ta, Turton.
Fontanel, D'Orh.
fornicata, Gmel.
funiculata, Reeve.
fusiformis, Blainv.
fusoides, Reeve.
glacialis, Gray.
heros, Gray.
Largillierti, Petit.

lineata, Kien.

lurida, Midd.

lyrata, Mart.

modificata, Reeve.

multangula, Phil.

nodosa, Mart.

Norvegica, Chem.

Ochotensis, Midd.

oodes, Midd.

pallida, Brod. and Soiv.

polaris, Gi^ay.

Reeviana, Petit.

Sabinii, Gray.

Schantarica, Midd.

signa, Reeve.

simplex, Midd.

Sitchensis, Midd.

soluta, Goxdd,

spadicea, Reeve.

sulcata, Lam.

tessalata, Schub. and Wag.

tornata, Gould.

trocbulus. Reeve.

tuberosa, Reeve.

Turtoni, Bean.

varicosa, Chem.

Zealandica, Quoy and Gaim.

CASSIDULUS. 81

Sub-gen. siPHO, Klein (Atractus, Agassiz. Fusus, Lam.
Tritonofusus, Bed).

Shell thin ; canal produced and recurved.

Islandica, Chem. pygmaea, Gould.

latericia, Gould. ventricosa, Gray.

pulla, Reeve.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Hurapluey.

Operculum solid, claw-like, nucleus apical.

Shell pyviform, solid ; spire short, nodulose, spin}' ;
aperture oval, oblong ; canal short, open ; columella smooth ;
outer lip simple.

^yn. Galeodes, Bolten. Melongena, Schum. Mancinella,
Mus. Berl.

Ex. Casper, Martini, pi. 9, fig. 1. Operculum, C.
asper, fig. 1, a, I, h. Shell, C. melongena, Linnaus,
fig. 1, c.

In this genus the head of the animal is greatly elongated,
with the tentacles at the end ; there is, however, no ros-
trum, but a retractile proboscis ; the tentacles are small,
and the eyes are sessile at their outer bases. The Cassiduli
are found chiefly in the Eastern Seas ; a few, however, are
from Mexico, the West Indies, and California.

S])ecies of Cassidulus.
melongena, Linn. patulus, Brod. and Soiv.

VOf.. I. Jw

82 FUSINiE.

Sub-gen. volema, Bolten (Pugilina, Schum.).

Shell umbilicated ; spire nodulous ; aperture narrow.
Paradisiacus, Reeve. pugilinus, Born.

Sub-gen. myristica, Swainson.

Shell subpyriform ; spire strong, spiny, or tuberculated ; aper-
ture with an internal and ascending canal ; basal channel
wide.

asper, Mart. bucephalus, Lam.

bispinosus, Phil. calcaratus, Dillw.

Genus HEMIFUSUS, Swainson.

Operculum — ?

Shell unequally fusiform ; spire shorter than the aper-
ture, ponderous, whorls armed with compressed spines ;
aperture oblong ovate, with an internal ascending canal at
the hind part, produced anteriorly ; columella smooth ;
outer lip simple.

Syn. Cochlidium, Gray.

Ex. H. tuba, Gmelin, pi. 9, fig. 2. Shell, H. tuba, fig.
2, a.

The animal in this genus has the same elongated
head and small tentacles with the eyes at their base
as Cassidnlus, but in M. Eydoux's figure no operculum
is shown, which in Cassidulus is very large and conspi-
cuous.

PISANIA. 83

Species of Hemifusus.

Belcheri, Hinds. lacteus, Reeve.

cochlidium, Linn. morio, Linn.

colosseus, Lam. Ternatinus, Gmel.

corona, Gmel. tuba, Ginel.
elongatus, Lam.

Genus PISANIA, Bivona.

Shell oblong ; spire prominent, whorls smooth, or spi-
rally striated ; canal very short ; outer lip thickened and
crenated.

Syn. Pusio, Gray.

Ex. P. fasciolata, Reeve, pi. 9, fig. 3. Operculum,
P. striata, Gmelin, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, P. striata,
fig. 3, c.

The Pisaniee, with but few exceptions, are small
shells, and have been hitherto distributed in various
genera, but possess sufiicient character in common, to form
a distinct group.

Species of Pisania.

buccinulum, Mart. pennata, Chem.

cingilla, Reeve. pusio, Linn.

discolor, Quoy and Gaim. striata, Gmel.

fasciculata, Reeve. trilineata, Reeve.

flamniulata. Quay and Gaim. tritonoides, Reeve.
pedicularis, Lam.

81: FUSINiE.

Genus METULA, II. and A. Adams.

Shell elongately fusiform, finely canellated ; spire elevated,
acute ; aperture narrow ; inner lip distinct, smooth ; outer
lip thickened externally, crenulated within, emarginate pos-
teriorly.

Syn. Buccinum sp., Hinds.

Ex. M. clathrata, Adams and Reeve, pi. 9, fig. 4.

The Metulec are deep water-shells, mitriform, elegant,
and finely cancellated, the columella simple, and the outer lip
slightly sinuated posteriorly. There are at present about
four species referred to this genus.

Species of Metula.

clathrata, Adams and Reeve. Hindsii, //. and A. Adams.

Cumingii, A. Adams. mitrella, Adarns and Reeve.

Genus CANTHARUS, Bolten.

Shell bucciniform, more or less ventricose in the middle,
narrowed anteriorly ; spire and aperture nearly equal ; co-
lumella generally with a few obtuse and transverse ridges ;
outer lip internally crenated, and with a superior siphon ;
inner lip thin or wanting.

Syn. Pollia, Gray. PoUiana, Mrs. Gray.

Ex. C. undosus, LinntEUS, pi. 9, fig. 5. Operculum,
0. insignis, Beeve, fig. 5, a, 5, I Shell, C. undosus,
fig. 5, c.

The Canthari have been designated Tritons without
varices, and have been usually mixed up with Murex^ Pur-
pura and BucciHUiu. These shells are generally covered in

CLAVELLA.

85

the recently taken state with a thick coarse brown epi-
dermis, and they are more or less longitudinally plicate.

Species of Cantharus.

erythrostoma, Reeve.
inelauostoma, Soio.
pagodus. Reeve.

spiralis, Gray.
Tranquebaricus, Mart.

Sub-gen. tritonidea, Swainson (Lagena, Bolt.).

Shell turreted ; canal lengthened.

assimilis, Reeve.
auritulus, Linlc.
balteatus, Reeve.
biliratus, Reeve.
cancellaroides, Reeve.
cinis, Reeve.
concentricus. Reeve.
contractus, Reeve.
D'Orbignyi, Payr.
farinosus, Gould.
gemmatus, Reeve.
gracilis. Reeve.
heptagonalis. Reeve.
incisus, Gould.
insignis, Reeve.
lautus, Reeve.

ligneus, Reeve.
liratus, Goidd.
lugubris, G. B. Adams.
marmoratus, Reeve.
nigricostatus, Reeve.
obliquicostatus, Reeve.
pastinaca. Reeve.
Proteus, Reeve.
ringens. Reeve.
rubiginosus, Reeve.
sanguinolentus, Duel.
scalarinus, Lam.
solidus. Reeve,
undosus, Linn.
variegatus, Gray.
violaceus, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus CLAVELLA, Swainson.

Shell solid, thick, subfusiform ; spire acuminate, last
whorl ventricose, suddenly contracted in front, thickened
and rounded next the suture ; aperture narrow ; canal long

86 FUSINiE.

and straight ; columella excavated in the middle ; outer lip
simple.

Syn. Clavellithes, Swain. Cyrtulus, Hinds.

Ex. 0. distorta, Linnaus, pi. 9, fig. 6. Operculum, C
serotina. Hinds, fig. 6, a, 6, b. Shell, 0. serotina, fig. 6, c.

The genus Cyrtulus., founded by Hinds on a remarkable
shell from Nukuhiva, is a recent species of Swainson's fossil
genus Clamlla ; there are also three other recent species.
The type is the Fusus loncfcevus, Soland.

Sjyecies of Clavella.

avellana, Reeve. serotina, Hinds.

distorta, Linn. subrostrata, Gray.

Genus EUTIIRIA, Gray.

Shell fusiform, smooth; aperture oval, produced ante-
riorly into a long recurved canal; inner lij) simple ; outer
lip posteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Fusus sp.. Lam.

Ex. E. lignaria, LamarcTc, pi. 9, fig. 7. Operculum,
E. lignaria, fig. 7, a. Shell, E. lignaria, fig. 7, h.

This genus, of which but a few species are known, may
be regarded as Pisaniee. with recurved beaks.

Species of Euthria.

antarctica, Reeve. fuscata, Briig.

cingulata, Reeve. lactea, Reeve.

cornea, Linn. lineata, Chem.

dira, Reeve. littorinoides, Reeve.

ferrea, Reeve. obscura, Reeve.

TURRITINiE, 87

Fani. TURRITTDiE.

Teeth on lingual membrane in two lateral series (I'O"!),
elongate, subulate. Mantle with a slit in the hinder part
of the right side; siphon straight.

Operculum hornj, annular.

Shell turreted, subfusiform ; aperture with the fore part
channelled, straight, and often much produced ; outer lip
detached at the hind part from the body whorl, forming a
sinus, or with the margin fissured near the last whorl.

Sub-fam. TURRITIN^.
Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical.

Genus TURRIS, Humphrey.

Tentacles wide apart; eyes at their outer bases.

Shell turreted, fusiform ; spire elevated ; aperture oval ;
canal long and straight ; columella smooth ; outer lip
notched anteriorly, and with a deep slit near the suture.

Syn. Pleurotomus, Montf. Pleurotoma, Lam. Pleu-
rotomarius, Duni.

Ex. T. Babylonius, Linnaus, pi. 10, fig. 1, Operculum,
T. Babylonius, fig. 1, «, 1 5. Shell, T. Babylonius, fig. 1, c.

The species of this genus are found in all parts of the
world, being, however, most numerous in the countries of
Asia ; they are met with from low-water mark to one
hundred fathoms.

88

TUERITINiR.

Species of Turris.

abbreviatus, Reeve.
albinus, Lam.
armillatus, Reeve.
Babylonius, Linn.
Candidas, Jonas.
carinatus, Gray.
cinguliferus, Lain.
crispus, Lam.
cryptorraphe. Sow.
faginus, Adains and Reeve.
fascialis, Lam.
Garnonsii, Reeve.

grand is, Gray.
Lelieuri, Recluz.
marmoratus. Lam.
nobilis, Hinds.
pictus, Bed:
spectabilis. Reeve.
tigrinus, Lam.
undosus. Lam.
unedo, Valenc.
venustus. Reeve.
violaceus, Hinds,
virgo, Lam.

Sub-gen. surcula, H, and A. Adams (Turricula, Schum., not
Klein) .

Shell turreted ; inner lip obsolete ; canal long, tapering, slightly
recurved.

Species of Surcida.

annulatus, Reeve.
arcuatus. Reeve.
astrictus, Reeve.
australis, Chem.
brevicaudatuS; Reeve.
catena, Reeve.
cedo-nulli, Reeve.
cinctus, Lam.

Coreanicus, A dams and Reeve.
Deshayesii, Doumet.
fulminatus, Kien.
funiculatus, Valenc.
gemmatus, Hinds.
hastula, Reeve.

Indicus, Desk.

Javanus, Linn.

jubatus, Hinds.

leucotropis, Adams and Reeve.

luridus, Adams and Reeve.

nodiferus, La7n.

olivaceus, Soto.

oxytropis. Sow.

pluteatus, Reeve.

radula, Hinds.

reflexus, Reeve.

speciosus, Reeve.

tenuis, Gray.

tuberculatus, Gray.

DRILLIA. 89

tuberculiferus, Brod. variegatus, Kien.

ustulatus, Reeve.

Sub-gen. genota, H. and A. Adams (Genot, Adanson).

Shell mitriform, whorls finely cancellated ; aperture longer
than wide ; canal not produced ; outer lip with a deep posterior
sinus.

mitriforrais, Wood. papalis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. beach itoma, Swainson.

Outer lip ascending and forming a short canal ; sinus small
and nearly semicircular ; inner lip thickened above.

castanea, Swains. strombiformis, Sow.

Sub-gen, CONOPLEURA, Hinds.
Shell coniform ; spire coronated ; sinus deep, near the suture,
striata, Hinds.

Grenus DRILLIA, Gray.

Tentacles approximated ; eyes at their outer side near
the tip.

Shell turreted ; spire raised ; aperture oval ; canal short,
recurved ; inner lip thickened ; outer lip inflexed, with a
deep posterior sinus, and a small sinus at the fore part.

Ex. D. Oagayanensis, Reeve, pi. 10, fig. 2. Operculum,
D. alabaster, Reeve, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, D. Oagayanensis,
fig. 2, c.

The principal character by which this genus may be dis-
tinguished from Turris, is the shortness of the canal, which
also is recurved. The Drilliee are very numerous and
widely distributed.

VOL. I. N

90

TURRITINiE.

Species of Drlllia.

alatus, Chem.

albicincta, Adams and Reeve.

aquatilis, Reeve.

Cagayanensis, Reeve.

castanea, Reeve.

coccinata, Reeve.

Coreanica, Adams and Reeve.

crocata, Reeve.

duplicata, Sow.

excentrica, Sow.

felina, Hinds.

flavidula, Lam.

fucata, Reeve.

fulva, Hinds.

gibbosa, Chem.

granulosa, Sow.

Griffith iij Gray.

impages, Adams and Reeve.

impressa. Hinds.

inermis, Hinds.

interrupta, Lam.

lanceolata, Reeve.

maculosa, Sow.

major, Gray.
maura, Sow.
militaris, Hinds.
Novae Zealandise, Reeve.
obeliscus. Reeve.
obliquicostata. Reeve.
pallida, Sow,
pudica, Hinds.
putilla. Reeve.
pyramidata, Valenc.
Quoyi, De Moul.
regia, Bech.
robusta. Hinds.
semicostata, Kien,
seminifera, Goidd.
Sinensis, Hinds.
sinistralis, Petit.
spectrum, Reeve.
spicata. Hinds.
Tayloriana, Reeve.
umbilicata, Gray.
varicosa, Reeve.
zonata, Gray.

J"

Sub-gen. crassispira, Swainson.

Shell subclavate, tuberculated ; spire thick ; canal nearly ob-
solete ; outer lip thickened internally ; inner lip with a thick
callus posteriorly.

alabaster, Reeve,
albicostata, Soiv.
albinodata, Reeve,
albocincta, C. B. Adams.
aterrima, Sow.

bsetica, Reeve.
bicolor, Sow.
bijubata, Reeve.
biliniata, Reeve.
callosa, Valenc.

DRILLIA.

91

cautharis, Reeve.
carbonaria, Reeve.
clavata, Sow.
collaris, Soiv.
corusca, Reeve.
crispata, Cristqf.
cuprea, Reeve,
digitale, Reeve.
discors, Sow.
Dysoni, Reeve.
exarata, Reeve.
flavescens, Reeve.
fuscescens, Gray.
Harford iana, Reeve.
harpularia, De Moul.
Hondurasensis, Reeve.
incrassata, Sow.
Jajana, C. B. Adams.
luctuosa, Hinds.
nigerrima, Sow.
nigrescens, Gray.
nitida, Kien.
nux. Reeve.
Owenii, Gray.
palliata, Reeve.
papillaris, Hinds.

Paria, Reeve.
pardalis, Hinds.
paxillus, Reeve.
pica, Reeve.
pulchella, Reeve.
pulchra, Gray.
quadrifasciata, Gray.
regularis, Reeve.
rosacea, Reeve.
rosea, Sow.
rubiginosa, Hinds.
rubinicolor, Reeve.
rudis, Sow.
rugifera, Soiv.
rustica, Sow.
sacra, Reeve.
Saulcydianus, Recluz.
scarabseus, Reeve.
solida, C. B. Adams.
splendidula, Sow.
tessalata, Reeve.
turricula, Sow.
unicolor. Sow.
unimaculata, Soiu.
zebra. Lam.
zonulata. Reeve.

Sub-gen. clavus, Montfort.

Shell clavate, whorls of the spire nodose ; aperture effuse at the
base.

auricullfera, Lam.
Beckii, Reeve.
echinata. Lam.
exasperata. Reeve.
hexagona, Sow.

Iseta, Hinds.
unizonalis, Lam.
vidua, Reeve.
vittata, Reeve.

92

TURRlTlNJi.

Genus BELA, Leach.

Shell ovate, fusiform; surface dull, smooth, or longi-
tudinally ribbed ; spire elevated, shorter than the body
whorl ; columella flattened ; canal short ; outer lip with a
small sinus at its junction with the body- whorl.

Spn. Mangilia, Loven. Defrancia, Moller. Ishnula,
Clark.

Ex. B. turricula, Montagu, pi. 10, fig. 8. Operculum,
B. nobilis, Moller, fig. 3, «, 3, h. Shell, B. turricula,
fig. 3, c.

This genus may be known by the flattened columella.
They are chiefly northern shells, and, like Trophon and
Admete, have a peculiar texture common to the shells of
low latitudes.

Species of Bela.

Beckii, Aldll.
brachystoma, Pfeiff.
cinerea, Mull.
cyliudracea, Moll.
decussata, Couth.
exarata, Moll.
fidicula, Gould.
harpularia, Couth.
Holbolii, Beck.
livida, Mull.
Molleri, Reeve.
nobilis, Moll.
obliquata, Reeve.
Pinguelii, Beck.

pleurotomaria, Couth.
plicata, C. B. Adams.
puUa, Reeve.
rufa, Mont.
rugulata, Moll.
scalaris, Moll.
septangularis, Moid.
Trevelliana, Turton.
turricula, Mvnt.
Vablii, Mm.
violacea, Mich.
viridula, Moll.
Woodiana, Moll.

CLAVATULINiE. 93

Genus LACHE8IS, Risso.

Shell strong, turreted, many-whorled, the last whorl not
very large ; surface crossed by longitudinal ribs and trans-
verse striae ; apex of spire mammillated ; aperture oval ;
canal very short, straight, not recurved ; outer lip slightly
thickened externally, crenated internally,

Syn. Nessea, Risso. ? Anna, Risso.

Ex. L. minima, Montagu, pi. 10, fig. 4.

In this genus the animal is said by Philippi to have con-
verging tentacles, a short siphon, and a short ovate foot.
The operculum is entire and unguiform ; the apex of the
spire is mammillated, and there is no sinus in the outer
lip.

Species of Lachesis.
candidissima, G. B. Adanis. minima, Montagu.

Sub-fam. CLAVATULTN^.

Operculum semi-ovate, nucleus in the centre of the
straight front edge.

Genus CLAVATULA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, subfusiform ; spire elevated, whorls coro-
nated ; aperture oval ; canal moderate ; columella Bmooth ;
outer lip with a marginal notch below its union with the
body-whorl, and with a sinus near the canal anteriorly.

Syn. Clavicantha, Stcains.

Ex. C. imperialis, Lamarcl; pi. 10, fig. 5. Operculum,
C. bimarginata, Lamarck., fig. 5, a.

94 CLAVATULINiE.

Many of the Clamtulce bear a strong resemblance to the
genus Turris, but they may be readily distinguished by the
opercula, which are strikingly different.

Species of Clavatula.

bimarginata, Lam. mystica, Reeve.

coronata, Chem. punctata, Reeve.

diadema, Kien. sacerdos, Reeve.

gravis, Hinds. taxus, Chem.

imperialis, Lam. virginea, Chem.
implicata, Reeve.

Genus PERRONA, Schumacher.

Shell fusiform, smooth ; spire short, of few whorls ;
aperture narrow ; canal long; outer lip with a wide shallow
sinus near the middle ; inner lip with a thick callosity at
the hind part near the suture.

Si/n. Tomella, Swain.

Ex. P. lineata, Lamarck, pi. 10, fig. 6. Operculum,
P. lineata, fig. 6, a.

The species of Perrona are smooth and solid shells, some-
what resembling in appearance small Clavellcz., with a notch
in the middle of the outer lip ; the hind part of the body-
whorl is gibbous, and the columella, as in that genus, is
callous posteriorly.

Species of Perrona.

lineata, Reeve. Perronii, Chem.

obesa, Reeve. spirata, Lam.

r:

DEFRANCIIN^. 95

Sub-fam. DEFEANCIIN^.

Operculum none.

Genus DEFRANCU, Millet.

Shell turreted, fusiform; spire elevated, whorls cancel-
lated ; aperture oval ; canal short ; outer lip with a slight
emargination or sinus at its junction with the body- whorl.

Ex. D. teres, Forbes^ pi. 10, fig. 7. Shell, D. linearis,
Montagu, fig. 7, a.

Defrancia may be considered as cancellated ^langelia,
with the body-whorl more ventricose, and the canal slightly
more evident. The want of operculum, and the nature of
the emargination of the outer lip, at once distinguish it
from Clavatula, and the texture and sculpture of surface
from Bela and Daphnella.

Species of Defrancia.

abyssicola, Forbes. canaliculata, Reeve.

albibalteata, Reeve. cancellata, Gray.

albicans, Hinds. Candida, Hinds.

albifuniculata, Reeve. candidula, Reeve.

amabilis, Hinds. cardinalis, Reeve.

angulifera, Reeve. cavernosa^ Reeve.

apicata, Gray. cinerea, Hinds.

arata, Reeve. clatbrata, Reeve.

arctata. Reeve. compta, Reeve.

argillacea, Hinds. concentricostata, Reeve.

aspera, Hinds. costata. Gray.

bicanalifera. Sow. crassilabrum, Reeve.

bicarinata, Couth. Cycladensis, Forbes.

caelata, Hinds. dsedala, Reeve.

96

DEFRANCIINiR.

debilis, Hinds.
Delosensis, Reeve.
dentifera, Hinds.
despecta, H. and A . A dams.

(neglecta, C. B. Adams).
donata, Hinds.
D'Orbygnii, Reeve.
Dorvillise, Gray.
efficta, Reeve.
ericea, Hinds.
eximia, Reeve.
fimbriata, Hinds.
flammea, Hinds.
Forbesii, Reeve.
foraminata, Reeve.
Fortbiensis, Reeve.
foveolata, Reeve.
fusoides, Reeve.
glumacsea, Hinds.
granicostata, Reeve.
Grayi, Reeve.
Guildingii, Reeve.
Hindsii, Reeve.
languida, Reeve.
laqueata, Reeve.
Leufroji, Mich
linearis, Mont.
lineolata. Gray.
lirata, Reeve.
luteo-fasciata, Reeve.
macrostoma, Reeve.
maculata, C. B. Adams.
margaritifera, Gray.
marmorosa, Reeve.
merita, Hinds.
Metcalfiana, Reeve.
metula, Hinds.
micans, Hinds.
minorj C. B. Adams.

minuta, Forbes.
mucronata, Reeve.
multiplicata, Reeve.
nassoides, Gray.
nana, Loven.
neglecta. Hinds.
nexa, Reeve.
obesicostata, Reeve.
obtusa, Reeve.
occata, Hinds.
occidentalis, Reeve.
pagodus, Reeve.
parvula, Reeve.
pellis-phocte. Reeve.
Philberti, Mich.
planilabrum, Reeve.
Polynesiensis, Reeve.
puncticincta. Reeve.
purpurea, Mont.
pygraaja, G. B. Adams.
pyramidula, Reeve.
quadrata. Reeve.
quadriliniata, G. B. Adams.
quisqualis, Hinds.
rana, Hinds.
reticulata, Brown.
retusa. Hinds.
rigida. Hinds.
rosaria, Reeve.
rubida. Hinds.
rubricata, Reeve.
saturata. Reeve.
scalaris, Hinds.
scalp ta. Reeve.
sculpta, Hinds.
semigranosa, Reeve.
sinuosa, Gray.
spurca. Hinds.
teres, Forbes.

DAPHNELLA. 97

tessellata, Hinds. turbinelloides, Eeeve.

tincta, Reeve. turris, Reeve.

tricarinata, Valenc. variculosa, Soiv.

trifasciata, Gray. vultuosa, Reeve.
tritonoides, Reeve.

Grenus DAPHNELLA, Hinds.

Shell fusiform, thin, fragile, surface usually striated;
spire elevated, last whorl elongated ; aperture oblong-
oval, slightly channelled in front ; columella simple ; outer
lip acute, separated from the last whorl so as to leave
a sinus.

Ex. D. ornata, JIhids, pi. 10, fig. 8.

This genus comprises a suite of small and elegant shells,
of slight texture. In form they somewhat resemble 3Ietula,
but the separation of the outer lip from the body-whorl,
leaving a tolerably wide sinus, will distinguish them from it;
from De/rancia they may be known by their elongated
body-whorl, tenuity, and sculpture.

Species of Dajyhnella.

segrota, Reeve. igniflua, Reeve.

aureola, Reeve. inquinata, Reeve.

axisj Reeve. lactea, Reeve.

Boholensis, Reeve. lymnseseformis, Kien.

casta, Hinds. marmorata, Hinds.

crebriplicata, Reeve. olyra, Reeve.

Cumingii, Powis. ornata, Hinds.

decorata, G. B. Adams. patula, Reeve.

delicata, Reeve. Philippinensis, Reeve.

fenestrata, Reeve. pluricarinata, Reeve.

fragilis, Reeve. subula, Reeve.

hyalina, Reeve. Ticaonica, Reeve.

o

98

DEFRANCIINiE.

Genus CYTHARA, Schumacher.

Margin of mantle sh'ghtly dilated on the right side.

Shell fusiform, smooth, longitudinally plicated or rihbed ;
aperture linear, posteriorly subemarginate; canal very short,
nearly straight ; columella subflexuous, transversely stri-
ated ; inner lip posteriorly callous ; outer lip margined,
denticulate, or striated internally.

8yn. Mangel ia (part), Reeve.

Ex. 0. marginelloides, Reeve, pi. 10, fig. 9. Shell, 0.
citharella, Lamarck., fig. 9, a.

This genus, usually confounded with Mangelia, in the
slight dilatation of the mantle margin, in the short spire,
and in the corrugated inner and thickened outer lips, some-
what resembles Morum among the Cassidida : the species
are all rather small, but numerous.

Species of Cythara.

abyssicola. Reeve.
angulala, Reeve.
Antillarum, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
balteata, Reeve.
bicolor, Reeve.
capillacea, Reeve.
castanea, Reeve.
cavernosa, Reeve.
Celebensis, Hinds.
cincta, Reeve.
cinnamomea, Reeve.
citharella, Lam.
columbelloides, Reeve.
corniformis, Gray.

conohelicoides, Reeve.
coronata, Reeve.
crassilabrum, Reeve.
cylindrica. Reeve.
derelicta, Reeve.
digitalis. Reeve.
Dyson i, Reeve.
elegans, Reeve.
fasciata, Reeve.
funebris. Reeve.
funiculata. Reeve.
fusiformis, Reeve.
gibbosa, Reeve.
Goodallii, Gray.
gracilis, Reeve.

MANGELIA.

99

Horiibeckii, Reeve.
interrupta, Reeve.
lamellata, Reeve.
lyra, Reeve.
lyrica. Reeve.
marginelloides, Reeve.
marmorosa, Reeve.
nana, Reeve.
Novse Hollandise, Reeve.
obesa, Reeve.
orjza, Hinds.
pellucida, Reeve.
planilabrum. Reeve.

ponderosa, Reeve.

pulcbella, Reeve.

reticulata, Reeve.

rigida, Reeve.

solida, Reeve.

stromboides, Reeve.

tenebrosa, Reeve.

triticea, Kien.

turricula, Reeve.

vex ilium, Reeve.

zonata, Reeve.

trivittata, Adams and Reeve.

Genus MANGELIA, Leach.

Shell solid, fusiform, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ;
aperture linear, with scarcely any canal in front ; columella
smooth, simple ; outer lip acute, with a slight sinus poste-
riorly, near the suture.

Si/n. Raphitoma, Bell.

Ex. M. nebula, Montagu, pi. 10, fig. 10. Shell, M.
striolata, ScaccM, fig. 10, a.

The genus most likely to be confounded with Mangelia
is Cythara of Schumacher, from which, however, it may
readily be distinguished by the spire being longer than the
aperture, by the columella being smooth and not trans-
versely corrugated, and by the outer lip being thin and not
crenate internally. There are many recent species, chiefly
from tropical seas.

Species of Mangelia.

iEgeensis, Forbes.
seruginosa, Reeve.
affinis, Gray.

albovittata, C. B. Adams.
angicostata, Reeve.
attenuata, Mont.

JO DEFliAN

GimM.

badia, Reeve.

Maravignte, Bivon.

bella, Hinds.

multilineata, Phil.

Bertrandi, Payr.

muricoides, G. B. Adams.

biconicaj C. B. Adams.

nebula, llont.

brevis, C. B. Adams.

nitens, Hinds.

casta, Reeve.

obeliscus, Reeve.

cinctella, Pfeiff.

opalis. Reeve.

cinnamonea, Hinds.

pallida. Reeve.

cithara, Goidd.

pentagonalis, Grai/.

clara, Reeve.

pessulata, Reeve.

coarctata, Forbes.

plumbea, Hinds.

contracta, Reeve.

polita, Hinds.

cornea, Reeve.

polyzonata, H. and A. Adams

costata, Penn.

(multilineata, G. B. Ad.).

crassicostata, C B. Adams.

pseudo-carinata, Reeve.

densistriata, C. B. Adams.

pura. Reeve.

dubia, G. B. Adams.

pusilla, Reeve.

ebur, Reeve.

pyramidalis, Reeve.

formicaria, Sow.

pyramis. Hinds.

fortis, Forbes.

semen, Reeve.

fulva, Reeve.

Sicula, Reeve.

funestris, Reeve.

sordida. Reeve.

fusca, C. B. Adams.

striolata, Scacchi.

Ginnannia, Risso.

striosa, G. B.Adams.

gracilenta. Reeve.

symmetrica, Reeve.

gracilis, Mont.

tseniata. Reeve.

Groenlandica, Reeve.

trilineata, G. B. Adams.

hexagonalis, Reeve.

turgida, Forbes.

lanceolata, G. B. Adams.

undaticostata, Reeve.

Ifevigata, Phil.

urnula. Reeve.

ligata, G. B. Adams.

Vauquelinii, Payr.

lineata. Reeve.

vicina, G.B. Adams.

livida, Reeve.

vitrea, Reeve.

Loeviana, Forbes.

vittata, Hinds.

Lyciaca, Forbes.

vulpecula, Broc.

inaculata, Reeve.

Zebuensis, Reeve.

TKITONIID^. 101

Fam. TRITONIID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane In seven rows (3.1.3.), cen-
tral generally toothed ; lateral in three series, converging,
the inner often broad, the two outer subulate, versatile.
Mantle enclosed, siphon straight. Foot small.

Operculum ovate, annular, nucleus subapical.

Shell with varices on the whorls ; aperture with a
straight canal in front.

The Tritoniida have been hitherto united with the 3Iu-
ricidee, but the teeth of the latter are in three rows only,
while, in this family, they assimilate with the dentition of
Velutinidce and Naticidee, where they are arranged in
seven series.

G-enus TRITONIUM, Link.

Shell oblong; spire prominent, whorls with a few remote
and non-continuous varices ; columella rough or smooth ;
canal recurved, short or long ; outer lip internally crenated
or denticulated.

Syn. Triton, Montf., not Laur. Buccinum, Browne^
not Linn. Charonia, Gistel.

Ex. T. nodulum, 3Iartim, pi. 11, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. pileare, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a, \, h. Shell, T. Tritonis,
Linnaus, fig. 1, c.

The Tritons are principally equatorial in their geogra-
phical distribution, and belong more especially to the
Asiatic fauna. Those with the canal very much produced
are obtained from deep water ; the cancellated forms are
from sand, in deep water ; and those covered with an epi-
dermis are chiefly from sandy mud, in from six to thirt
fathoms.

luJ i L J B R A ?8

102 TRITONIIDiE.

Species of Tritoniuyn.

australe, Chem. Sauliae, Reeve.

fusiforme, Kien. subdistortum, Lam.

marmoratum, Linlc. Tritonis, Linn.
Opis, Bolt.

Sub-gen. simpulum, Klein (Lampusia, Schum. Monoplex Perry).

Shell fusiform; whorls nodosely ribbed; outer lip thick, pli-
cato- dentate internally.

aquatile, Reeve. lineatum, Brod.

chlorostoma, Lam. olearium, Linn.

corrugatum, Lam. Pfeiiferianum, Reeve.

costatum, Born. pileare, Linn.

ficoides, Reeve. rubeculum, Litm.

gemmatum, Reeve. Tranquebaricum, Linn.

lignarium, Brod. vestitum, Hinds.

Sub-gen. cabestana, Bolten (Aquilus, Alontf.).

Shell ventricose, umbilicated ; whorls nodosely ribbed ; outer
lip dentated internally.

Brasilianum, Goxdd. labiosum, Wood.

cutaceum, Linn. Spengleri, Chem.

doliarium, Linn.

Sub-gen. cymatium, Bolten (Lotorium, Montf.).

Whorls triangular, coronated ; aperture longer than the spire ;
outer lip dentated internally.

femorale, Linn, grandimaculatum, Reeve.

lotorium, Linn.
rhinoceros, Bolt.

TRITONIUM.

tigrinum, Brod.

103

Sub-gen. gutturnium, Klein (Ranularia, Schum.).

Shell subturreted ; whorls nodoselj ribbed ; outer lip thick,
plicated internally ; canal produced.

segrotum, Reeve.
amictum, Reeve.
Antillarum, UOrh.
caudatum^ Gmel.
clavator, Cliem.
crispum, Reeve.
cynocephalum, Lam.
elongatum, Reeve.
encausticum, Reeve.
exaratum, Reeve.
exile, Reeve.
gallinago, Reeve.
gibbosum, Brod.
gracile, Reeve.

moniliferum, Adams and Reeve.

moritinctum, Reeve.

nodulum, Mart.

pyrulum, Adams and Reeve.

pyrum, Lam.

retusum, Lam.

sacrostoma, Reeve.

Sinense, Reeve.

testudinarium, Adams and

Reeve.
Thersites, Reeve.
trilineatum, Reeve.
tripus, Ghem.
vespaceum, Lam.

Sub-gen. epidromus, Klein (Colubraria, Schum. Cuniia, Bivon.).

Spire longer than the aperture ; aperture narrow, contracted ;
outer lip internally crenated.

antiquatum, Hinds.
angulatum, Reeve.
anomalum, Hinds.
bacillum, Reeve.
bracteatum, Hinds.
Ceylonense, Soiv.
concinnum, Reeve.
convolutum, Brod.
decapitatum, Reeve.
decollatum, Sow.

digitale, Reeve.
distortum, Schuh. and Wag.
eburneum, Reeve.
eximium, Reeve.
fictile, Hinds.
lativaricosum. Reeve.
lanceolatum, MenJce.
limbatum, Phil.
maculosum, Mart.
nitidulum, Sovk

104 TRITONIIDiE.

obscurum, Reeve. sculptile, Reeve.

parvura, C. B. Adams. siphonatum, Reeve.

pictum, Reeve. Sowerbii, Reeve.

pygmoeum, Zam. tessellatum, Reeve.

Quoyi, Reeve. testaceum, Bon.

reticulatum, Blainv. tortuosum, Reeve.

rude, Meusch. truncatum, Hinds.

scalariforme, Brod. verrucosum, Reeve.

Sub-gen. lagena, Klein.
Shell ventricose, thin ; whorls rounded, varices obsolete.

cancellatum, Lam. rostratum. Mart.

clandestinum, Chem. Wiegmanni, Anton.

Gregonense, Say.

Sub-gen. argobuccinum, Klein.

Shell ventricose, solid ; whorls rounded, varices few ; canal short ;
outer lip dentated internally.

rude, Brod. scabrura, King.

Genus DISTORSIO, Bolten.

Shell subturreted ; whorls distorted ; aperture irregular,
contracted, ringent ; canal recurved ; inner lip dilated,
lamellar, rugosely indented ; columella excavated, verru-
cosely plicate ; outer lip sinuous, internally plicato-dentate.

Syn. Persona, Montf. Distorta, ScJium. Distortrix,
LinJc.

Ex. D. cancellina, Deshapes^ pi. 11, fig. 2. Operculum,
D. anus, Linnaeus, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell D. anus, fig. 2, c.

These remarkable shells are at once recognised by the
ringent aspect of their mouths, from which circumstance

BURSA. 105

they have been termed mask-shells ; they are not numerons
in species, and inhabit sandy mud in rather deep water.

Species of Distorsio.

anus, Linn. decipiens, Reeve.

cancellina, Desh. reticulata, Linn.

constricta, Brod. ridens, Reeve.

Genus BURSA, Bolten.

Shell ovate or oblong, compressed, with two rows of
continuous varices, one on each side ; aperture oval ; colu-
mella arcuated, and ridged or crenulated ; canal short, re-
cuvred ; outer lip crenated.

Syn. Ranella, Ijam. Gyrineum, Link. Bufo, Montf.
Biplex, Perry. Rana, Humph. Bufonaria, Sckum.

Ex. B. rana, Linnceus, pi. 11, fig. 3 ; Operculum, B.
pusilla, Broderip, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, B. rana, fig. 3, c.

The species of Bursa are mostly tropical, the majority
being from the Eastern seas ; they are found, when varie-
gated and with nodose armature, in rocky places and on
coral reefs ; the winged species, with a smoother surface,
are from deep water. They move about with considerable
animation, and crawl rapidly.

Species of Bursa.

albifasciata, Sow. niargaritula, Desk.

bufonia, i>o/^ nana, /SW.

crassa, Desh. nobilis, Reeve.

crumena, Lam. rana, Li^m.

elegans, Beck. Suesonii, March.

foliata. Brad. subgranosa. Beck.

VOL. 1. P

106

TRITONIID.E.

Sub-geu. LAMPAs, Scliumacher.

Shell turreted ; whorls nodose ; canal very short and recurved.

affinis, Brod.
bitubercularis, Lam.
bufo, Chem.
cfelata, Brod.
Californica, Hinds.
coriacea, Reeve,
cruentata, Sow.
hians, Schum.
livida, Reeve.
ponderosa, Reeve.
pustulosa. Reeve.

ranelloides, Reeve.
rhodostoma, BecJc.
rubeta, Linn.
rugosa, So^v,
scrobiculator, Linn.
semigranosa, Lam.
siphonata, Reeve.
tuberosissima, Reeve.
ventricosa, Brod.
venustula, Reeve.
verrucosa, So^v.

Sub-gen. aspa, H. and A. Adams,

Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth ; spire very short ; whorls no-
dulous at the angles.

laevigata, Lara.

Sub-gen. apollon, Montfort (Gyrina, Schum.).
Spine elevated ; front canal short ; posterior canal wanting.

anceps, Zam.
Argus, Lavi.
candisata, Chem.
clathrata, Gray.
cuspidata. Reeve.
granularis, Bolt.
gyrina, Linn.
hastula, Reeve.
leucostoma. Lam.

olearia, Linn.
olivator, Mcusch.
plicata, Reeve.
pusilla, Brod.
quercina. List.
rosea, Reeve.
Thersites, Redf.
vexillum, Sow.

BUCClNIDiE. 107

Sub-gen. eupleura, H. and A. Adams.

Spire moderate ; front canal long, nearly closed ; no posterior
canal ; inner lip smooth ; varices spiny, fimbriated between the
spines.

caudata, Sai/. pectinata, Hinds.

muriciformis, BrocL pulchra, Grai/.

nitida, Brod. triquetra, Beeve.

Fam. BUCCINID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1.1.1), the
central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth flat, with a
bent-up process at the end, more or less at right angles
with the base. Mantle enclosed ; siphon recurved. Foot
simple.

Shell usually with an oblique fissure or notch at the fore
part of the aperture ; aperture sometimes more or less pro-
duced and recurved anteriorly.

Sub-fam. BUCCININ.^.

Operculum ovate, nucleus small, near the outer front
edge.

In this sub-family the eyes are on slight eminences near
the outer bases of the tentacles, and the spire of the shell
is usually as long as the aperture.

Genus BUCCINUM, Linuseus.

Eyes at the base of the tentacles.

Shell ovate or oblong, covered with a horny epidermis ;

108 NASSIN^.

spire elevated, apex acute ; aperture large, oval, emarginate
in front ; canal wide, truncated, dorsally more or less
tumid ; columella smooth ; inner lip expanded ; outer lip
usually thin, smooth internally.

Ex. B. undatum, Linnaus, pi. 11, fig. 4. Operculum,
B. undatum, fig. 4, «, 4, b. Shell, B. undatum, fig. 4, c.

Spi. Tritonium, 0. Fahr., not Linh. Halia, Macgill.,
not Bisso.

The species of Buccinum are not very numerous, and are
found chiefly in the polar regions of both northern and
southern hemispheres ; the shells of the males are generally
smaller and less ventricose than those of the females.
The Whelk {B. undatuni) is dredged for the market and
vised as bait by fishermen.

Species of Buccinum.

acumiuatum, Brod. imperiale, Reeve.

angulosum, Gray. Labradorense, Keeve.

boreale. Leach. Lamarck ii, Kien.

ciliaturO; Fabr. jDyramidale, Reeve.

cretaceum, Reeve. scalariforme, Bech.

Dalei, Sow. sericatum, Uancock.

Donovani, Gray. teuebrosum, Hancock.

efFusum, Reeve. tenue. Gray.

glaciale, Linn. tortuosum, Reeve.

Groenlandicum, Ilancoch. tubulosum, Reeve.

Ilumphreysianum, Bennet. undatum, Linn.

bydropbanum, Hancock. Zealandicum, Reeve.

Sub-fam. NASSIN^.

Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical, the margin
entire or serrated.

The eyes in some of the genera are near the base of the

EBURNA. 109

tentacles, in others near their middle, and are sometimes
wanting; the aperture of the shell is either truncate, or with
a short recurved canal, and the inner lip is usually callous
and spreading over the last whorl.

Genus EBURNA, Lamarck.

Head long and flat ; eyes on swellings at the base of the
tentacles. Foot narrow, elongate.

Shell ovate-oblong, deeply umbihcated ; spire acumi-
nated, whorls more or less convex, suture more or less chan-
nelled ; aperture oval ; columella arcuated, posteriorly cal-
lous ; inner lip spreading, often covering the umbilicus in
the adult ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Latrunculus, Gray. Nassa, a, Sclium, Babylonia,
Sddut.

Ex. E. spirata, Linnam, pi. 11, fig. 5. Operculum, E.,
canaliculata, Schumacher., fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, E. canali-
culata, fig. 5, c.

The Ehurn(E are solid, smooth shells, spotted with dark
red; they are found in the Red Sea, India, the Cape,
Japan, China, and Australia ; when fresh they are covered
with a very thin, brown, horny epidermis.

Sjjecies of Eburna.

ambulacrum, Sow. Molliana, Ckem.

canaliculata, Schum. papillaris, Soiv.

Japonica, Eeeve. spirata, Linn.

maculosa, Bolt. Valentiana, Swains.

110 NASSlNiE.

Sub-geu. ZEMiRAj H. and A. Adams.
Umbilicus moderate ; outer lip with a tooth near the fore part.

australis, Sow.

Genus COMINELLA, Gray.

Shell buceiniform, marked or spotted, covered with an
epidermis ; spire short, acute, last whorl large, ventricose,
with a posterior depressed groove at the suture, producing
a contraction at the hind part of the outer lip.

Ex. C. virgata, H. and A. Adams, pi. 11, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, C. maculata, Martini, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, C. lim-
bosa, Lamarck, fig. 6, c.

These shells have usually been confounded with Purpura
and Buccinum ; the operculum, however, will distinguish
them from the former, and the position of the eyes from
the latter.

Species of Cominella.

acutinodosa, Reeve, limbosa, Lam.

alveolata, Kien. linearis, Reeve.

Anglicana, Mai't. lineolata, Lam.

bimucronata, Reeve. _ livida, Reeve,

citrina, Reeve. maculata, Mart.

costata, Quoy and Gaim. nassoides, Reeve.

crassa, Adams. papyracea, Bruy.

cyanea, Gray. pluriannulata, Reeve.

Delalandii, Kien. Quoyi, Kien.

dubia, Erauss. testudinea, Mart.

eburnea. Reeve. tigrina, Kien.

Grateloupiana, Petit. ustulata, Reeve.

glaiidiformis, Reeve. ' virgata, H. and A. Adams

hinnulus, Adams and Reeve. (lineolata, Quoy and Gaim.).
lagenaria, Lam.

TRUNCARIA. 1 1 1

Sub-gen. ampiiissa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the aperture anteriorly dilated, the contraction
near the spire obsolete.

corrugata, Reeve. intincta, Reeve.

Genus NORTHIA, Gray.

Shell elongated, turreted, polished ; spire elevated, acu-
minated, whorls depressed and sloping at their upper part ;
aperture shorter than the spire ; outer lip with the margin
serrated.

Ex. N. serrata, Dufresne, PI. 12, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. serrata, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

This genus is of limited extent ; one species has been
described by Mr. Reeve, under the name of Pleurotoma
rissoides, and another in the " Zoology of the Voyage of
H.M.S. Samarang," under that of Buccinum alhopuncta-
tum. The large and typical species, Nassa serrata of M.
Dufresne, was formerly much prized by collectors, and in-
habits the shores of California.

Species of Northia.

albopunctata, Adams and rissoides, Reeve.
Reeve. serrata, Dufresne.

Genus TRUNCARIA, Adams and Reeve.

Shell acuminately oblong, thick; suture of the spire
channelled ; aperture anteriorly dilated, posteriorly sub-

112 NASSlNiE.

emarginated; columella arcuated, abruptly truncated in
front, with a single anterior fold.

Ex. T. filosa, Adams and Reeve., pi. 12, fig. 2.

This genus is founded on a singular shell discovered
during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, and is principally
characterised by the abrupt truncature of the columella,
and by its anteriorly dilated aperture. The species serving
as the type is the Buccinum Jilosmn, Adams and Reeve.

Species of Truncaria.

filosa, Adams and Reeve, sulcata, Kien.

niodesta, Po^vis. trifasciata, A. Adams.

rugata, Reeve.

Genus BULLIA, Grav.

Animal without eyes ; tentacles long and slender. Foot
greatly expanded, and bifid behind.

Shell ovate or turreted ; spire more or less acuminated,
sutures enamelled ; inner lip excavated in the middle,
callous posteriorly ; aperture oval, moderate.

S;i/n. Bulliana, Mrs. Gray.

Ex. B. Iffivigata, Martini., pi. 12, fig. 3. Shell, B.
Irevigata, fig. 3, a.

Bullia has a raised band of enamel round the sutures of
the whorls, formed by the hinder part of the inner lip of
the shell extending beyond the mouth, as in AnciUa. It
has the faculty, according to M. Quoy, of absorbing, through
the pores of its foot, a great quantity of water, which it
ejects, when disturbed, in various directions ; it is caught
by baiting lines with bits of flesh : most of the species are
African.

PSEUDOSTROMBUS. 113

Species of Bullia.

annulata, Lam. Mauritiana, Gray.

callosa, Wood. rhodostoma, Gray.

deformis, King. semiflammea, Reeve.

digitalis, Meusch. semiusta, Reeve.

globulosa, Kien. semiplicata, Gray.

Grayi, Reeve. squalida, King.

Ijmnreana, A. Adams. sulcata, Reeve.

laevigata, Mart. tenuis, Gray.

Sub-gen. buccianops, D'Orbigny.

Shell with the whorls somewhat angulated, and with a rounded
or nodulous band next the sutures.

armata, Graj/. gradata. Desk.

cochlidium, Kien.

Genus PSEUDOSTROMBUS, Klein.

Foot moderate, simple posteriorly.

Shell elongated, smooth, without epidermis, last whorl
ventricose ; spire acuminate ; aperture ovate ; columella
arched, smooth ; outer lip thin.

Syn. Dorsanum, Gray.

Ex. P. politus, Lamarck.) pi. 12, fig. 4. Shell, P. Tran-
quebaricus, Bolten., fig. 4, a.

The shell of Pseudostromhus chiefly differs from that of
Bullia in the absence of the band of enamel round the
sutures of the spire.

Species of Pseudostromhus.

Malabaricus, Hanley. vitreus, Reeve.

politus, Lam..
vor.. I. Q

114 NASSIN^E.

Sub-gen. LEiODOMUS, Swainson.

Shell turreted ; whorls convex, transversely striated.

Taheitensis, Gray. velatus, Gould.

Tranquebaricus, Bolt. vittatus, Linn.

turritus, Gray.

Sub-ffen. adinus, II. and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, spirally striated ; columella abruptly truncate
at base ; inner lip corrugated, with a callosity at hind part ; outer
lip grooved internally, externally marginated.

truncatus, Reeve. ictericus, Soland.

Genus PHOS, Montfort.

Tentacles connate at the base, eyes near their tips.
Foot with an auriculate shield-like lobe in front, and ending
behind in a single tapering filament.

Shell cancellated, oblong, acuminated, usually longitudi-
nally ribbed ; outer lip striated internally, with a slight
sinus near the fore part ; columella obliquely grooved, or
with a single plait in front.

Syn. Rhinodomus, Sioains.

Ex. P. textum, Gmelin, pi. 12, fig. 5. Operculum, P.
Ipevigatus, A. Adams, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, P. sentieosus,
Linnaus, fig. 5, c.

The great peculiarity of Phos is the circumstance of the
hind part of the foot ending in a tapering filament instead
of being simple as in Buccimwi, or bifid as in Nassa. The
columella, anteriorly, has a single fold, and there is a notch
at the fore part of the outer lip ; the canal is never elongate
or recurved as in Nassaria.

DESMOULEA.

115

Species of Fhos.

articulatus, Hinds.
cancellatus, A. Adams.
CJumingii, Reeve.
fasciatus, A. Adams.
filosus, A. Adams.
gaudens, Hinds.
Ia3vigatus, A. Adams,
ligatus, A. Adams.
uodicostatus, A. Adams.
plicatus, A. Adams.

reticosus, Hinds.
roseatus, Hinds.
lufocinctus, A. Adams.
scalarioides, A. Adams.
senticosus, Linn.
turritus, A. Adams.
varicosus, A. Adams.
Veraguensis, Hinds.
virgatus, Hinds.

Sub-gen. strongylocera, Miirch.

Shell with the whorls angulated, the upper part concave ; aper-
ture contracted.

cancellatus, Quoi/ andGaimard.
crassus, Hinds.
cyanostoma, A. Adams.
cyllenoides, A. Adams.
sculptilis, A. Adams.

spinicostatus, A. Adams.
textilinus, March.
textilis, ^1. Adams.

textum, Gmel.

Genus DESMOULEA, Gray.

Shell ovate-globose, covered with a downy epidermis ;
spire short, conical, apex papillary, whorls depressed ;
aperture ovate; inner lip thickened, with a ridge poste-
riorly; outer lip contracted, thickened externally, plicated
internally.

Ex. T). pinguis, A. Adams, pi. 12, fig. 6. Operculum,
D. pinguis, fig. 6, a.

Desmoulea is remarkable for its obtuse apex and solid
growth. There are eight species described, but the animal
is not yet known ; when in fine condition they are covered

116 NASSINiE.

with a velvety epidermis, and some of the species are
ornamented with red and brown markings.

'fe-

Species of Desmoulea.

abbreviata, Chem. pinguis, A. Adams.

crassa, A. Adams. pulchra, Gray.

Japonica, A. Adams. pyramidalis, A. Adams.

obtusa, Chem, ventricosa, Lam.

Genus NASSA, Martini.

Eyes on the middle of the tentacles ; lingual teeth
arched, pectinated ; uncini with a basal tooth. Foot large,
expanded, bifurcate at its posterior extremity.

Operculum ovate, the margin serrated or entire.

Shell ovate, ventricose, body- whorl variously sculptured;
aperture ovate, with a short reflected truncated anterior
canal ; inner lip smooth, often widely spread over with
enamel, with a posterior callosity or blunt dentiform plait ;
outer lip dentated, internally crenulated.

Ex. N. leevis, Chemnitz, pi. 12, fig. 7. Operculum, N.
dispar, A.Adams, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, N. Isevis, fig. 7, c.

The NasstB, remarkable for their bifid foot, are extremely
active and vivacious in their movements, feeding on bivalves,
which they pierce with their proboscis, extracting the con-
tents through a small round aperture.

Species of Nassa.

arcularia, Linn. delicata, A. Adams.

Bronnii, Phil. dispar, A. Adams.

coronata, Brug. fissilabris, A. Adams.

coronula, A. Adams. rnutabilis, Linn.

NASSA.

117

nodicostata, A. Adams.
plicata, Bolt.
pullus, Linn.
pusio, A. Adams.

scalariformis, Chem.
sinusigera, A. Adams.
sulcifera, A. Adams.
velicata, Memch.

Sub-gen. niotha, H, and A. Adams.

Shell cassidiform ; spire short, whorls granulated or cancel-
lated ; inner lip with the callus very large and spreading ; outer
lip crenate, not variced externally.

acinosa, Gotdd.
albescens, Dkr.
australis, A. Adams.
abyssicola, A. Adams.
Bouchardi, Dkr.
caperata, Phil.
crenilirata, A. Adams.
crenellifera, A. Adams.
costata, A. Adams.
candens, Hinds.
cremata, Hinds.
cselata, A. Adams.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
gemma, FJiil.
gemmulifera, A. Adams.
gemmulata, Lam.
gemmulosa, C. B. Adams.
Isabellei, UOrh.
Jonasi, Dkr.
livescens, Phil.

Lyulla, Beck.
margaritifera, Dkr.
marginulata. Lam.
mendica, Gould.
multicostata, A. Adams.
myristica, Hinds.
pauperata, Lam.
plicatella, A. Adams.
ravida, A. Adams.
reticosa, A. Adams.
semigranosa, Dkr.
semigranulata, Dkr.
sinusigera, A. Adams.
Siquijorensis, A. Adams.
sordida, A. Adams.
splendidula, Dkr.
stigmataria, A. Adams.
variegata, A. Adams.
verrucosa, A. Adams.
Webbei, Petit.

Sub-gen. phrontis, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, acuminate, whorls ribbed or nodulose ; inner
lip smooth, with an extended, thickened callus.

complauata, Powis.
corticata, A. Adams.

crassa, Koch.
fasciata, Chem,

118 NASSINtE.

lineata, Pult. venusta, Dkr.

nodulifera, Phil. Wilsoni, (J. B. Adams,

Stimpsoniana, C. B. Adams. xanthostoma, Graij.

Sturmii, Pkil. zonalisj Brii,g.
tiarula, Kien.

Sub-gen. arculariAj Link (Eione, Brno).

Body-whorl gibbose on the back; spire produced; callus ot
inner lip greatly extended and covering the spire.

bellula, A. Adams. granifera, Kien.

bimaculosa, A.Adams. Kraussiana, Bkr.

callispira, A. Adams. labecula, A. Adams.

callosa, A. Adams. leptospira, A. Adams.

cancellata, A. Adams. nana, A. Adams.

circumcincta, A. Adams. orbiculata, A. Adams,

clathrata, Kien. Thersites, Brug.

dorsuosa, A. Adams. verrucosa, Brug.
gibbosula, Linn.

Sub-gen. nayxia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth ; aperture with a channel at the hind part con-
tinued up the spire.

glabrata, Sow. grana, Lam.

Sub-gen. alectrion, Montfort (Monoceros, Flem., not Lam.).

Spire elevated, whorls glabrous, polished or papillary ; inner
lip spreading ; outer lip denticulate, not variced externally.

elegans, Kien. scalaris, A. Adams.

glans, Zinn. semi nodosa, 4. ^c?aws.

hepatica, Pult. spirata, A. Adams.

hirta, Kien. suturalis. Lam.

laeta, Phil. Jacksouiana, Kien.
papillosa, Linn.

NASSA.

119

Sub-gen. zeuxts, II. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls covered with an epidermis, smooth, or
longitudinally plicate ; inner lip with the callus defined ; outer
lip externally variced, dentate anteriorly.

badia, A. Ad avis.
cinnamomea, A. Adams.
compta, A. A da 7ns.
concinna, Powis.
crenulata, Brug.
exilis, Fowl's.
foveolata, Dkr.
Igevis, Chem.
micans, A. Adams.
mitralis, A. Adams.
pallidula, A. Adams.
planicostata, A. Adams.

scitula, A. Adams.
serotina, A. Adams.
sertula, A. Adams.
semiplicata, A. Adams.
signata, Dkr.
succincta, A. Adams.
tcienia, Gmel.
teretiuscula, A. Adams.
unicolora, Kien.
varicifera, A. Adams.
zonalis, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. telasco, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls smooth, polished ; inner lip spreading;
outer lip simple, acute.

distorta, A. Adams.
filosa, Gray.
gaudiosa, Hinds.
lentiginosa, A. Adams.
luctuosa, A. Adams.
mucronata, A. Adams.
marmorea, A. Adams.
moesta, Hinds.

obliquata, A. Adams.
picta, Dh'.
punctata, A. Adamx.
Reeviana, Dkr.
stolida, A. Adams.
striata, A. Adams.
variabilis, Pliil.

1 20 NASSTNiE.

Sub-gen. cjhsia, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls rugose or cancellated, rounded; inner
lip with the callus defined; outer lip thin, simple.

corrugata, A. Adams. perpinguis, Hinds.

Japonica, A. Adams. Roissyi, Desk.

limataj Che^n. turrita, A. Adam^.
obliquiplicata, Dkr.

Sub-gen. uzita, H. and A. Adams.

Spire acuminate, whorls striated, longitudinally ribbed or pli-
cate ; inner lip with the callus defined, with a single plait at the
fore part ; outer lip simple.

angulifera, A. Adams. nucleolus, Phil.

cinctella, A. Adams. nodulifera, Phil.

clathratula, A. Adams. obtusata, A. Adams.

denticulata, A. Adams. pallida, Potvis.

glauca, C. B. Adams. proxima, C. B. Adams.

miga, A dans. pulchella, A. Adams.

Morrissii, Dhr. rufocincta, A. Adams.

nivea, A. Adams. speciosa, A. Adams.

nodata. Hinds. striata, C B. Adams.

nodicincta, A. Adams. Sanctae Helense, A. Adams.

nodifera, Powis. versicolor, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. hebra, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls spinose, muricated or tubercular ; inner
lip with the callus defined ; outer lip simple, not variced or den-
ticulate.

crenicostata, A. Adams. geniculata, A. Adams.

echinata, A. Adams. Gruneri, Dh\

NASSA. 121

hispida, A. Adams. subspinosa, Lam.

horrida, Dkr. vibex, Sa//.

muricata, Qiioi/ and Oaim.

Sub-gen. zapuon, H. and A. Adams.

Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated, whorls rugose ; inner lip
with a spreading, corrugated callus ; outer lip denticulate, lirate
internally, not variced externally.

elegans, Reeve.

Sub-gen. aciculina, H. and A, Adams.

Shell turreted, polished, smooth or longitudinally plicate ;
inner lip with the callus sharp, straight, defined ; outer lip pro-
duced in the middle, variced externally.

costata, ^1. Adams. macula ta, A. Adams.

glabrata, A. Adams. vittata, A. Adams.

labiata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. hima, Leach (Tritonia, Turton. Tritonella, A. Adams).

Spire elevated, whorls cancellated; inner lip with a rugose
callus, callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal varix.

ambigua, Pidt. fuscata, A. Adams.

canescens, C. B. Adams. incrassata, Milll.

collaria, Goidd. multigrauosa, Dhr.

corpulenta, C. B. Adams. paupera, Goidd.

costata, A. Adams. polygonata, Lam.

decussata, Kien. pygmsea, Pult.

dentifera, Powis. scabriuscula, Potvis.

fasciata, Lam. tritoniformis, Kien.

festiva, Potvis. varicifera, A. Adams.

VOL. I. R

122 NASSIN^.

Sub-gen. tritia, Risso (PlanaxiS; Elsso, not Lmn.).

Spire elevated, whorls reticulated ; inner lip smooth, with the
callus moderate ; outer lip simple, not variced or denticulate.

cancellata, Cheni. glauca, C. B. Adams.

Cooperi, Forbes. obsoleta, Say.

costellifera, A. Adams. Panamensis, C. B. Adams.

dealbata, A . Adams. reticulata, Liiin.

fossata, Gould. trivittata, Say.

Gayii, Kien. Woodwardi, Forbes.

Genus NERITULA, Plancus.

Shell ovate, depressed, axis distorted ; spire flattened,
oblique, whorls smooth ; aperture depressed ; columella
smooth ; inner lip callous, spread over the body- whorl ;
outer lip reflected, not denticulate or striated.

S^n. Cyclops, Montf. Cyclope, Risso. Nana, 5, 8chum.
Nanina, Risso. Cyclonassa, Swains. Cyclocyrtia, Agass.

Ex. N. neritea, Xmw^MS, pL 12, fig. 8. Shell, N. neritea,
fig. 8, a.

In Neritula the last whorl is depressed and extends
over the penultimate whorl, nearly covering and conceal-
ing the spire, which, consequently, appears very obtuse.
The animal has a bifid tail similar to that of Nassa,

Species of Neritula.
neritea, Linn. pellucida, Risso.

Genus TEINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams.
Shell orbicular, depressed, subspiral, polished, last whorl

NASSARIA. 123

rounded at the periphery ; umbilical region covered with a
large, flat callosity ; aperture transverse, rounded, greatly
produced and elongated, ending anteriorly in a slightly
canaliculated point ; inner lip smooth, callous, not emargi-
nate or truncate anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, not
margined or reflected.

Ex. T. politum, A. Adams, pi. 12. fig. 9.

This curious little genus very much resembles, at first
sight, Camitia of Gray, a genus of Trochidce, from which,
however, it is readily distinguished. Its true affinity is
with Neritula, from which it is known by the absence of
the notch at the fore part of the aperture, and by the very
peculiar elongation of the mouth.

Species of Teinostoma.
anomalum, C. B. Adams. politum, A. Adaim.

Genus NASSARIA, Link.

Animal as in Phos, but without the caudal filament.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire acuminated, whorls longitu-
dinally ribbed and cancellated; aperture ending anteriorly
in a long recurved canal; inner lip thin, circumscribed,
transversely corrugately plicated; outer lip grooved in-
ternally.

Syn. Hindsia, H. and A. Adams.

Ex. N. alba. Martini^ pi. 13, fig. 1. Operculum, N.
acuminata. Reeve, fig. l,a, 1, ^. Shell, N. acuminata,
fig. 1, c.

Nassaria resembles a Phos with an elongated, subre-
curved beak, and has been confounded with Tritonium; it,

124

NASSIN.E.

however, differs from the former genus in the presence of a
recurved canal, and from the hatter in the eyes being
near the tips of the tentacles, and in the produced fore
part of the foot, which forms a prominent mentum.

Species of Nassaria.

acuminata, Reeve.
alba, Mart.

bitubercularis, A . A dams.
carduus, Reeve.
egregia, Reeve.

nassoides, Reeve,
uodicostata, A. Adams.
pagoda, Reeve.
suturalis, A. Adams.
varicifera, A. Adams.

Genus CYLLENE, Gray.

Operculum ovate, acute.

Shell ovate ; spire short, acute, suture canaliculated ;
columella concave, smooth or finely grooved ; outer lip
with a slight sinus at the fore part, emarginate posteriorly,
grooved internally.

EoB. C. lyrata, Lamarck., pi. 13, fig. 2.

The animal of Cyllene is at present unknown, but most
probably it will be found more to resemble that of this
group than that of Dactylidce. ,• the presence of the chan-
nelled suture, however, would seem to indicate the exist-
ence of a mantle-filament, as in Daciylus; the notch at the
fore part of the outer lip reminds one of PJios, but the
general aspect of Cyllene is that of a little Volute.

Species of Cyllene.

concinna, Soland.
Grayi, Reeve.

glabrata, A. Adams.
Guillaini, Petit.

PURPURINiE. 125

fuscata, A. Adams. orientalis, A. Adams,

luguhris, Adams and Reeve. pallida, A. Adams.

lyrata, La7n. striata, A. Adams.

Owenii, GiriT/. sulcata, A. Adams.
pulchella, Adams and Reeve.

Sub-fam. PURPURIN^.

Operculum oblong, nucleus elongate, forming the long-
outer edge.

The eyes in this sub-family are usually placed near the
tips of the tentacles ; the siphon is short, and the foot
moderate. The shell is most frequently oval ; the spire
shorter than the aperture, and the inner lip broad and more
or less flattened.

Genus CHORUS, Gray.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire elevated ; aperture oval,
wide ; canal straight, produced in front ; columella smooth,
curved ; outer lip with a prominent tooth at the fore part.

Ew. C. monoceros, JDesha^/es, pi. 8, fig. 6. Operculum,
C. monoceros, fig. 6, «, 6, b.

This genus, from the length of the canal, would appear
to have a strong afiinity with the Muricidee, but the form
of the operculum shows that its true place is in the purpu-
riform division of the Buccinid<e.

Species of Chorus.
monoceros. Desk. xanthostoma, Brod.

12G PURPURIN.E.

Genus PURPURA, Aldrovandus.

Shell oblong-oval, last whorl large ; spire short ; aper-
ture ovate, large, with an oblique channel or groove at
the fore part ; columella flattened ; outer lip simple.

Syn. Microtoma, Swains.

Ex. P. lapillus, LinncBUs, pi, 13, fig. 3. Operculum,
P. patula, Lmnasus, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, P. Persica,
Limi(Bus, fig. 3, c.

The Purpura inhabit the seas both of temperate and
tropical climates. Many species produce a fluid which
gives a dull crimson dye, whence their name of Purple
Shells. Their egg-cases are membranous, oval or sphe-
roidal, sometimes solitary, sometimes united in masses,
each sac containing many embryos.

Species of Purpura.

buccinea, Desk. inerma, Reeve.

chocolata, Dncl. patula, Ld7in.

columellaris, Lam. Persica, Lam.

grisea, Bolt. Rudolphi, Lam.
haustrum, Mart.

Sub-gen. tribulus, Klein (Thais, Bolten).

Spire depressed, whorls simple, the last ventricose ; aperture
wide ; columella arcuated ; inner lip excavated, corrugated at the
fore part.

aperta, Blainv. Carolensis, Reeve.

Ascensiouis, Quoy. nodosa, Linn.

Callaoensis, Oray. planospira. Lam.

rURFURA. 127

Sub-gen. thai.essa, H. aud A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls spinose, angulated at the upper part ;
aperture moderate ; columella rounded, tubercular in front; outer
lip nodulous internally.

affinis. Reeve. hippocastanum, Linn.

alveolata, Reeve. intermedia, Kien.

armigera, Chem. mancinella, Lain.

bimaculata, Jonas. melones. Duel.

bitubercularis, Lam. pica, Blainv.

deltoidea. Lam. speciosa, Valenc.

echinata, Blainv. tumulosa, Reeve.

echinulata. Lam. unifascialis, Lam.

■ Sub-gen. steamonita, Schumacher.

Spire elevated, whorls simple or nodulous ; aperture moderate,
produced anteriorly ; columella rounded, simple in front.

segrota, Reeve. Floridiana, Conrad.

bicostalis, Lam. gigantea. Reeve.

biserialis, Blainv. hsemastoma, Linn.

Blaiuvillii, Desh. Janellii, Kien.

cataracta, Chem. luteostoma, Chem.

Conradi, Nutt. Tipoti, Petit.

consul, Chem. rustica. Reeve.
fasciata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. trochia, Swainson.

Whorls separated by a deep groove ; inner lip thickened, con-
vex, striated ; apei'ture with a very short canal.

cingulata, Linn. spiralis, Reeve.

128 ruRPURiN^.

Sub-gen. polytkopa, Swainson.

Spire acuminate, whorls foliated or tuberculose ; inner lip

flattened ; canal small, oblique ; aperture narrowed at the fore
part.

analoga, Forbes. ostrina, Gould.

attenuata, Reeve. rugosa. Lam.

crispata, Chem. scobina, Quoij.

decemcostata, Midd. septentrionalis. Reeve.

emarginata, Desk. squamosa, Lam.

Freycinetii, Desk. succincta. Lam.

fuscata, Forbes. textilosa. Lam.

lapillus, Linn. Wahlbergi, Krauss.
nux, Reeve.

Sub-gen. cronia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate; spire acuminated; aperture moderate; inner lip
callous at the upper part; columella straight, simple anteriorly.

amygdala, Kien.

Genus lOPAS, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, rugose, last whorl large ; spire acuminate ;
aperture moderate, emarginate and channelled in front;
inner lip covered with a thin enamel, and with a promi-
nent plait-like callosity at the hind part; columella
rounded, subtruncate anteriorly ; outer lip sinuous, crenate
internally.

Ex. I. sertum, Lamarck, pi. 13, fig. 4. Operculum,
I. sertum, fig. 4, a.

This genus resembles Pkama among the Muricid(C,

PENTADACTYLUS. 129

but the operculum has a lateral nucleus like that of the
other genera in this sub-family.

Species of lopas.

hederacea, Mart. situla, Reeve.

sertum, Lam.

Genus VEXILLA, Svi^ainson.

Shell purpuriform ; inner lip flattened and depressed;
outer lip, when adult, thickened, inflected, and toothed ;
aperture wide.

Ex. V. vexillum, Chemnitz, pi. 13, fig. 5.

Species of Vexilla.

liueata, A. Adams. vexillum, Chem.

tfeniata, Powis.

Genus PENTADACTYLUS, Klein.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, whorls tubercular or
spinous; aperture linear, narrow, contracted by callous
projections, with an oblique emarginate canal in front;
inner lip wrinkled ; outer lip internally with plait-like
teeth, often digitate.

Spn. Ricinula, Lam. Drupa, Bolt.

Ex. P. globosus, Martini, pi. 13, fig. 6. Operculum,
P. elegans, Broderip, fig. 6, a, G, h. Shell, P. grossula-
rius, Bolten, fig. 6, c.

The shells of this genus, usually known under the
Lamarckian name of Ricinula, may be distinguished by

VOL. I. s

130 PURPURiN^:.

the spiny or tubercular character of their whorls, their
purple ringent apertures, and the digitation of the outer
lip, at least in the typical species.

Species of Pentadactyhis.

albolabris, Blainv. liystrix, Lam.

clathratus, Lam. iodostoma, Lesson.

elegans, Brod. Laurentianus, Petit.

globosus, Mart. lobatus, Blainv.

grossularius, Bolt. ricinus, Linn.

Sub-gen. sistrum, Montfort (Morula, Schiim.).

Shell ovate, whorls nodose or spiny ; inner lip with a few tuber-
cular folds anteriorly ; outer lip thickened and crenulated, inter-
nally tuberculate or striated.

albus, Mart. iostoma. Reeve.

Anaxares, Duel. monilis, Chem.

asper. Law. muricatus, Reeve. ■

cariosus. Wood. musivus, Kien.

cavernosus, Reeve. muticus, La7n.

chaideus. Duel. ochrostoma, Reeve.

chrysostoma, Desh. sidereus. Reeve.

concatenatus, Blainv. spectrum. Reeve.

dealbatus, Reeve. spinosus, H. and A. Adams

elatus, Blainv. (chrysostoma, Reeve).

elongatus, Blainv. tuberculatus, Blainv.

fiscellum, Chem. undatus, Chem.
funiculatus, Reeve.

Genus ACANTHINA, Fischer.

Shell ovate, last whorl large ; spire rather elevated ;
aperture semilunar; inner lip wide and flattened; outer
lip crenated, with a prominent tooth at the fore part.

r«EUDOLlVA. 131

Syn. ]\[ouoceros, Lam., not Block. Unicornus, Montf.
Rudolphus, CJtem. Riidolpha, Schum.

Ex. A. striata, Lamarck, pi. 13, fig. 7. Operculum,
A. unicornis, Brugiiiere, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, A. calcar,
Martijn, fig. 7, c.

The species of Acanthina are most numerous on the
South American coasts of the Pacific Ocean ; the genus
differs from Purpura in having a tooth-like spine on the
outer lip.

Species of Acanthina.

acuminata, Sow. punctata, Gratj.

calcar, Martyn. spirata, Blainv.

coruigera, Blainv. striata, Latn.

cymatium, Soland. truucata, Reeve.

glabrata, Lam. tuberculata, Gray.

grandis. Gray. unicornis, Briiy.
maculata, Gray.

Genus PSEUDOLIVA, Swainson.

Shell ovate, solid, subglobose ; spire very short, suture
slightly channelled, whorls tumid round the upper part ;
aperture oval ; canal very short ; inner lip arcuated, with
a callosity at the hind part ; outer lip thin, furnished at
the fore part with a small tooth or callosity.

Syn. Gastridium, Soiv., not Modeer. Gastridia, Gray.
Pseudodactylus, Herm.

Ex. P. laevis. Martini, pi. 13, fig. 8. Operculum,
P. laevis, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

PseudoUva, known only by its shell and operculum,
reminds one of Olivancillaria among the Dactylida;,
but is distinguished by its large purpura-like operculum.

132 PURPURINiE.

and the tooth on the outer lip. The species are few
in number, and come from Africa and Cahfornia.

Species of Pseudoliva.

laevis, Mart. striata, A. Adams.

sepimeota, Bang. zebrina, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. macron, H. aud A. Adama.

luner lip with the callus defined ; columella obliquely wrin-
kled ; spire elevated, suture channelled.

^thiops, Reeve. Kellettii, A. Adams.

Genus PINAXIA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conical ; spire short, acute ; aperture oval-oblong,
emarginate anteriorly ; inner lip flattened, with several
transverse plaits in the middle ; outer lip acute, grooved
internally.

Ea;. P. coronata, A. Adams, pi. 14, fig. 1.

The singular and pretty little shell on which this genus
is founded, is from the Philippines, and is one of the very
numerous discoveries in C oneirology made by the indefa-
tigable Mr. Cuming during his laborious researches among
the reefs and islands of the Philippine Archipelago.

Genus CONCHOPATELLA, Chemnitz.

Shell ovate, last whorl large, expanded ; spire very
short, obliquely inclined towards the left side ; aperture
very wide, slightly channelled anteriorly ; inner lip flat-
tened ; outer lip with two small teeth in front.

RAPANIN^. 133

Si//i. Concholepas, Favanne. Conchulus, Rqfiii.

Ex. C. Peruviana, Lamarck, pi. 14, fig. 2. Operculum,
C. Peruviana, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, C. Peruviana, fig. 2, c.

The only species known of this genus is from Peru ; it
lives upon the rocks and stones along the shore, and, con-
sidering the size of the foot, is, according to D'Orbigny,
very inactive ; the operculum is very large and thin, and is
placed transversely across the hind part of the foot.

vSub-fam. RAPANIN^.

Operculum ovate, blunt, nucleus elongate, forming the
outer or hinder edge.

In this sub-family the shell is usually more or less pyri-
forra, and often produced anteriorly; the spire is short,
and the inner lip is convex and smooth.

Genus CUMA, Humphrey.

Shell pyriform ; spire elevated, acute, whorls angular or
spinose ; aperture oval-oblong ; columella convex, some-
times with a strong angular tooth in the middle ; outer lip
acute, grooved internally.

Ex. C. kiosquiformis, Duclos, pi. 14, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, C. tectum, Chemnitz, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, C. tec-
tum, fig. 3, c.

The operculum of this genus resembles that o^ Pur-
pura ; some of the species bear a close affinity to those
of Rhizochilus, and in the one chosen by Swainson as
the type there is a prominent tooth-like projection in
the middle of the columellar lip.

134 RAPANINvE.

Species of Cuma.

Africana, Mart. muricina, Blainv.

carinifera, Lam. quadrata, Jonas.

cuspidala, Adams and Reeve. rugosa, Quoy.

dtadema, Lam. sacellum, Chem.

Grateloupiaua, Petit. tectum, Chem.

Gravesii, Brod. tliiarella, Lam.

imperialis, Blainv. tvigona, Lam.
kiosquiformis, Duel.

Genus RAPANA, Schumacher.

Shell ventiicose, axis perforated to the apex ; spire
depressed ; aperture oval, narrowed anteriorly ; canal
open, slightly recurved; inner lip reflected, free ante-
riorly; umbilicus corrugated.

Ex. R. bezoar, Linn^us, pi. 14, fig. 4. Operculum,
R. bulbosa, Solmtder, fig. 4, a, 4, b. Shell, R. bezoar,
fig. 4, c.

The operculum of Rapana is of the Purpura type,
and the shell is ventricose and umbilicated. The animals
frequent the coral-reefs of tropical countries, and most
probably feed upon the polyps that construct them.

Species of Rapana.

bezoar, Linn. coronata, Lam.

bulbosa, Soland. muricata, Brod.

Sub-gen. latiaxis, Swainson.

Shell with the axis very widely perforate ; whorls more or less
detached, carinated; aperture trigonal.

Fortuni, A. Adams. nodosa, A. Adams.

MawiB, Gray. pagoda, Jonas.

RHIZOCHILUS. 135

Genus RHIZOCHILUS, Steenstnip.

Shell, when young, free, resembling Rapana ; when
adult, sometimes with more or less irregular, solid, shelly-
extensions of the outer and inner lips, which clasp the
axis of coral, or the surface of neighbouring shells, and at
length close the mouth, with the exception of the ante-
rior siphonal canal which is converted into a shelly tube.

Ex. R. antipathicus, Steenstrup, pi. 14, fig. 5, 5, a.

The remarkable peculiarity of the animal of Rhizochi-
lus, at least in the typical species, in becoming perma-
nently fixed, and closing the aperture of the shell, is very
anomalous. Like Pediculnria , it attaches itself to the
axis of coral ; it frequently, however, adheres to shells of
its own kind. Professor Steenstrup observed it embracing
the axis of AntipatJiefi ericoides, whence its specific name.

Species of RhizocJdlus,
antipathicus, Steenst.

Sub-gen. coKALLioPniLA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the outer and inner lips irregular, moderate, not
produced into an extended process closing the aperture.

clathratus, A. Adams. monodonta, Qicoy and Gaim.

costularis, Blainv. neritoideus, Chem.

D'Orbignyanus, Petit. osculans, C. B. Adams.

foveolatus, C. B. Adams. pulchellus, A. Adams.

fragiUs A. Adams. scala, A. Adams.

galea, Chem. scalariformis, Lam.

gibbosus, Reeve. squaniulosus, Eeeve.

madreporinus, A. Adams. suturalis, A. Adams.

130 RAPANINiE.

Genus SEPARATISTA, Gray.

Shell turbinate, subdiscoidal, the first whorls contiguous,
the last more or less separated; aperture expanded, slightly
angulated, the margin everted; umbilicus very wide, in-
fundibuliform, with the whorls visible as far as the apex.

Syn. ? Lippistes, Montf.

Ex. S. Chemnitzii, A. Adams, pi. 14, fig. 6.

This curious genus seems somewhat to approach Ra-
pana in conformation and texture. One species is from
the Philippines, another is from Japan, and Say has
described one as a species of Delphinvla.

Species of Separatista.

Blainvilleana, Petit. Grayi, A. Adams.

Chemnitzii, A. Adams. laxa, Say.

Genus MELAPIUM, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovato-pyriform, ventricose, imperforate, porcella-
nous ; spire obsolete, apex papillary ; aperture expanded ;
inner lip with a thick, smooth callus at the hind part ;
columella twisted anteriorly, with a prominent obhque
plait; canal wide, recurved, directed towards the left.

Syn. Pyrula sp.. Lam.

Ex. M. lineatum, Lamarck, pi. 14, fig. 7.

The porcellanous texture of the shell of Melapium ap-
proximates it to Pusionella, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by its ventricose body-whorl and short papillary
spire ; from Rapana the absence of umbilicus separates
it. The animal and operculum are at present unknown.

LEPTOCONCIIUS. 137

Genus rapa, Klein,

Shell thin, globosely pyriform, axis perforate, umbi-
licus partly concealed by the reflected inner lip ; spire
obtuse ; aperture oblong, produced anteriorly into a wide
subrecurved canal.

Stjti. Bulhus, Humph., not Broum. ReLTpeWsi, Swains.

Ex. R. tenuis, Martini, pi. 14, fig. 8.

Rapa differs from Rapana not only in the produced
canal of the aperture and thin simple whorls, but in the
free, reflexed inner lip and moderate umbilicus ; the genus
at present is known only from its shell.

Genus LEPTOCONCHUS, Riippell.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, ovate or subglobose ; spire depressed, rather
obsolete ; aperture large, oval ; inner lip anteriorly con-
torted and truncate ; outer lip thin, rather expanded.

E.v. L. Peronii, Lamarck, pi. 14, fig. 9. Shell, L.
Peronii, fig. 9, a.

An examination of the animal confirms the statement
of Riippell that there is no operculum. The mantle-mar-
gin is greatly thickened and fleshy ; the tentacles are
small, broad, and united at their bases ; the eyes are small
and black, on the outer side of the tentacles, near their
tips ; the foot is small, short, obtuse and rounded behind,
with a thin, expanded, disk -like lobe in front, and the
siphon is obsolete. The genus differs from Campulotus
not only in the absence of operculum, but in the shell
never forming a long tubular projection of the mouth, as

VOL. I. T

138 RAPANIN^..

in that genus. It comprises but few species, which take
up their abode in corals and madrepoi-es

Species of Leptoconchus.
oblongus, Sow. Peronii, Lam.

Sub-gen. ooralltobia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the spire obsolete, sublateral, last whorl large,
lamellose ; a^^erture very wide, simple anteriorly; outer lip
expanded, fimbriated.

fimbriatus, A. Adams.

Genus CAMPULOTUS, Guettard.

Man tie -margin thickened, siphon very short. Foot
large, fleshy, oval.

Operculum ovate, nucleus sublateral.

Shell, when young, spiral, thin ; when adult, white, solid,
tubular, spiral for three or lour whorls, the last turn pro-
longed into an irregular, straight or flexuous tube, solid
posteriorly, and with a siphonal keel on the left side.

Sy7i. Magilus, Monif. Tubulites, Davilla. Spiro-
b r an ch u s , Bla in v .

E.v. C. antiquus, Monif ort, pi. 14, fig. 10. Opercu-
lum, C. antiquus, fig. 10, a, 10, b. Shell, C antiquus,
fig. 10, c.

This curious genus lives in coral, and the inordinate
extension of the lips of the shell is to enable the animal
to keep on a level with the surface of the coral as it
continues to increase in size ; as the shell grows, the tube
behind is filled up with solid calcareous matter.

DACTYLID.E. 139

Fam. DACTYLID.E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (Tri), tlie
central broad, the lateral versatile. Mantle enclosed, the
siphon recurved. Foot voluminous, usually reflexed over
the sides of the shell, and fissured on each side in front.

Operculum small, often wanting or rudimentary.

Shell porcellanous, usually polished, last whorl often
enrolled round the others ; aperture ending anteriorly
in an oblique fissure.

The operculum is absent in Harpa and Dacfi/lus, and
also in some of the ventricose species of Ancillce with
wide apertures ; but in Olivella, and in many of the smaller
Ancillce, it is always present, though of moderate size.

Sub-fam. HARPIN.^.

Head and tentacles exposed ; eyes conspicuous, deve-
loped. Mantle simple, enclosed, without a tapering ap-
pendage in front. Foot large, flat, not reflexed on the
sides of the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell ventricose, whorls ribbed ; inner lip simple ante-
riorly.

Geniis HAKPA, Rumphius.

Shell oval, ventricose ; spire short, apex acute, whorls
longitudinally ribbed, ribs ending posteriorly in sharp
points ; aperture oblong, large, emarginate anteriorly ;
outer lip thickened, forming the last rib.

Syn. Cithara, Klein. Harparia, Rajin. Harpalis,
Link. Lyra, Griff., not Linn.

140 DACTYLINJS.

Ex. H. minor, Martini, pi. 15, fig. 1. Shell, H. veu-
tricosa, Lamarck, fig. 1, a.

The animals are variegated with beautiful colours, and
crawl with vivacity ; they have the singular power of
spontaneously detaching a portion of the foot when mo-
lested, resembling, in this respect, HaUotidea and Gena.
They are found in Ceylon, Mauritius, the Feejee Islands,
and in Mexico. At Mauritius they are caught with lines
baited with small pieces of flesh.

Species of Harpa.

cancellata, Chem. minor, Mart.

costata, Linn. nablium, Mart.

crassa, Phil. uobilis, Mart.

crenata, Swains. rosacea, Mart.

gracilis, Brod. striatula, A. Adams.

major. Mart. ventricosa, Lam.

Sub-fam. DACTYLTN.^.

Head and tentacles more or less concealed. Mantle
with a tapering lobe in front, and an appendage behind
which covers the spire, or reposes in the channelled
suture.

Operculum wanting, or elongated and thin, with an
apical, subspiral nucleus.

Shell solid, smooth ; inner lip more or less plicate ante-
riorly.

Genus OLIVANCILLARIA, D'Orbigny.

Head and tentacles concealed. Mantle with a large,
thick, fleshy appendage behind. Foot very voluminous,

OLIVANCILLAIUA. 141

truncate posteriorly, shield with the side-lobes very large
and rounded.

Operculum distinct, half-ovate, nucleus subapical.

Shell smooth, oblong ; spire short, suture not canali-
culated to the apex ; aperture moderate ; columella with
two or three oblique plaits anteriorly, and with a large
callosity posteriorly.

Ex. O. vesica, Gmelin^ pi. 15, fig. 2. Shell, O. vesica,
fig. 2, a.

In this genus the suture of the spire is usually filled up
with a callous deposit, and the spire is often very short.
In the animal the hind part of the mantle ends in a large,
thick, fleshy process, which partly covers the spire.

Species of Olivancillaria,
Braziliensis, Chem.

Sub-gen. utriculina, Gray.

Spire acuminated, suture channelled as far as the apex ; aper-
ture moderate ; last whorl simple.

acuminata, Lam. ligneola, Reeve.

ancillaroides, Reeve. lutaria, Bolt.

gibbosa, Born. nebulosa, Latn.
litterata, Lam.

Sub-gen. lintricula, H. aud A. Adams (Scaphula, Sivainson,

not Benson).
Shell oblong, ventricose, thick ; spire very short, obtuse, cal-
lous, suture not channelled to the apex ; aperture very wide.

aquatilis, Reeve. vesica, Gmel.

142 DACTYLINiE.

Genus agaronia, Gray.

Foot long and pointed behind, shield with the side-
lobes moderate, acute.

Operculum distinct.

Shell oliviform, thin ; spire acuminate, suture chan-
nelled ; aperture wide, effuse anteriorly ; columella not
thickened posteriorly, tumid, with a few oblique plaits in
front.

Syn. Hiatula, Swains.

Ex. A. megalostoma, MeuscJien, pi. 15, fig. 3. Shell,
A. megalostoma, fig. 3, a.

The animal of Agaronia differs from that of Dactylus
in having an operculum, and from that of Olivella. in the
form of the side-lobes of the foot ; the shell, moreover, is
light, the spire long and pointed, and the aperture wide
and effuse anteriorly.

Species of Agaronia.

cincta, .Reeve. Steerise, Reeve.

contortuplicata, Reeve. striata, Swains.

indusica, Reeve. testacea, Lam.
megalostoma, Meusch.

Genus DACTYLUS, Klein.

Tentacles enlarged at the base. Mantle with a poste-
rior filament lodged in the channelled suture of the
spire. Foot long and acuminate behind, shield with the
side-lobes tapering, acute, small.

Operculum none.

DACTYLUS. 143

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, polished ; spive short, su-
ture canaliculated ; aperture long, narrow, notched in
front ; columella obliquely plicate, sulcated, or striated,
with a callosity at the hind part ; outer lip simple, rather
thick.

Syn. Oliva, Briig. Ancillaria, Risso, not Lam. Oli-
varia, Rafin. Olivarius, Diim.

Ex. D. Mauritianus, Martini, pi. 15, fig. 4. Shell, D.
Mauritianus, fig. 4, a.

The species of Daclylus, commonly known under the
name of " Olives," are chiefly tropical in their geogra-
phical distribution. They live on sandy flats, and may
be found by following the traces they leave by burrowing
under the surface as the tide retires ; they are very active,
and glide with considerable quickness. In the genus, as
restricted, the callus of the inner lip is produced pos-
teriorly beyond the spire, and there is a prominent cal-
losity on the anterior part of the last whorl.

Species of Dactybis.

avellana, Lam. inflatus, Lam.

bulbiformis, Duclos. tuberosus, Bolt.

bulbosus, Bolt. undatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. strephona, Browne.

Shell subcylindrical, polished ; spire short, pointed, suture
channelled as far as the apex ; last whorl simple ; columella
obliquely plicate.

coniformis, Phil. incrassatus, Soland.

Cumingii, Reeve. ispidus, Li?ik.

harpularius, Lam. jaspideus, Duclos.

144

DACTYLINiE.

Julieta, Duclos.
marmoreus, Mart.
muUiplicatus, Ueeve.
olivaceus, Meusch.
pantherinus, Phil.
Peruvianus, Lam.

pol pasta, Duclos.
porphyreus, Linn.
pygmaeus, Eeeve.
rufulus, Duclos.
splendidulus, Sow.
subaiigulatus, Phil.

Sub-gen. porphyria, Bolten.

Spire acuminate, suture canaliculate as far as the apex ; body
whorl simple ; aperture narrow, linear ; columella obliquely
plicate.

elegans, Latn.
guttula, Mart.
irisaus, Lam.
Labradorensis, Bolt.
Mauritianus, Mart.
mustelinus. Lam.
nobilis, Reeve.
Olympiadinus, Duclos.

ponderosus, Duclos.
porphyreticus, Mart.
scriptus, Lam.
sericeus, Bolt.
tremulinus, La7n.
\iridescens, Mart.
Zeylanicus, Lam.

Sub-gen. ispidula, Gray.

Spire elevated, suture channelled as far as the apex ; last
whorl simple ; columella transversely strongly plicate as far as
the hind part.

araneosus, Lam.
australis, Duclos.
cferuleus, Bolt.
emicator, Meusch.
ispidula, Linn.
kaleontinus, Duclos.

lentiginosus. Reeve.
modestus, Reeve.
panniculatus, Duclos.
paxillus, Reeve.
Stainforthii, Reeve.
venulatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. cylindrus, Meuschen.
Spire entirely covered with a vitreous deposit, last whorl

OLIVELLA- 145

cylindrical, with an angular ridge posteriorly; columella plicate
as far as the hind part.

carneolus, Lam. tessellatus, Lam.

crassus, Mart. volvarioides, Diiclos.

pictus, Reeve. ,

Genus OLlVELLA, Swainson.

Mantle with a large frontal lobe. Foot not very volu-
minous, truncate behind, shield narrow, side-lobes small,
acute.

Operculum distinct, half-ovate, nucleus subapical.

Shell oliviform ; spire produced, acute, suture canali-
culated ; aperture narrow behind, enlarged anteriorly ;
columella plicated in front, callous posteriorly.

Si/n. Olivina, D'Orhiymj, not March.

Ex. O. Tehuelchana, D'Orhigny, pi. 15, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, O. semistriata. Gray, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, O. exi-
gua, Martini, fig. 5, c.

The OlivellcB affect sandy localities, burying themselves
in the sand, but leaving no trace behind. M. D'Orbigny
observed O. Tehuelchana, while gliding rapidly along,
suddenly expand the lobes of the foot and shoot through
the water.

Species of OliveUa.

anazora, Duclos. fimbriata, Reeve.

attenuata, Reeve. fulgida, Reeve.

bullula, Reeve. falgurata, Adams and Reeve.

cyanea, Reeve. gracilis, Brod. and Sow.

dealbata. Reeve. Guildingii, Reeve.

eburnea, Lam. hieroglyphica, Reeve.

Esther, Duclos. inconspicua, C. B. Adams.

exigua, Mart. lanceolata, Reeve.

VOL. I. U

146 dactylinj:.

lineolata, Gray. pura, Reeve.

micans, Soland. purpurata, Sivains.

minuta, Link. rosolina, Duclos.

mitreola, Duclos. rufifasciata, Reeve.

monilifera, Reeve. strigata, Reeve.

myriadina, Duclos. Tehuelcliana, D'Orh.

nitidula, Soland. tergina, Duclos.

oryza, Lam. triticea, Duclos.

parvula, Mart. undatella, Lam.

pellucida, Reeve. zanoeta, Duclos.

Puelchaiia, D'Orb. zonalis, Lam.
pulchella, Duclos.

Sub-gen. dactylidia, H. and A. Adams.

Spire obtuse, covered with a thick deposit of enamel ; aperture
narrow, plicate ; inner lip with a large, thickened callus, pro-
duced at the hind part, and covering and concealing the spire.

millepunctata, Duclos. nana. Lam.

mutica, Say.

Sub-gen. callianax, H. and A. Adams (Olivina, Morch,

not DVrh.).

Shell not polished ; spire produced, acute, suture channelled ;
aperture wide, effuse in front ; callus of inner lip thick, defined ;
columella simple, or with a few plaits anteriorly.

biplicata, Sow. semistriata. Gray.

columellaris. Sow. zenopira, Duclos.

Sub-gen. lampeodoma, Swainson.

Spire acuminate, elevated, suture canaliculated ; inner lip
simple posteriorly, regularly and closely plicate at the fore part
of the columella ; callus moderate, restricted.

leucozonias, Gray. volutella. Lam.

ANCILLIN.E, 147

Sub-fam. ANCILLIN^.

Head concealed ; eyes none ; tentacles rudimentary.
Mantle without a tapering lobe in front. Foot volumi-
nous, bifid behind, shield grooved on the upper surface,
side-lobes not much produced.

Operculum smallj ovate, acute, sometimes entirely
wanting.

Shell usually polished ; whorls smooth ; aperture efTuse?
with the front part of the columella variously grooved and
twisted.

Genus DIPSACCUS, Klein.

Shell fusiformly cylindrical, polished, solid, generally
deeply umbilicated; spire elevated, suture covered with
enamel ; aperture oval, elongated : inner lip tortuous ;
outer lip acute, with a slight tooth on the fore part.

Ex. D. glabratus, Linnceus, pi. 15, fig. 6.

In the Dipsaccus of Klein, as restricted, there are four
species, distinguished by the deep umbiUcus and chan-
nelled columella, which are owing to certain peculiarities
of the animal not yet known. Lamarck included the D.
glabratus among the species of his genus Eburna, which
belongs to another group.

Species of Dipsaccus.

balteatus, Sow. glabratus, Linn.

ciugulatus, Sow, niveus, Swains.

148 ANCILLINiE.

Sub-gen. amalda, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, not umbilicated ; spire elongated, suture ena-
melled ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined ; outer lip
simple.

bicolor, Gray. oblongus, Sow.

elongatus, Oray. Tankervillianus, Sow.

marginatus, Lam.

Genus ANCILLA, Lamarck.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, polished ; spire short, su-
ture filled up with enamel ; aperture large, dilated, effuse
anteriorly ; columella callous anteriorly, twisted ; outer lip
thin, simple, acute.

Syn. Olivula, Conrad.

Ex. A. obtusa, Swainsoii, pi. 15, fig. 7. Operculum,
A. obtusa, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, A. torosa, Meuschen, fig.
7,6-.

The Ancill(B inhabit submerged sand-banks, and pro-
gress with a swift gliding motion ; sometimes they expand
the large lobes of their foot in a horizontal direction, and
swim or dart through the water. They chiefly inhabit the
shores of Africa, though a few have been found in the
Indian and Australian Seas.

Species of Ancilla.

albisulcata, Soic. effusa, Swains.

ampla, Gmel. fulva, Swains.

aperta, Sow. lineata, A. Adams.

Caffra, Forsk. ventricosa. Lam.
castanca, Soiv.

FASCIOLARIID.i;. 149

Sub-geu. ANCiLLABiA, Latiiai-ck.

Shell thin, ventricose, striated : spire short, obtuse, suture
enamelled ; aperture wide.

alba, Eien. volutella. Desk.

torosa, Meusch.

Sub-gen. anaulax, Roissy (Anolax, Bron.).

Shell not polished ; spire produced, sutures covered with a
thick deposit of enamel; inner lip with the callus extended,
thick, and covering the spire.

australis, Soiv. obtusa, Hinds.

mamillata. Hinds. rubiginosa, Swains.

mucronata. Sow. subulata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. chilotygma, H. and A. Adams.

Spire moderate, suture enamelled ; inner lip with the callus
produced posteriorly into a strong angular tooth.

exigua, Soiv.

Fam. FASCIOLARIID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (I'l'l), the
central recurved, toothed at the tip, the lateral not versa-
tile ; lateral teeth very broad, linear, with many equal
teeth ; central tooth narrow, small. Mantle enclosed, with
a straight siphon.

The operculum in this family is ovate-acute, with the
nucleus apical.

Shell fusiform ; aperture with a straight canal in front,
and with plaits on the fore part of the pillar.

150

FASCIOLARIID/E.

Genus fasciolaria, Lamarck.

Shell fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval, elon-
gated, as long as the spire ; siphonal canal straight ; colu-
mella smooth, with a few oblique plaits at the fore part ;
outer lip internally crenate.

Syii. Pyrula, Perry, not Lam. Colus, Bolten, not
Humph. leranea, Rajin.

EcV. F. lignaria, Lmn(Bus,p\. 16, fig. 1. Operculum,
F. tulipa, Linnceus, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, F. tulipa, fig. l,c.

The " Tulip Shells," as they have been called, are usu-
ally light and ventricose, and are known by their fusiform
shape and by the few oblique plaits on the columella;
they have a wide range in their distribution, being found
in the Mediterranean, the Cape Verd Islands, Ceylon, the
Pliilippines, the West Indies, Australia, Western Africa,
and South America. The name of Colus is already in use
as a synonym of Fusus.

Species of Fasciolaria.

Audouini, Jonas.
aurantiaca, Lam.
badia, Krauss.
clava, Jonas.
coronata, Lam.
crocata, Phil.
distans, Lam.
filaraentosa, Chem.
fusiformis, Valenc.
gigantea, Kien.
granosa, Brod.
inerinis, Jonas.

ligata, Migh. and Adams.
lignaria, Linn.
lugubris, Adams and Reeve.
papillosa, Sow.
ponderosa, Jonas.
princeps, Sow.
purpurea, Jonas.
Reevei, Phil.
salmo, Wood.
trapezium, Linn.
tulipa, Linyi.

TUDICLA. 151

Genus BUSYCON, Bolten.

Shell pyriform, last whoii large, nodulous or spinose;
spire very short ; aperture large, subtriangular ; canal open,
elongated, entire at the fore part ; inner lip concave, with
a single fold anteriorly ; outer lip internally striated.

Syn. Pyrula (part). Lam, Fulgur, Monif.

Ex. B. perversum, Linriceus, pi. 16, fig. 2.

Busycon has a reversed, light, ventricose shell, with a
single plait on the fore part of the columella, and a sul-
cated outer lip ; the species known are few, and come
from tropical regions.

Species of Busycon.

affine, Soiv. idoleum, Jonas.

aruanum, Linn. Kieneri, Phil.

canaliculatum, Linn. perversum, Linn.
crassicauda, Phil.

Sub-gen. taphon, H. and A. Adams.

Shell dextral, transversely striated, whorls rounded ; aperture
ovate, fore part produced into a long, slightly-recurved canal.

striatum. Gray.

Genus TUDICLA, Bolten.

Shell fusiform ; spire very short, apex papillary ; aper-
ture oval ; canal very long and straight; columella smooth,
flattened, with a single fold at the fore part.

Syn. Pyrella, Swains. Spirillus, Schlui., not Humph.
Spirilla, Sow., Jun.

Ex. T. spirillus, Linnaeus, pi. 16, fig. 3.

152 FASCIOLARIID^.

The papillary apex of the spire, the single plait on the
columella, and the long straight beak, are the chief charac-
teristics of this genus ; the animal is not yet known ; the
shell appears to have the greatest affinity to Busycon,
although usually regarded as a Murex.

Species of Tvdicla.

^OY\)hyYOStoma,, Adams and Beeve. spirillus, Linn.
nisticula, Bast.

Genus latirus, Montfort.

Shell turreted, fusiform, umbilicated ; spire produced,
whorls nodulous ; aperture oval-oblong ; outer lip thin,
crenulated ; columella straight, with two or three small
oblique plaits in front.

Si/7i. Polygona, Schum. Polygonum, Blainv., not
Toiirnef.

Ex. L. turritus, Gmelin, pi. 16, fig. 4. Operculum,
L. turritus, fig 4, a, 4, h. Shell, L. gibbulus, Gmelin,
fig. 4, c.

The animals of all the species of this genus which have
been hitherto observed, are of a dull red colour ; the shells
resemble Fusi, but with the fore part of the pillar lip plicate.

Sjjecies of Latirus.

acuminatus, Kien. ceratus, Wood.

afer, Lam. concentricus, Beeve.

ananas, Chem. craticulatus, Linn.

aiinulatus, Bolt. fastigium, Beeve.

aplustris, Mart. filamentosus, Koch.

atteiiuatus, Beeve. filosus, Schub. and Wag

brevicaudatus, Beeve. ■ gibbulus, Gmel.

castaneus, Gray. gracilis, Beeve.

PERISTERNIA. 153

lanceolatus, Adams and Reeve. ruclis, Reeve.

lautus, Reeve. sanguifluus, Reeve.

Ijratus, Reeve. spacliceus, Reeve.

nanus, Reeve. Stokesii, Gray.

nodatus, Mart. turritus, Gmel.

recurvirostris, Wag. varicosus, Reeve.

rigidus, Wood. Zea, Morch.

Sub-gen. plicatella, Swainson (Cjmatium, Lmk, not Bolt.).

Spire moderate, whorls angular, concavely depressed round the
upper part.

Barclay!, Reeve. polygonus, Linn.

candelabrum. Reeve. scolymus, Gmel.

cariniferus. Lam. Thersites, Reeve.

Genus PERISTERNIA, Morch.

Shell subturreted, not umbilicated ; whorls longitudi-
nally ribbed ; aperture oval ; canal moderate and re-
curved ; outer lip thin and crenulated ; columella with
one or two slight plaits anteriorly.

Ea:. P. nassatula, Lamarck, pi. 16, fig. 5. Shell, P.
nassatula, fig. 5, a.

This genus may be known fi-om Latirus, which it
closely approaches, by the folds on the pillar being less
distinct, and by the canal being recurved.

Species of Peristernia.

Australiensis, Reeve. crenulata. Reeve.

bella. Reeve. crocea. Gray.

Caledonica, Petit. gemmata. Reeve.

cinerea. Reeve. incarnata, Desli.

concinna, Reeve. raaculata. Reeve.

VOL. I. X

154

FASCIOLARIIDiE.

nassatula, Lam.
nassoides, Reeve.
Philberti, Dud.
prisraatica, Mart.
pulchella, Reeve.
rosea, Reeve.

scabrosa, Reeve.
spinosa, Mart.
tuberculata, Brod.
ustulata, Reeve.
violacea, Reeve.

Genus LEUCOZONIA, Gra3\

Shell oval, subglobose ; spire moderate ; aperture ob-
long; canal short; columella subflexuous, with small,
oblique, unequal plaits ; outer lip subacute, with a tooth
or tubercle at the fore part.

Syn. Lagena, Schum.y not Klein.

Ex. L. smaragdulus, LiniKBUS, pi, 16, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, L. cingulata, Lamarck, fig, 6, a, 6, h. Shell, L.
cingulata, fig. 6, c.

Leucozonia resembles Cancellaria in its plaited colu-
mella, but a tooth or projection, more or less prominent,
on the fore part of the outer lip, distinguishes it from that
genus ; a few of the species have, on this account, been
confounded with Acanthina.

Species of Leucozonia.

angularis, Reeve.
Belclieri, Adams and Reeve.
Brasiliana, VOrh.
Californica, A. Adams.
cingulata, Lam.
cingulifera, Lam.
crenulata, Kien.
fuscata, Gniel.

Knorii, DesJi.
leucozoualis, Lam.
nassa, 6hnel.
nigella, Chejn.
picta, Reeve.
smaragdulus, Linn.
triserialis. Lam.

VASlDuE. 155

Genus FASTIGIELLA, Reeve.

Shell elongately turreted, umbilicated, whorls rounded ;
aperture small ; canal very short ; columella somewhat
twisted.

Ex. F. carinata, Reeve, pi. 16, fig. 7.

In some respects this genus resembles TarrUella, but
it has a twisted columella ; it also resembles those species
of Clavatula with the canal short {Drillia, Gray), but the
absence of sinus in the outer lip at once distinguishes it
from them. At present, one recent species only is known.

Fam. VASID.E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (IT 1), the
central recurved, toothed at the tip, the lateral not ver-
satile ; central tooth broad, few-toothed ; lateral teeth
narrow, strong, Avith a single large denticle. Mantle en-
closed, with a straight siphon.

Operculum ovate, acute, with the nucleus apical.

Shell more or less turbinate, with plaits on the middle
of the pillar.

This group appears to be intermediate between the
" Tulip Shells " and the VoliitidcE, and may be termed
False Volutes; the lingual dentition and character of the
animal are, however, entirely different from those of Vo-
lutld(B.

Genus vasum, Bolten.

Shell oval, oblong, solid, tubercular or spinose; spire
short; aperture oblong; canal short, somewhat recurved;

156 VASIDiE.

columella with several transverse folds in the middle;
outer lip thickened and sinuous.

Syn. Cynodona, Schum. Clava, Fabr. Scolymus,
Swains. Volutella, Perry, not Sivains. or D'Orh.

Ex. V. cornigerum, Linn<Bus, pi. 17, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, V. cornigerum, fig. 1, «, 1, h. Shell, V. corni-
gerum, fig. 1, c.

The animal is slow-moving, timid, and inactive, shrink-
ing quickly within the shell on the slightest alarm ; the
operculum is very thick, claw-like, and partially free at
the hind part. The species of this genus are not very
numerous, and are confined to the tropics, being found in
the East and West Indies and in the Pacific Islands.

Species of Vasum.

armatum, Brod. cornigerum, Litm.

caestus, Brod. globulus, Reeve.

capitellum, Linn. imperiale. Reeve.

cassidiforme, Reeve. muricatum, Born.

Ceramicum, Limi. rhinoceros, Chem.

Genus Mazza, Klein.

Shell thick, obconic, smooth, last whorl large; spire
obtuse, apex papillary; aperture oblong, narrow; canal
long and straight; columella with several strong trans-
verse plaits in the middle; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Xancus, Bolten. Rajpum, Humj^h. Turbinellus,
Lat??.

Ex. M. pyrum, Linnams, pi. 17, fig. 2.

The species of this genus are few in number, and the

VOLUTIDiE. 157

animal which forms the shell has not yet been discovered;
they are confined to very warm climates, inhabiting only
the Philippines, the Galapagos, the West Indies, and the
Pacific Islands.

Species of Mazza.

fusus, Sow. rapa, Lam.

ovoidea, Kie7i. scolymus, Gmel.

pyrum, Linn,

Fam. VOLUTID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in a single central series,
often toothed. Head large, with the eyes sessile on the
sides below the base of the tentacles; tentacles far apart,
united by a broad veil over the head. Mantle sometimes
greatly developed, covering the sides of the shell ; siphon
recurved, short, with auricles on each side of the base.
Foot very large, partly hiding the shell. .

Operculum none.

Shell with distinct plaits on the columella; apex of
spire mamillated.

The family of Volutes comprises a suite of large shells
remarkable for their great beauty and elegance of form.
They are equatorial in their geographical distribution; as
many as sixty-four species are natives of the Australian
Seas, and about a dozen species are found in the great
eastern ocean from Java to Japan ; the coast of Africa
and the shores of Madagascar harbour a few; some are
from the east and west parts of South America; and
about four inhabit the West Indies and the Gulf of
Mexico.

158 CYMBIINiE.

Sub-fam. CYMBIIN.E.

Teeth lunate, apex three-toothed. Foot very large and
thick. Shell ventricose.

The eyes are on the sides of the head at the outer base
of the tentacles; the siphon is very short, and the foot is
greatly extended and thickened ; it deposits a layer of
enamel on the under surface of the shell. Adanson
found living young ones in the bodies of many Cymhia,
thus proving them to be ovo-viviparous ; the young ones
leave their mother when their shells are an inch in length ;
there are four or five in each animal.

Genus CYMBIUM, Klein.

Shell oval-oblong, ventricose; spire short, nucleus
large, globular, deciduous, when present forming an ob-
tuse papillary apex ; whorls few, forming a flat edge
round the nucleus; apertm'e oblong, wide; columella
with several oblique plaits; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Yetus, Adanson. Cymba, Broderip.

Ex. C. Persicum, Martini, pi. 17, fig. 3. Shell, C.
Persicum, fig. 3, a.

Adanson observes that the high winds of April cast the
" Yets" up in such vast quantities as sometimes to cover
the shore; the natives of Senegal employ them as articles
of diet. The species of this genus are principally in-
habitants of the shores of Africa, though one is from
Australia and another from the Mediterranean. As dis-
tinguished from Melo, the shells are uniform in colour,
sombre, covered with an epidermis, and with a deci-

MELO. 159

duous nucleus ; the whorls, moreover, are never coronated
as in that genus.

Species of Cymbium.

cymbiura, Linn. Philippinarum, Mart.

gracile, Brod. porcinum, Lam.

mamilla, Gray. proboscidale, Brod.

olla, Lhm. rubigiiiosum, Sivains.

patulum, Brod. Tritonis, Brod.
Persicum, Mart.

Genus MELO, Humphrey.

Shell large, subovate, ventricose; spire short, apex
obtuse, papillary, persistent, whorls smooth, the last pos-
teriorly coronated; aperture oblong, wide; columella with
several oblique plaits, the anterior the largest ; outer lip
simple, acute, obliquely truncate in front.

Sj/n. Cymbium, Mont/., not Klein.

Ex. M. senticosa, Bolteii, pi. 17, fig. 4. Shell, M.
^thiopica, Lamarck, fig. 4, a.

The animal of this genus appears to be ovo-viviparous,
the same as the Cymbium of Klein, the young ones
being arranged in the oviduct of the female in a long
string, without egg-shells. The shells are usually orna-
mented with a variety of colours, and their whorls, pos-
teriorly, are adorned with a diadem of spines; they are
usually covered with a smooth, greenish-brown epidermis,
and the nucleus is spiral and persistent. New Holland
and the great islands of the Eastern Archipelago appear
to be the countries in which the species of this genus
are found, none of them having been observed in the
New World.

IGO

CYMBII^yE.

Sjyecies of Melo.

Broderipii, Gray. nautica, Lam.

^thiopica, Linn. ramosa, Mcusch.

Indica, Gmel. senticosa, Bolt.

Miltonis, Gray. tessellata, Lam.

mucronata, Brod. umbilicata, Brod.

Sub-gen. ausoba, H. aiid A. Adams.

Spire short, obtuse, apex papillary, last whorl coronated at the
hind part; nucleus spiral.

cymbiola, Chem.

Genus AULICA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose; spire with the apex
papillary and surrounded by small tubercles, whorls
smooth, usually nodose or coronated posteriorly ; aper-
ture oblong-linear; inner lip without any callous deposit;
columella obliquely plicate, the plaits usually four ; outer
lip thin, simiDle.

Si/)i. Vespertilio, Klein, not Linn. Scapha, Gray.,
not Klein or Humph.

Ex. A. vespertilio, Linnmis, pi. 18, fig. 2. Shell, A.
vespertilio, fig. 2, a.

In this genus the last whorl is usually spinose or tuber-
cled, and the outer lip is thin and acute : the species are
tolerably numerous, and are principally inhabitants of the
East Indian Islands. As the shells increase in size the
animals fdl the nuclei of the spire with solid calcareous
matter.

ZIDONIN^E.

161

Species of Aulica.

aulica, Soland.
corona, Chem.
innexa, Reeve.
luteostoma, MeuscJi .
mamilla, Meusch.
marmorata, Swaijis.
Moltkiana, Mart.
nivosa, Lam.

Norrisii, Soiv.
piperita, Soiv.
pulchra, Swains.
punctata. Swains.
rutila, Brod.
scapha, Gtnel.
Speugleriana, Mart.
vespertilio, Linn.

Sub-fam. ZIDONIN.^.

Eyes sessile, without tubercles. Mantle produced on
the left side into an expanded lobe enveloping all the
shell as far as the apex of the spire. Shell with the
volutions of the spire covered with a vitreous deposit.

Genus ZIDONA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, whorls angulated; spire
pointed, polished, and covered with a calcareous deposit
concealing the suture ; aperture wide ; columella obliquely
plicate in the middle, plaits few; outer lip acute, not
reflexed.

Syn. Volutella, D'Orb.^ not Perry or Swains.

Ex. Z. angulata, Solander, pi. 17, fig. 5. Shell, Z.
angulata, fig. 5, a.

The great peculiarity of Zidona is the circumstance of
the mantle covering the sides of the shell, giving the
long pointed spire a peculiar vitreous or glazed appear-

VOL. r. Y

162 VOLUTlNiE.

ance ; the only species known is an inhabitant of the
coasts of South America.

Sub-fani. VOLUTINJ^..

Teeth linear, with a single conical apex, the base angu-
larly diverging. Mantle-margin included, not covering
the sides of the shell.

Genus CALLIPARA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin ; spire short, obtuse, with the
apex papillary, last whorl large, ventricose; columella
with two distinct folds in front; outer lip extending up
towards the spire posteriorly.

Ex. C. bullata, Swainson, pi. 17, fig. 6.

This curious genus, founded on the Voluta hullata of
Swainson, is from Algoa Bay, South Africa ; this, the only
species known, is very rare, and is remarkable for its
bullate aspect, its short rounded spire, and its nearly
simple columella.

Genus CYMBIOLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate, cymbiform, thin ; spire more or less pro-
duced, apex papillary, somewhat irregular; aperture wide ;
inner lip with a thin callus; columella with a few oblique
plaits at the fore part; outer lip often somewhat dilated,
acute .

Ex. C. Brasiliana, Solander, pi. 18, fig. 1. Shell, C.
Magellanica, Sowerhy, fig. 1, a.

SCAPHELLA. 163

In the animal of this group the basal lobes at the side
of the siphon, peculiar to the genera of Voliitklce, ap-
pear to be well developed. According to M. D'Orbigny,
the animal of C. Brasiliana forms nidimental capsules
three inches in length.

Species of Cymbiola.

ancilla, Soland. festiva, Swains.

Beckii, Brod. magnifica, Cheni.

Brasiliaua, Soland. Magellanica, Sow.
Ferussacii, Donov.

Genus SCAPHELLA, Swainson.

Shell oblong-cylindrical ; spire short, conical, apex
sub-acute, whorls solid, smooth ; aperture narrow, elon-
gate ; columella usually with four oblique plaits at the
fore part; outer lip thickened internally.

Ex. S. fusus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 18, fig. 3. Shell,
S. Junonia, Chemnitz, fig. 3, a.

From the description and figure given by Swainson, it
is obvious that the shells we have indicated constituted
his genus ScapJiella, although his first type belongs to
our sub-genus Alcithoe, which has certain affinities with
Cymhiola. The rare S. Junonia is said to be from the
Gulf of Mexico.

Species of Scaphella.

exoptanda, Sow. maculata, Swains.

Junonia, Chem. praetexta, Reeve.

164 VOLUTINiE.

reticulata, Reeve. volva, Chem.

Turneri, Gray. zebra, Leach.

undulata, Lam.

Sub-gen. alcithoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire produced, apex papillary; aper-
ture ovate, wide; inner lip with a spreading callus; outer lip
dilated, subreflexed.

fulgetrum, Brod. megaspira, Soiv.

fusiformis. Swains. . Pacifica, Soland.
fusus, Quoij and Gaim. papillaris, Swains.

gracilis, Swains. tuberculata, Swains.

Genus VOLUTA, Linnaeus.

Shell ovate, sub-conical, solid ; spire short, apex papil-
lary, whorls nodose, the last longitudinally plicate; aper-
ture oblong; columella straight, with a thick callus,
transversely plicate, plaits numerous, the anterior the
largest; outer lip thickened, somewhat reflected.

Syn. Lyra, Linn., not Griff. Plejona, Bolt. Musica,
Humph.

Ex. V. musica, Linn<BUS, pi. 18, fig. 4.

In this genus the species are ornamented with trans-
verse interrupted bands and striae ; the shells are dense,
and the plaits on the columella are numerous and well
developed. Dr. Gray states it to possess a moderately-
sized operculum.

FULGURARIA. 165

Species of Valuta .

liebraea, Linn. musicalis, Mart.

musica, Linn.

Genus harpula, Swainson.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, smooth or sub-nodulous ; spire
conical, produced, with a small, pointed, papillary apex ;
aperture long, wider anteriorly ; columella with numerous
oblique plaits, the anterior the largest; outer lip acute,
thickened internally.

Ea^. H. vexillum, Martini, pi. 18, fig. 5.

The species of this genus, usually known under the
name of " Flag Volutes," are smooth, solid shells, hand-
somely ornamented with transverse coloured bands and
rows of spots; the apex of the spire is rather acute,
and the plaits on the columella are obliquely disposed.

Species of Harpula.
Lapponica, Linn. vexillum, Mart.

Genus FULGURARIA, Schumacher.

Shell oblong, fusiform ; spire acuminated, apex large,
smooth, papillary, whorls longitudinally plicate and trans-
versely striated, the last anteriorly contracted and acu-
minated ; aperture elongated ; columella shai'p anteriorly,
with from six to ten oblique plaits, the middle plaits

160 VOLUTIN.E.

the largest ; outer lip thickened, with the margin more or
less crenate.

Ex. F. fulgura, Martini, pi. 18, fig 6.

Most of the genera of Volutes have smooth shells ; in
Fulguraria, however, an example occurs where the whorls
are transversely striated throughout; the outer lip is
somewhat effuse, with the fore part slightly toothed or
crenate.

Species of Fulguraria.
concinna, Brod. fulgura, Mart.

Sub-gen. aurinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire with the apex mamillated, whorls
transversely finely striated, lougitudiually subplicate ; columella
with the folds obsolete; outer lip thin, simple.

dubia, Brod.

Genus LYRIA, Gray.

Shell ovately fusiform, solid; spire acuminate, whorls
longitudinally ribbed; aperture ovate; columella with
numerous transverse plaits ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. L. nucleus, Lamarck, pi. 18, fig. 7.

This genus is composed of elegant mitriform shells,
with the whorls longitudinally ribbed, and with numerous
small plaits on the columella. Some of the species are
from Australia, while others are from the West Indies,

MITRIDiE. 167

Species of Lyria.

cassidula, Reeve. lyrfeformis, Sn-ains.

Delessertiana, Petit. mitriforniis, Lam.

lyrata, Humph. nucleus, Lam.

Sub-gen. en^eta, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately pyramidal, thick, solid ; spire acuminated, apex
acute, whorls ribbed or nodulose ; outer lip thickened, inflexed,
with an obtuse tooth in the middle.

Cumingii, Brod. guttata, Reeve.

cylleniformis. Sow. harpa, Barnes

Guildingii, Sow.

Genus VOLUTILITHES, Swainson.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire elevated, apex acute,
whorls longitudinally plicate or cancellated ; aperture
oval-oblong ; columella with numerous faint, rudimentary
or obsolete plaits ; outer lip thin, simple.

Ex. V. abyssicola, Adams and Reeve, pi. 18, fig. 8.

The only living representative of this genus at present
known was dredged from a depth of one hundred and
thirty-two fathoms off the Cape of Good Hope, during
the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ; fossil species are nu-
merous in the eocine portion of the tertiary beds of the
British Isles.

Fam. MITRID.^.

Head small and narrow ; tentacles close together at the
base ; eyes above the base or towai'ds the outer middle

168 MITRINiE.

of the tentacles. Mantle enclosed, siphon simple at the
base. Foot small and triangular.

Operculum none or rudimentary.

Shell with the columella more or less plicate ; apex of
spire acute.

Some of the larger species of Mitridce have no oper-
culum, but it is often present, though small, on the foot
of the smaller species. The Philippine Archipelago, and
other groups of islands, seem principally to harbour
these animals, few species being found on the shores
of continents.

Sub-fam. MITRTN.^.

Head moderate ; eyes usually near the outer middle or
tip of the tentacles ; foot truncate in front. Shell for the
most part destitute of epidermis; columella distinctly
plicate.

Genus mitra, Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated, acute at the
apex; aperture small, narrow, notched in front; colu-
mella obliquely plicate ; outer lip thickened, smooth in-
ternally.

8yn. ThxdiXeWdi, Swains. Mitraria, i?a/?w. Mitrolites,
Krug.

Ex. M. circulata, Kiener, pi. 19, fig. 1. Shell, M.
episcopalis, Lmticeus, fig. 1, a.

When irritated, some species of Mitra emit a purple
fluid having a nauseous odour. They are chiefly deep-
water animals, living in from fifteen to eighty fathoms ;
the greater number are from the Philippines ; some, how-

MITRA.

169

ever, are from Australia, West Africa, and the Indian
Ocean. The teeth of this group have been ascertained
by Dr. Gray to resemble those of Fasciolaria, the central
tooth being narrow and small, and the lateral teeth broad,
linear, and raultidentate.

Species of Mitra.

fegra, Beeve.
Bovei, Kien.
chalybeia, Reeve.
cancellata, Reeve.
cardinalis, Meusch.
Chinensis, Gray.
cincta, Meusch.
cylindracea, Reeve.
episcopalis, Linn.
floccata, Reeve.
fulgurita, Reeve.
granulosa, Lam.
guttata, Sicains.
Lamarckii, Desk.
lens. Wood.
lignaria, Reeve.
lugubris, Reeve.
muriculata, Lam.
nebulosa. Reeve.

nigra, Reeve.
nivea, Reeve.
Norrisii, Reeve.
nymplia. Reeve.
orientalis, Gray.
papalis, Linn.
pigra, A. Adams.
propinqua, A. Adams.
puncticulata, Lam.
Rossiae, Reeve.
rupicola. Reeve.
sacerdotalis, A. Adams.
Santangeli, Maragv.
solida, Reeve.
Swainsonii, Brad.
tessellata, Martyn.
variabilis. Reeve.
versicolor, Martyn.

Sub-gen. nebularia, Swainson.

Shell impressed with transverse grooves, last whorl anteriorly
contracted ; aperture narrow behind, effuse in front ; outer lip
with the margin smooth.

adusta. Mart.
ambigua, Swains.
badia. Reeve.

VOL. I.

Barbadensis, Gmel.
buccinata. Quay
brumalis, Reeve.

z

170

MITRINJE.

cepbiiia, Govld.
castanea, A. Adams.
caeligena, Reeve.
chrjsostoma, Swains.
corouata, Chem.
crassa, Stvains.
crebralis, Lam.
crenilabris, A. Adams.
dealbata, A. Adams.
declivis, Reeve.
digitalis, Reeve.
granata, Reeve.

impi'essa, Anton.
nebulosa, Swains.
obscura, Humph.
pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
rhodia, Reeve.
rutila, A. Adams.
serotina, A. Adams.
suturata, Reeve.
Ticaonica, Reeve.
ustulata, Reeve.
vexillum, Reeve.
vitellina, Gould.

Sub-gen. scabricola, Swainson.

Shell rough, with transverse, elevated ridges and longitudinal
striae ; suture not coronated ; aperture effuse ; outer lip crenate.

asperulata, A. Adams.
caerulea. Reeve.
clathrus, Gmel.
cratitia, A. Adams.
formosa, A. Adams.
gracilis, Reeve.
granatina. Lam.
granulosa, Brug.
hebes, Reeve.
inquinata, Reeve.
lacunosa. Reeve.
latruncularia. Reeve.
leucostoma, Swains.
limata. Reeve.

loricata. Reeve.
luctuosa, A. Adams.
Marquesina, A. Adams.
picta, Reeve.
pretiosa, Reeve.
rorata, Goidd.
rubiginosa, Reeve.
scabricula, Linn.
serpentina. Lam.
sphaerulata, Martyn.
suturata. Reeve.
texturata, Lam.
variegata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. cancilla, Swainson.

Shell fusiform, slender ; spire acuminate, whorls crossed by
transverse, linear, elevated ridges; aperture simple posteriorly;
outer lip thin, simple.

aracena, A. Adams.

annulata. Reeve.

f

attenuata, Reeve.
aveuacea, Reeve.
Belcheri, Hinds.
carnicolor, Reeve.
ciugulata, A. Adams.
circulata, Kien.
duplilirata, Reeve.
filaris, Linn.
flammea, Quoy.
flammigera, Reeve.
funiculata, Reeve.
gigantea, Swains.
Hindsii, Reeve.
incarnata, Reeve.
insculpta, A. Adams.
interlirata, Reeve.

MITRA. 171

Isabella, Sivains.
lineata, Sivains.
multilirata, A. Adams.
nitens, Kien.

Philippinarum, A. Adams.
pura, A. Adams.
reticulata, A. Adams.
rosacea, Reeve.
rufescens, A. Adams.
rufilirata, Adams and Reeve.
Solandri, Reeve.
sulcata. Swains.
straminea, A. Adams.
tornata, Reeve.
verrucosa. Reeve.

Sub-gen. chrtsame, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate; spire as long as the aperture, whorls with trans-
verse, elevated ribs; inner lip with a few strong transverse plaits;
outer lip with the margin crenate.

aurantiaca, Cheni.
clandestina. Reeve.
coi'onata. Lam.
cucumerina. Lam.
eximia, A. Adams.
fragra, Quoy and Gaim.
globosa, Chem.
laeta, A. Adams.
peregra, Reeve.
Peronii, Lam.

planilirata. Reeve.
procissa, Reeve.
roborea. Reeve.
rotundilirata, Reeve.
tiarella, A. Adams.
Riippellii, Reeve.
tabanula, Lam.
telescopium, F^eeve.
tornatelloides, Reeve.
turgida, Reeve.

Sub-gen, isara, H. and A. Adams.
Shell thin, subulate; spire much longer than the aperture,

172 MITRING.

Avhorls simple ; aperture dilated ; inner lip with a produced, de-.
fined callus ; outer lip thin, smooth within, effuse anteriorly.

bulimoides, Reeve. Schrceteri, Desk.

picta. Reeve.

Sub-gen. mutyca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, thin ; spire much longer than the aperture,
whorls finely striated; aperture effuse anteriorly; outer lip thin,
simple.

ancilloides, Sivains. bellula, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. aidone, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, smooth, polished ; spire acuminate, as long as
the aperture ; inner lip excavated, with two obtuse plaits in the
middle ; outer lip thin, simple.

insignis, A. Adams.

Genus VOLUTOMITRA, Gray.

Shell ovate or fusiform, smooth, covered with an epi-
dermis, whorls simple ; columella with oblique plaits ;
outer lip thin, simple, arcuated.

Ex. V. Groenlandica, Gray, pi. 19, fig. 2.

Dr. Gray has examined the teeth of this genus, and
finds them to resemble those of Scaphella Turneri among
the Volutidaj, having a single conical apex and bifurcate
base.

STRIGATELLA.

173

Species of Volutomitra.

Adansonii, Kien.
capillata, Gould.
Chilensis, Gray.
cornea, Lam.
coruicula, Lam.
cornicularis, Lam,
ebenus, Lam.
Graja, Reeve.
Groenlaudica, Gray.
lactea, Lam.
lutescens, Lam.

melaleuca, Quoi/.
melauiana, Lam.
nigra, Quoy.
oleacea, Reeve.
Quoyii, Desh.
Philippiani, Forbes.
plumbea. Lam.
semen, Reeve,
simplex, Dkr.
strigata, Swains.
tigriua, A. Adams.

Genus STRIGATELLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate or fusiform, solid ; spire acuminate, whorls
smooth or transversely striated, usually covered with an
epidermis ; aperture narrow ; columella transversely pli-
cate ; inner lip with a callosity at the hind part ; outer
lip usually thickened in the middle, and internally grooved
or dentate.

Ex. S. Woldemarii, Kietier, pi. 19, fig. 3. Shell, S.
Ziervogeliana, Chemnitz, fig. 3, a.

The species of this genus are remarkable for their Co-
lumbelliform appearance, and are usually found under
stones at low water, sometimes also in the crevices of
rocks, and on the borders of shallow pools left by the
retiring tide. In the typical species the whorls are
usually striped and covered with a thick epidermis ; in
the sub-genus Mitreola, founded by Swainson on a fossil
species, but which appears to us to include many recent
forms, the apex is more acuminated, and the whorls are

174 MITRINJi. I

i
uniform in colour and transversely striated ; the Zier-

liarKB have the outer lip inflexed and crenulated.

Species of Strigatella.

amphorella, Lam. millecostata, Brod. \l

auriculoides, Reeve. mutelina, Duclos. i

clielonia, Reeve. nitida, A. Adams. \

chrysalis, Reeve. paupercula, Lam. I

columbellaeformis, Kien. pediculus, Lam.

decurtata, Reeve. pica, Reeve.

dichroma, A. Ada^ns. p'atula, Reeve. '

granum, Forbes. nanus, Reeve.

labratula. Lam. retusa. Lam.

liueata, Swains. scutulata, Chem.

littoralis, Forbes. semicostata, Lam.

litterata, Lam. tristis, Sivains.

lutea, Quoy. uuifascialis, Lam.

maculosa. Reeve.

Sub-gen. mitbeola, Swainson.

Shell ovato-fusiform, solid, smooth or transversely striated;

spire acuminated, apex sometimes papillary ; columella with the i

middle plaits the largest ; outer lip gibbose internally in the j

middle. .1

abbatis, Chem. efFusa, Sivains. ,;]

albina, A. Adams. fastigium. Reeve.

acuminata. Swains. fulva, Stvains.

astricta. Reeve. ignobilis. Reeve.

caliginosa, Reeve. limbifera. Lam.

callosa. Desk. nigra. Reeve.

coarctata, Swains. testacea, Sivai?is.

TURRICULA. 175

Subgen. zierliana, Gray.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, acute, last whorl tumid at the
hind part ; columella with a callosity posteriorly ; outer lip thick,
flattened, sinuated at the hind part, lirato-dentate internally.

alveolus. Reeve. livida. Reeve.

anthracina. Reeve. robusta. Reeve.

^thiops, Reeve. solidula, Reeve.

bilineata, Reeve. virgata. Reeve.

choava. Reeve. Woldemarii, Kien.

creniplicata, A. Adams. Ziervogeliana, Chem.

Genus TURRICULA, Klein.

Shell elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or pli-
cate ; spire acuminated ; aperture narrow ; columella with
numerous plaits ; outer lip internally striated.

Si/n. Vexillum, Bolt. Turris, Mont/., not Hinnph.
Tiara, Suains., not Bolt. Vulpecula, Gray.

Ex. T. corrugata, Lamarck, pi. 19, fig. 4. Shell, T.
vulpecula, Lamarck, fig. 4, a.

Turriciila differs from Mitra in being longitudinally
ribbed, and in the outer lip being striated within. The
species live in exposed situations on the reefs, or crawl
about the clear coral-sands in shallow bays and inlets.
In this group the teeth, as shown by Dr. Gray, most
resemble those of the Muricidte, the lateral teeth being
flat, with a bent-up process at the end more or less at
right angles with the base.

176

MITRINiE.

Species of Turricula.

attenuata, Brod.
aurantia, Brod.
balteolata, Reeve.
Caffra, Linn.
cinctella, Lam.
coccinea, Reeiw.
corrugata, Kieu.
costellaris, Lam.
crenata, Brod.
Defrancii, Payr.
Denisoni, Reeve.
foraminata, Swains.
formosa, A. Adams.
forticostata, Reeve.
funerea, Reeve.
Gruueri, Reeve.
intermedia, Kien.
interrupta, A. Adams.
Jukesii, A. Adams.

ligata, A. Adams.
lineata, Brod.
lyrata, Lam.
melongena, Lam.
multicostata, Brod.
nivea, Brod.
ornata, A. Adams.
plicata, Klein.
pullata, Reeve.
Regina, Chem.
rugosa, Gmel.
semiplicata, Lam.
taeniata, Lam.
terebralis, Brod.
turaida, Reeve.
virgo, Linn.
vittata, Sivains.
vulpecula, Linn.
zonalis, Quoy and Oaim.

Sub-gen. costellaria, Swainson.

Shell with the last whorl contracted anteriorly, slightly ven-
tricose in the middle ; whorls convex, ribs extending as far as
the suture ; spire longer than the aperture ; aperture striated
internally.

alauda, Soland.
amanda, Reeve.
angulosa, Kust.
arenaria. Lam.
arenosa, Lam.
armigera, Reeve.
armillata, Reeve.
articulata, Reeve.
australis, Swains.

cadaverosa, Reeve.
cselata, Reeve.
Candida, Reeve.
catenata, Reeve.
cithara. Reeve.
clathrata, Reeve.
compta, A. Adams.
concentrica, Reeve.
corallina, Reeve.

TURRICULA.

177

cruentata, Chem.
decora, Reeve.
dsedala, Reeve.
delicata, A. Adams.
Deshayesii, Reeve.
discoloria, Reeve.
echinata, A. Adams.
elegans, Reeve.
exarata, A. Adams.
exasperata, Chem.
festa, Reeve.
fusiformis, Kien.
gausapata, Reeve.
gratiosa, Reeve.
inermis, Reeve.
iufausta, Reeve.
lubens, Reeve.
lucida, Reeve.
marmorea, A. Adams.
microzonias, Lam.
militaris, Reeve.
mirabilis, A. Adams.
raodesta, Reeve.
mucronata, Swains.
nodilyrata, A. Adams.

oniscia, ham.

Pacifica, Reeve.

pallida, A. Adams.

pruinosa, Reeve.

pulchella, Reeve.

purpurata. Reeve.

pusilla, A. Adams.

radius. Reeve.

rigida, Sivams.

rubella, Adams and Reeve.

rufocincta, A. Adams.

rustica. Reeve.

scitula, A. Adams.

sculptilis. Reeve.

semifasciata. Lam.

semisculpta, Adams and Reeve.

solitaria, C. B. Adams.

spicata, Reeve.

Suluensis, Adams and Reeve.

torulosa, Kien.

turricula, A. Adams.

turriger, Reeve.

vibex, A. Adams.

zelotypa, Reeve.

Sub-gen. pusia, Swainson.

Shell ovate, more or less longitudinally ribbed or nodulous ;
spire often thick, obtuse ; outer lip thickened, often reflected

Adamsonii, Gray.
affinis, Reeve.
alveolata. Reeve.
amabilis, Reeve.
analogica, Reeve.
aureolata, Reeve.
Capensis, Dkr.
cavea, Reeve.
cimelium. Reeve.

cinerea, Reeve.
concinna. Reeve.
consanguinea, Reeve.
coriacea, Reeve.
crocata. Reeve.
crocea, Reeve.
Cumingii, Reeve.
dermestina, Lam.
dichroa, Adams and Reeve.

VOL

178

MITRING.

encausta, Gould.
ficulina, Lam.
fidicula, Gould.
flavescens, Reeve.
glandiformis, Reeve.
his trio, Reeve.
lachryma, Reeve.
lauta, Reeve.
leucodesma, Reeve.
lota, Reeve.
luculeuta, Reeve.
mica, Reeve.
muriculata, Lam.
nodosa. Swains.
nodulifera, A. Adams.
nucleola, Lam.

pardalis, Kust.
patriarchialis, Chem.
pinguis. Reeve.
porphyretica, Reeve.
puella, Reeve.
pyramidalis, Reeve.
rosea, Brod.
rubra, Brod.
Savignii, Payr.
semiferrugiuea, Jonas.
speciosa. Reeve.
tuberosa, Reeve.
turben, Reeve.
tusa, Reeve.
variata. Reeve.
venustula, Reeve.

Sub-gen. callithea, Swainson.

Shell with longitudinal, linear ribs crossed with transverse
bands and strise, last whorl narrowed anteriorly; spire nearly
equal in length to the aperture; aperture with the internal
channel nearly obsolete.

acuminata, Chem.
acupicta, Reeve.
crebrilirata, Reeve.
Hainillei, Petit.
macrospira, A. Adams.
obeliscus, Reeve.

polita, Reeve.
rubricata. Reeve.
sanguisuga, Linn.
Stainforthii, Reeve.
subulata, Lam.
Zebuensis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. thala, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, cancellated ; spire as long as the aperture, last
whorl attenuated, recurved; outer lip straight in the middle,
thickened, lirate internally, and with a slight sinus at the hind
part.

exilis, Reeve.
gratiosa. Reeve.
milium, Reeve.

mirifica, Reeve.
recurva, Reeve.

CYLINDRA. 179

Sub-gen. ziba, H. and A. Adams.

Spire acuminate, wborls smooth, subnodose or keeled ; inner

lip with the callus defined ; outer lip sometimes thickened in the
middle.

apicata, Reeve. peculiaris. Reeve.

carinata, Sivains. ' Senegalensis, Reeve.

micans, Reeve. typha, Reeve.

Genus CYLINDRA, Schumacher.

Shell oliviform, subcylindrical; spire elevated, conical;
aperture linear; columella straight, with several oblique
plaits anteriorly ; outer lip thickened, crenulated.

IJa^. C. nucea, Meuschen, pi. 19, fig. 5. Shell, C. cre-
nulata, Lamarck, fig. 5, a.

There is no operculum on the foot of the animal,
which in every essential resembles that of Mitra : the
species are principally found crawling on sandy patches
among coral reefs, inside the barrier.

Species of Cylindra.

crenulata, Lain. ornata, Schub.

dactylus, Linn. punctata, Sivains.

fenestrata, Lam. Sinensis, Reeve.

glans, Reeve. undulosa. Reeve.

nucea, Meiisch. vultuosa, Reeve.
obesa, Reeve.

ISO MITRINiE.

Sub-gen. swAINso^'IA, H. and A. Adams (Mitrella, Swains.,

not Risso).

Shell oliviform, smooth, polished, sometimes covered with an
epidermis, last whorl anteriorly obtuse, expanded; spire nearly
or quite equal to the aperture ; columella with a few oblique
plaits ; outer lip smooth internally.

bicolor, Swains. Isevis, A. Adams.

casta. Swains. Mariae, A. Adams.

filum, Wood. ocellata, Stvains.

fissurata, Lam. zephyra, Recluz.

fusca, Sivains. zonata, Marry att.
incisa, Adams and Reeve.

Genus IMBRICARIA, Schumacher.

Shell coniform, often covered with an epidermis; spire
depressed, apex mucronate ; aperture linear; columella
straight, with numerous transverse imbricate plates in the
middle ; outer lip thickened and sometimes crenulate.

Syn. Conohelix, Sicains.

Ex. I. olivaeformis, Siaainson, pi. 19, fig. 6. Shell,
1. conus, Chemnitz, fig. 6, a. .

The species of this genus have much the same habits
as those of Cylindra, being found chiefly in sandy spots
among coral reefs; those with an epidermis, as /. conns,
have been found buried in black mud in Mangrove
swamps by one of the authors.

Species of Imbricana.

bacillum, ham. citrina. Reeve.

carbonaria, Hinds. couica, Schum.

COLUxMBELLIN/E. 181

conus, Chem. truucata, Kien.

muricata, Brod. Vanikorensis, Quoy and Oaim.

olivseformis, Swains. virgo, Swains.
ossea, Reeve.

Sub-fam. COLUMBELLINJE.

Head elongated; eyes near the outer bases of the ten-
tacles ; foot anteriorly produced. Shell usually covered
with an epidermis; inner lip anteriorly toothed or tuber-
cled; outer lip gibbous in the middle or at the hind
part.

The lingua] dentition of this sub-family seems to re-
semble that of the Muricida and Buccbiidce, with which
famiUes it should, perhaps, be united.

Genus COLUMBELLA, Lamarck.

Shell ovate-oblong, triangular or fusiform; spire acute
at the apex; aperture long, narrow, contracted in the
middle ; inner lip curved, crenulated or denticulated ;
outer lip dentate, gibbous, thickened in the middle.

Syn. Columbus, Montf. Peristera, Rajin.

Ex. C. fulgurans, Lamarck^ pi. 19, fig. 7. C. (Mi-
trella) sertularia, UOrUgmj, fig. 7, a. Operculum, C.
fulgurans, fig. 7, h, 7,c. Shell, CmeYcatorm, Limi (Pits j
fig. 7, d.

The species of Columbella are pretty little variegated
shells, and very numerous. The animal resembles that
of Mitra, and is found in the same localities as the
species of Strigatella, crawling on the surface of sand-
flats in shallow water, or living on stony beaches, where
they sometimes congregate about and under stones in

182

COLUMBELLINj;.

considerable numbers. They are widely distributed,
being inhabitants of the East and West Indies, South
America, California, Australia, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Columbella.

ambigua, Kien.
auacteola, Duel.
azora, Duel.
bidentata, Mke.
Boviiiii, Kien.
castanea, Sow.
conspicua, C. B. Adams.
cornea, Kien.
coronata, Duel.
fabula, Sow.
fasciata, Sow.
festiva, Kien.
formosa, Gash.
fulgurans, ham.
fustigata, Kien.
hfemastoma, Sow.
harpjeformis, Sow.
labiosa, Sow.
leutiginosa, Hinds.
luteola, Kien.
major, Sow.
meleagris. Dud.
mercatoria, Linn.
modesta, Kien.

nucleus, Kien.
ocellata, Link.
Paytensis, Less.
pardalina, Lam.
phasinola, Duel.
Pleei, Kien.
pulchella, Kien.
rasolia. Duel.
reticulata, Lam.
rustica, Linn.
scripta, Lam.
spongiarum. Duel.
strombiformis, Lam.
tessellata, C. B. Adams.
tumida, Dxicl.
turturina. Lam.
Tyleri, Gray.
uncinata. Sow.
uvania, Duel.
varians, Sow.
vulpecula, Soiv.
xiphitella, Duel.
Yoldina, Duel.

Sub-gen. nitidella, Swainson.

Shell ovate, smooth ; columella with one or two slight folds at
the fore part ; outer lip slightly thickened and inflexed.

baccata. Gash.
Broderipii, Sow.

cerealis, Mke.
dichroa, Sow.

COLUMBELLA.

183

Kraussii, Sow.
laevigata, Liivi.
leucostoma, Gask.
mitrula, Dkr.

nitida, Lam.
parvula, Dkr.
pulchrior, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, Sow.

Sub-gen. alia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, smooth, covered with an epidermis; spire mo-
derate ; aperture ovate ; inner lip finely crenate ; outer lip with
the margin thickened, not callous in the middle, lirate internally.

carinata, Hinds.
castanea, Gould.
gausapata, Gould.

Hindsii, Gask.
unicolor, Soiv.
unifasciata, Soiv.

Sub-gen. mitrella, Risso (not Swains.).

Shell fusiform; spire elevated, acute, whorls smooth; colu-
mella simple, or with a few tubercles anterioi'ly ; outer lip simple
or crenate within.

achatina, Soic.
adiastina, Duel.
albina, Kien.
austrina," Gask.
buccinoides, Soiv.
Californiaua, Gask.
chrisopis. Duel.
cribraria, La7n.
Crossiana, Reeluz.
denticulata, Soiv.
flexuosa, Brug.
Gervillii, Paijr.
idaliua, Duel.
impolita. Sow.

intexta, Gask.
lactea, Duel.
ligula. Duel.
lutea, Quoy.
nympha, Duel.
pulla, Gask.
scripta, Linn.
semiconvexa. Lam.
sertularia, D'Orb.
tamelina, Duel.
Ticaoiiis, Sow.
valveta, Duel.
zebra, Gray.

184

COLUMBELLIN.E.

Sub-geu. ATiLiA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform; spire elevated, acute, whorls longitudinally
plicate, the body- whorl abruptly constricted at the fore part ;
outer lip straight, contracted anteriorly.

conspersa. Gash.
contaminata, Oask.
exilis, Phil.
gracilis, C.B. Adams.

jaspidea, Soiv.
puella. Sow.
suffusa. Sow.

Sub-gen. anachis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately-fusiform ; spire elevated, whorls longitudinally
ribbed; aperture narrow; columella straight; outer lip somewhat
rectilinear, crenate internally.

acleonta, Duel.
atomella. Duel.
atramentaria, Sow.
azora, Duel.
catenata. Sow.
cancellata, Gask.
costellata, Sow.
costulata, C. B. Adams.
decussata. Sow.
diminuta, C. B. Adams.
decipiens, C. B. Adams.
electona, Duel.
fluctuata, Sow.
fulva, Sow.
Guildingii, Sow.
gutturosa, Duel.
hordacea, Phil.
interrupta, Gask.
ionida, Duel.
iodostoma, Gask.
kirostra. Duel.
lachryma, Sow.

lepida, Duel.
lyrata, Duel.
miser, Sow.
mcEsta, C. B. Adams.
naxia, Mke.
nigricans. Sow.
obesa, C. B. Adams.
Pacifica, Gask.
pallida, Phil.
parva. Sow.
pygmaea, Soiv.
rugosa, Sow.
rugulosa. Sow.
scalarina. Sow.
spadicea, Phil.
sulcosa, Sow.
suturalis, Gray.
tseniata, Phil.
Terpsichore, Leathes.
varia, Sow.
varicosa, Gask.

PYREiXE. 185

Genus pyrene, Bolten.

Shell mitra- shaped, fusiform; spire equal to, or longer
than, the aperture, whorls tumid ; outer lip slightly gib-
bous above, contracted below, margin not inflected,
striated within; inner lip terminating in an elevated
ridge, but with the teeth obsolete.

Syn. Conidea, Swains.

Ex. P. semipunctata, Lamarck, pi, 19, fig. 8. Shell,
P. aui'ea. Martini, fig. 8, a.

The animal of this genus, according to the observation
of one of the authors, bears the eyes about midway on
the outer side of the tentacles ; the shells are more or
less raitriform, and the outer lip is not gibbous in the
middle.

Species of Pyrene.

aspersa, Sow. ovulata, Lam.

aurea, Mart. ovuloicles, C. B. Adams.

concinua, Brod. rubicuudula, Quoy.

lugubris, Kien. semipunctata, Lam.

macrostoma, Anton. splendidula, Sow.

marmorata, Gray. tringa, Lam.

obscura, Son\ uudata, Duel.

obtusa, Sow. zelina, Duel.

Sub-gen. CONELLA, Swainson.

Shell smooth, conic; aperture linear; inner lip smooth; outer
lip striated internally, not thickened in the middle.

coniformis. Sow. Dupontii, Kien.

dormitor, Sow. picata, Swains.

dubia, Sow. Philippinarum, Reeve.

VOL. I. B B

18G

COLUMBELLTN^.

Genus STROMBINA, Morch.

Shell fusifonn, tuvreted; spire acuminate, whorls gib-
bose, often nodulous; aperture elongate, narrow; inner
lip with a large thickened callus; outer lip thickened,
sinuated posteriorly; canal produced, somewhat re-
curved.

Ex. S. gibberula, Sowerhy, pi. 19, fig. 9.

This genus comprises an assemblage of fusiform species
of shells with gibbous whorls, thick and sinuated outer
lips, and somewhat produced and recurved canals.

Species of Strombina.

angularis, Soiv.
australis, Gask.
bicanalifera, Sow.
blanda, Sow.
clavulus, Sow.
dorsata, Sow.
elegans, Sow.
fusiformis, Hinds.
gibberula, Sow.
gibbosula, Brod.

Haneti, Petit.
hirundo, Gask.
lanceolata, Kien.
maculosa, Sotv.
nivea. Sow.
pavonina. Hinds.
pulclierrima Soiv.
recurva. Sow.
turrita, Soiv.

Genus AMYCLA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell bucciniform, smooth, solid, variegated ; aperture
ovate ; columella simple, truncate at the fore part ; inner
lip with a thick, defined callus ; outer lip arcuated, crenate
internally.

Si/n. Nassa, sp. Auct.

E,%\ A. corniculum, Olivi, pi. 19, fig. 10.

These mollasks have small variegated bucciniform

ENGINA. 187

shells, but with an animal resembling that of Coliimbella ;
some of the species have been referred to Nassa; the
A. corniculu?n is the Buccinum fasciolatum of Lamarck.

Species of A^nycla.

conspersa, Phil. Pfeifferi, Phil.

corniculum, Oliv. punctata, Kien.

dermestoidea, Lam. tseniata, Adams and Reeve.
Haldemanni, Dkr.

Sub-gen. astyris, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform, thin ; spire acuminate, whorls smooth
or transversely striated ; aperture oval ; inner lip simple, not cal-
lous; outer lip thin, sinuated posteriorly, lirate internally.

avara, Say. pulchella, Blainv.

avena, Phil. rosacea, Goidd.

clausiHformis, Kien. sagitta, Gask.

dissimilis, Stimp. secaliua, Phil.

Gouldiana, A(jass. tenuis, Gask.

lactea, Sow. Turnbullii, Linsl.

limata. Say. iinifascialis, Lain.

marquesa, Gask. valga, Gould.

nux, Reeve. Veatleyi, Dekay.

Genus ENGINA, Gray.

Shell ovate-conic ; spii'e acuminate, whorls with trans-
verse nodulous bands or ribs; aperture linear, concave,
with several broad oblique plaits in front ; outer lip
thickened, internally toothed, gibbous and grooved pos-
teriorly.

Ex. E. pyrostoma, Sowerhy, pi. 19, fig. 11.

The shells of this genus partake of the character of

188

MAEGINELLID/E.

Sistrum and of Cohimhella, to both of which genera they
have been refeiTed; they are small and pretty shells,
ornamented with coloured nodulous bands.

Species of Engina.

acuminata, Reeve.
alveolata, Kien.
armillata, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
bicatenata, Reeve.
carboiiaria, Reeve.
coucinua, Reeve.
contracta, Reeve.
crocostoma, Reeve.
deformis, Reeve.
echinata, Reeve.
eximia, Reeve.
ferruginosa, Reeve.
forticostata, Reeve.

histrio, Reeve.
lauta, Reeve.
lineata, Reeve.
ocellata, Reeve.
parva, Reeve.
porphyrostoma, Reeve,
pulchra, Reeve.
pyrostoma, Sow.
recurva, Reeve.
rutila, Reeve.
trifasciata, Reeve.
turbiuella, Kien.
zonata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. pusiostoma, Swainson.

Shell ovate, with the inner lip convex between the granular
teeth; outer lip greatly thickened and toothed iu tlie middle.

albinodosa, Gask.
chlorostoma, Soiv.
Duclosiana, Sou\

mendicaria, ham.
pisolina, Lam.

Fam. MARGINELLID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane broad and lunate, with
many conical, rather distant dentations, being very simi-
lar to those of Voluta. Tentacles close together at the
base ; eyes above the base, or near the middle of the

ERATO. 189

tentacles. Mantle with expanded side-lobes covering
the shell; siphon elongate, simple at the base. Foot
large, truncate in front, produced behind.

Operculum none.

Shell porcellanous, polished, with distinct plaits on the
columella ; outer lip with the margin thickened, or with a
marginal callus.

The organization of the animals of this family is more
in accordance with that of the Volutes than with that of
the Cowries, although the form of the shells would seem
to justify their having been sometimes associated with the
latter. The mantle-margin is developed as in the Cy-
pneidce, and produces the porcellanous appearance of the
shells, but there are distinct plaits on the columellar lip.

Genus erato, Risso.

Shell obovate, polished, or rarely, covered with tuber-
cles ; spire short, conical, distinct ; aperture, narrow,
linear ; outer lip thickened towards the middle, denticu-
late within; columella with distinct plaits at the fore part.

Ea;. E. laevis, Donovan, pi. 20, fig. 1. Shell, E. lavis,
fig. 1, a.

The pretty little shells comprising this genus have been
indifferently referred both to Marginellana and to Cyprcca ;
from the former, however, they differ in not having the
marginal varix, and from the latter in the plaits on the
columella, and in the outer lip.

190 MARGINELLID^.

Sj^ecies of Erato.

angiostoma, Sow. laevis, Donov.

gallinacea, Hinds. Maugeriae, Gray.

guttula, Sow. scabriuscula, Gray.

callosa, Adams and Reeve. sulcifera, Sow.

columbella, Mke. vitulina, Hinds.
lacbryma, Sow.

Genus MARGINELLA, Lamarck.

Shell ovately oblong, smooth, polished; spire short or
concealed ; aperture elongated, truncated in front ; colu-
mella plicate; outer lip with a thick marginal varix.

Syn. Porcellana, Adans., not Rumpli. or Klein. Dac-
tylus, Humph.., not Klein. Pterygia, Link. Phgenospira,
Hinds. Marginellarius, Dumeril. Marginellus, Montf.

Ex. M. diadochus, Adams and Reeve, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Shell, M. glabella, LinncBus, fig. 2, a.

The species are remarkable for the brilliancy and
variety of their markings ; they are very numerous along
the shores of Africa, where they inhabit the clear sands,
in somewhat shallow water; they glide along rapidly, and
when seen in full activity are objects of singular interest
and beauty.

Species of Marginella.

aurantia, Lam. nivosa, Hinds.

fulmiuata, Kien. piperita, Hinds.

glabella, Linn. Poucheti, Petit.

guttata, Billw. pyrulata, Redf.

irrorata, Mke. pyruui, Meusch.

labiata, Valenc. Saulcyana, Petit.

lineatolabrmn, Gask. spleiiclens, Sow.

mosaica, Sow. uutlulata, Mart.

MARGINELLA.

191

Sub-gen. glabella, Swainson.

Volutiform ; spire more or less conic, well-developed; pillar
with basal plaits ; inner lip obsolete ; outer lip thick, toothed or
crenate, rarely smooth.

Adansonii, Kien.
albocincta, Sow.
arenaria, Yoldi.
Belcheri, Hinds.
Bellii, Sow.
bifasciata, Lam.
Chemnitzii, Dillw.
Cleryi, Petit.
Cumingiana, Petit.
faba, Linn.
festiva, Kien.
formiculata, Lam.
Goodallii, Sow.
Guillaini, Petit,
hsematitia, Kien.
harpscformis. Sow.
helmatina, Rang.

intermedia, Sow.
limbata. Lam.
liturata, Mke.
margarita, Kien.
marginata, Kien.
muscaria, Lam.
musica, Hinds.
nodata, Hinds.
nubeculata, Lam.
obtusa. Sow.

onychina, Adams and Reeve.
Petitii, Duval.
pseudofaba, Sow.
Reeveana, Petit.
scripta, Hinds.
striata. Sow.

Sub-gen. prunum, Martini.

Shell oval; spire slightly prominent; inner lip very much
developed, and forming a tumid rim all round the aperture.

albina, Gask.
apicina, Mke.
australis. Hinds.
carnea, Storer.
conoidalis, Kien.
curta. Sow.
crassilabrum, Sow.
evanida. Sow:
glans, Mke.

inconspicua, Sotv.
livida. Hinds.
marginata. Born.
monilis, Lam.
nivea, C. B. Adams.
pellucida, Pfeiff.
prunosa, Hinds.
pygmaea. Sow.
Sowerbyana, Petit.

192 MARGINELLIDiE.

Storeria, Couth. vesciculata, Mart.

subcserulea, Mart. vitrea, Hinds.

Terversiana, Petit. xanthostoma, March.

turbinata, Sow.

Sub-gen. Volutella, Swainson.

Bulliform, ovate-oblong ; spire either entirely, or almost, con-
cealed ; pillar with four oblique plaits at the fore part ; aperture
not striated ; outer lip smooth, thickened ; inner lip wanting.

angustata, Sow. dactylus, Lam.

bullata. Born. Largillieri, Kien.

contaminata, Gask. lilacina, Sow.

cornea, Lam. oblonga, Swains.

Sub-gen. oeyptospira, Hinds.

Spire very short, nearly obsolete ; last whorl gibbous pos-
teriorly; columella with a few strong transverse plaits; inner
lip not callous ; outer lip thickened, not crenate internally.

amygdalum, Kien. pulchra, Graij.

azona, Mke. quadrilineata, Gask.

Bernardii, Largill. quinqueplicata, Lam.

blauda, Hinds. sapotilla. Hinds.

cincta, Kien. Saulise, Sow.

chrysomelina, Redf. tricincta, Hinds.

diadochus, Adams and Reeve. undulata, Citem.

elegans, Gmel. ventricosa, Fisch.
ovulum, Sow.

Genus persicula, Schumacher.

Shell oval ; spire small, depressed ; aperture linear,
eraarginate anteriorly and posteriorly ; inner lip with a

PERSICULA.

193

callosity at the hind part; columella straight, with four
large plaits, and posteriorly some smaller and more obso-
lete folds; outer lip simple.

Syn. Marginella, Link., not Lam.

Ex. P. carneola, Chiaje, pi. 20, fig. 3. Shell, P. fas-
ciata, Martini, fig. 3, a.

In Persicula the outer lip is not margined externally,
the inner lip is transversely plaited, and there is a callus
at the hind part.

Species of Persicula.

avellana, Lam.
carceola, Chiaje.
catenata, Mat. and Rack.
Duchon, Adans.
fasciata, Mart.
fluctuata, C. B. Adams.
frumentum, Sow.
guttata, Link.
Hainesi, Petit.
imbricata, Hinds.
interruptolineata, Mnhlf.

Kieneiiaiia, Petit.
maculosa, Kien.
naultilineata, Sow.
obesa, Hedf.
pudica, Gask.
pulchella, Kien.
pulcherrima, Gask.
sagittata, Hinds.
Swainsoniana, Petit.
tessellata, Lam.

Sub-gen. gibberula, Swainson.

Shell suboval ; spire slightly prominent ; outer lip posteriorly
dilated and gibbous ; columella with plaits at the fore part ;
inner lip broad, spreading.

clandestina, Brong.
grana, Phil.
guanacha, D'Orb.
miliaria, Linn.
minor, C. B. Adams.
minuta, Pfeijf.

monilis, Linn.
muralis, Hinds.
phrygia, Sow.
rufula, Gask.
zonata, Brug.

VOL. I.

C C

1 94 MARGINELLID.E

Genus PACllYBATHRON, Gaskoin.

Shell subcylindrical, striated longitudinally; spire flat,
volutions perceptible ; aperture narrow, channelled pos-
teriorly; columella with strong, distant denticulations at
the fore part; inner lip with a broad, thick, flat callus
extending the entire length of the shell, transversely
strongly grooved; outer lip thick, denticulate internally.

Ex. P. cassidiforme, Gaskoin, pi. 20, fig. 4.

The curious little shells forming this genus most re-
semble species of Persiciila, but the callus of the inner
lip is very much developed and furnished with strong
transverse grooves.

Species of Pachybathron.
cassidiforme, Ga.^k. marginelloideum, Gask.

Genus VOLVARIA, Lamarck.

Shell subcylindrical, semipelliicid; spire short, obso-
lete; aperture narrow, anteriorly dilated; columella si-
nuous in front, subflexuous, obliquely truncated, and with
four oblique plaits; outer lip slightly thickened, but with-
out a marginal varix.

Syn. Hyalina, Schmn., not Gray. Volvarius, Montf.

Ex. V. triticea, Lamarck, pi. 20, fig. 5. Shell, V.
pellucida, Schumacher, fig. 5, a.

The Volvaria of Lamarck appears to be restricted to
one recent species, having the spire short and the outer
lip only slightly thickened; the sub-genus Volvarina,
however, is numerous in species.

DOLIID.E. 195

Sub-gen. volvartna, Hinds (Hj^alina, Gray, not Schum,).

Shell subcylindrical ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture linear ;

columella plicate anteriorly ; outer lip externally thickened,
forming a slight marginal varix.

Albanyaua, Gask. micans, Petit.

Capensis, Kraitss. neglecta, Sow.

cylindrica, Brown. nitida. Hinds.

Delessertiana, Reclaz. olivaeformis, Klen.

Dunkeri, Krauss. oryza, Lara.

fasciata, Sow. pallida, Linn.

fauna, Sow. Philippinarum, Redf.

fusca, Soiv. punctulata. Petit.

fusiformis, Hinds. rubella. Sow.

gracilis, C. B. Adams. serrata, Gask.

Hindsiana, Petit. tfeniata, Sow.

inflexa, Sow. triplicata, Gask.

lactea, Kien. triticea. Lam.

Lavalleaua, D'Orb. zonata. Lam.

Fam. DOLIID.E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in seven rows (3'1 3),
central generally toothed, lateral in three series, con-
verging, the inner often broad, the two outer subulate, ver-
satile. Mantle enclosed, the siphon recurved. Foot small.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, ventricose; whorls with transverse ribs; aper-
ture with an oblique notch in front.

M. Deshayes notices a curious fact in the habits of
Dolimn, which he states swells out the foot, when it
desires to swim, with an enormous quantity of water, im-
bibed through certain pores, and in this condition pro-
gresses.

196 DOLIID.E.

Genus DOLIUM, Browne.

Shell thin, roundly oval, ventricose, inflated ; spire
small ; whorls transversely furrowed ; aperture very large,
with a short posteriorly reflected canal; inner lip thin,
widely expanded ; outer lip fimbriated or crenated.

Syn. Perdix, Mo?itf. Galea, Mart. Dolites, Klug.
Cassida, Lang, not Linn. Tonna, Brunn.

Ex. D. oleariura, Unnceus, pi. 20, fig. 6. Shell, D.
olearium, fig. 6, a.

The " Tuns,'' as they are sometimes called, known by
their large, light, ventricose shells with transverse ribs or
furrows, are found in the Mediterranean, Ceylon, China,
Australia, and the Pacific.

Species of Doliwn.

amphora, Phil. lactescens, Mart.

australe, Chem. melanostoma, Jay.

cassis, Bolt. olearium, Linn.

Cumingii, Hanley. pennatum, Mart.

Deshayesii, Beeve. perdix, Linn.

fasciatum, Mart. tessellatum, Lam.

galea, Linn. zonatum, Green.

Genus CADIlJM, Link.

Shell ovately globose, thick, with transverse elevated
ribs; aperture ringent; columella with numerous trans-
verse plaits, or with callous prominences; outer lip thick-
ened, greatly reflected, and plicately dentate.

Syn. Malea, Valenciennes.

RINGICULA. 197

Ex. C. pomum, Linnceiis, pi. 20, fig. 7. Shell, C.
ringens, Swainson, fig. 7, a.

Cadiiwi, consisting of but few species, differs from
Dolum principally in its solid structure and ringent
aperture; its outer lip, moreover, is strongly toothed,
thickened, and reflected.

Species of Cadiiim.

clentatum, Barnes. ringens, Stvains.

pomum, Linn.

Genus RINGICULA, Deshayes.

Shell small, ventricose, smooth or transversely sti'iated ;
spire small ; aperture with an oblique notch in front ;
columella callous, strongly plicated; outer lip thickened
and reflected, with a marginal callus.

Syn. Auriculina, Gratel., not Gray. Auricularia, De
la Be die.

Ex. R. buccinea, DesJiayes, pi. 20, fig. 8.

From an examination of the animal in spirits, it ap-
pears that the eyes are on the outer bases of subulate
tentacles, and that the foot is unprovided with an oper-
culum. Many allied fossil genera are of much larger size
than the existing species of Rinyicula, and approach even
still closer, in the character of the shell, to the other
members of this family.

Species of -Ringicula.

acuta, Phil. exserta, Hinds.

australis, Hinds. grandinosa, Hinds.

buccinea, Desk. propinquans, Hinds.
caron, Hinds.

198 SYCOTYPID^.

Fam. SYCOTYPID.^.

Tongue with the lachis unidentate, pkiraj with three
uncini (S'l'S), forming seven rows of teeth on the lingual
membrane. Tentacles subulate, with the eyes at their
outer bases. Mantle produced on each side, covering the
shell ; siphon straight, elongated. Foot thin, simple, pro-
duced posteriorly.

Operculum none.

Shell ventricose, thin, transversely ribbed and cancel-
lated; aperture with a straight canal in front.

The animals of this group crawl very rapidly, bearing
their light, elegantly-formed shells easily, and, with their
neck stretched out, their siphon exserted, and their foot
greatly expanded, present remarkable objects of con-
templation to the malacozologist.

Genus SYCOTYPUS, Browne.

Shell pyriform, light, veutricose, ribbed and cancellated;
spire very short; aperture large; columella simple; canal
straight, elongated; outer lip thin, entire.

Syn. Ficus, Bolt., not Linn. Pyrula (part). Lam.
Ficula, Swains. Otus, Risso.

Ex. S. ficus, Linn(BUS, pi. 21, fig. 1. Shell, S. Dusu-
mieri, Valenciennes, fig. 1 , a.

The Sycotypi are delicately-tinted creatures, being
generally flesh-coloured, with faint, marbled, crimson and
pink markings; their eyes are large and black, and their
long flat heads and necks usually white.

VELUTINIDiE. 199

Species of Sycotyjms.

decussatus, Wood. ficus, Lmn.

Dusumieri, Valenc. gracilis, Phil.

ficoides, Lam. reticulatus, Lam.

Fam. VELUTINID.^.

Tongue armed with a single series of broad, hooked,
serrated teeth, flanked on each side by a triple row of
laterals, the two outer rows being simple, and the inner
row broad, hooked, and serrated. Head broad ; ten-
tacles subulate, blunt, far apart, with the eyes on pro-
minences at their outer bases. Mantle with the margin
developed all round, and more or less reflexed over the
shell. Foot lai'ge and oblong.

Operculum none.

Shell ear-shaped ; aperture wide, entire in front.

The operculigerous lobe in this family is developed, in
common with the lateral and anterior portions of the
mantle, so as to be capable of being reflexed over the
sides of the shell.

Genus VELUTINA, Fleming.

Shell thin, covered with a velvety epidermis, volutions
few, last whorl ventricose, large; spire small, obtuse, sub-
marginal, suture deep; aperture very large, patulous,
entire ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Galericulum, Brown.

Ex. V. laevigata, Linn<Bus, pi. 21, fig. 2. Shell, V.
laevigata, fig. 2, a.

200 LAMELLARIIDiE.

The Velutinidce are strictly marine, being met with
sometimes far out at sea, and at considerable depths.
Usually, however, they are found living on stones near
low-water mark. They are principally inhabitants of
northern seas, and are not very numerous in species.

Sjwcies of Velutina.

capuloidea, Blainv. laevigata, Linn.

coriacea, Pallas. Sitkensis, A. Adams.

cryptospira, Midd.

Sub-gen. limneria, H. and A. Adams.

Shell solid, semiglobose, subspiral ; aperture wide, expanded,
extending posteriorly beyond the apex ; inner lip oblique, re-
flexed posteriorly, straight and acute anteriorly.

Caspiensis, H. and A. Adams. zonata, Gould.

Sub-gen. velutella. Gray.

Shell thin, flexible, pellucid, smooth, membranaceous ; spire
rather elevated; aperture oblong; columella flexuous.

plicatilis, Miill.

Fam. LAMELLARIID.E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three or seven series,
the central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth
simple, curved. Tentacles separated at their bases, and
bearing the sessile eyes at their origin externally. Mantle
included, lining the shell. Foot oblong, obtusely quad-
rate in front, rounded behind ; hind or operculigerous

LAMELLARIA. 201

lobe greatly developed, entirely covering and concealing
the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, spiral, covered by the hind lobe of the foot.

The part of the animal which conceals the shell is
usually regarded as the mantle ; it appears, however, to
be more analogous to the operculigerous lobe of some of
the Naticidce, which more or less encroaches on the hind
portion of the shell, and in one genus, Caiinus, entirely
conceals it.

Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu.

? Mantle convex, arcuated, thick, tubercular, anterior
fold median.

Shell spiral, thin, pellucid; spire tumid, small; columella
greatly receding ; apei'ture very large, entire.

Syn. Marsenia, Leach. Sigaretia, Rajin. Oxinoe,
CoutJi.

Ex. L. tuberculosa, H. and A. Adams, pi. 21, fig. 3,
3, a. Shell, L. perspicua, Linudeus, fig. 3, h.

The figure of the animal given is taken from a specimen
in spirits, in Mr. Cuming's collection, and appears to be
an undescribed species.

Species of Lamellaria.

antarctica, Couth. preetenuis, Couth.

glacialis, Sars. tuberculosa, H. and A. Adams.

perspicua, Linn.

VOL. I. DO

203 LAMELLARIIDTK.

Genus CRYPTOCELLA, H. and A.Adams.

? Mantle depressed, subvervucose or smooth, anterior
fold median.

Shell thin, pellucid, calcareous; spire small; aperture
very large, patulous; inner lip receding.

Sy7i. Lamellaria, sp. Mont.

Ex. C. latens, Milller, pi. 21, fig. 4, 4, a. Shell,
C. tentaculata, Montagu, fig. 4, 6.

This form differs from Lamellaria in the back not
being tubercled, and in the position of the eyes ; it has
not the fissure on the back described as peculiar to M.
prodita by Dr. Loven. The shell is more calcareous
than that of Lamellaria.

Species of Cryptocella.
latens, Midi. tentaculata, Mont.

Genus MARSENINA, Gray.

Teeth, central (1), lateral (3 3), hooked, equal. > Mantle
depressed, very thin or fissured on the back, subverrucose ;
anterior fold subsinistral, and the lateral canal dextral.

Shell elongated, opaque; spire minute; outer lip some-
what straight.

Si/n. Lamellaria, sp. Loven.

Ex. M.' prodita, Loven.

This genus differs from the others of the family in the
mantle (? operculigerous lobe) being fissured down the
back.

NATICID.E. 203

Genus CORIOCELLA, Blainville.

? Mantle deeply fissured and bilobed in front, the sur-
face depressed and covered with numerous hexagonal
tubercles.

Shell spiral, calcareous, ear-shaped, thin, subopaque ;
spire short, whorls rounded, last whorl large; aperture
patulous.

Syn. Sigaretus, Cuvier^ not Lam. Cryptothyra,
IMenke. Chelinotus, Swains.

Ex. C. nigra, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 21, fig. 5, 5, a.
Shell, C. nigra, fig. 5, b.

The animal figured is very large, and entirely of a black
colour; it is a native of the Island of Tonga; a species,
of which the animal is also black and the shell very
similar, is found in the Philippine Archipelago, and
another, C. Ophione, is from Australia and New Zealand.

Species of Coriocella.
nigra, Quoy a>td Gaim. Ophione, Gray.

Fam. NATICID.E.

Animal bulky. Tongue short, with seven rows of teeth
(3T"3), consisting of a quadrate, broad-based, central
tooth, flanked by three laterals on each side. Head small ;
tentacles lanceolate, wide apart, united by a veil; eyes
usually absent, or very minute and placed beneath the ten-
tacular veil. Mantle enclosed. Foot very large and ex-
panded, rounded at both ends, much produced in front,

204 NATICIDiR.

where it is furnished with a fold which covers the head and
tentacles ; operculigerous lobe very ample, reflexed upon
and partially concealing the sides and back of the shell.

Operculum distinct, spiral, few-whorled.

Shell spiral, usually smooth or polished, more or less
globular; aperture semilunar, sometimes very large.

The existence of a large operculigerous lobe is a
remarkable feature in this family, and serves, at once,
to distinguish it ; in the polished Mmnma it nearly
covers, and in Catitms is extended quite across, the
shell. The size of the operculum in this group seems
not to depend upon that of the mouth of the shell, being-
most developed in those genera which have a contracted
aperture, and smallest in those where the mouth is wide ;
thus, in Catinus it is horny and rudimentary ; in Ruma
horny, but large; and in Natica ample and calcareous.
The eggs of the Naticidce are agglutinated into broad,
subspiral bands, very slightly attached, and resting on
the sands. These animals are carnivorous and very pre-
daceous, feeding on the smaller bivalves, in which they
bore circular holes to extract the flesh.

Genus NATICA, Adanson.

Animal entirely retractile within the shell.

Operculum horny, with a calcareous outer layer.

Shell subglobose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semi-
lunar; columella adherent to, and spirally contorted in,
the umbilicus; apex more or less dilated and truncate,
more rarely convex or rounded.

Si/n. Naticus, Montf. Lunatus, Humph. Nacca,
Risso. Cochlis, Bolt. Naticarius, Diim.

NATICA.

205

Ex. N. maculosa, Lamarck, pi. 22, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, N. canrena, Linn(Bus, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, N.
canrena, fig. 1, c.

The animals of this genus crawl quickly, and, when
contracted, entirely enter their shell, which they close with
their shelly operculum. They live in sandy places, hiding
imder the surface and burrowing after bivalves, which they
pierce with the siliceous teeth of their lingual mem-
brane, sucking the juices through their long, retractile
proboscis; when they crawl they leave deep traces behind
them. They are found in all parts of the globe, though
the larger and more showy species are tropical; they have
been observed to range from low-water to ninety fathoms.

Species of Natica.

Adansonii, Phil.
afiinis, Busch.
alapapilionis, Chem.
arachnoidea, Gmel.
areolata, Recluz.
Broderipiana, Recluz.
Cailliaudi, Recluz.
canrena, Linn.
catenata, Phil.
Cayennensis, Recluz.
Chinensis, Larn.
cincta, Recluz.
cinnamomea, Mice.
clausa, Brod. and Sow.
collaria. Lam.
Colliei, Recluz.
cruentata, Gmel.
dilecta, Qoidd.
Dillwynii, Paijr.
elegans, Recluz.

Elense, Recluz.
euzona, Recluz.
Fanel, Adans.
filosa, Phil.
Forskalii, Cheni.
fulgurans, Recluz.
Gambiae, Recluz.
globosa, Chem.
gracilis, Recluz.
Gualteriana, Pieclu^
Guillemini, Payr.
Ilaneti, Recluz.
hebraea. Mart.
intricata, Donov.
iostoma, Mice.
labrella, Lam.
lineata, Chem.
lineolata, Phil.
lupiiia, Desh.
inacilenta, P/t/7.

206

NATICIDiE.

Mahesensis, Recluz.
Malabarica, Recluz.
maroccana, Chem.
marochiensis, Becluz.
onca, Bolt.
orientalis, Gmel.
pallens, Phil.
papilionacea, Desk.
picta, Recluz.
pygmsea, Phil.
Rizzae, Phil.
rufa, Bor7i.
rufilabris, Recluz.
solida, Blainv.

Souleytiana, Recluz.
spaclicea, Blainv.
stercus-muscarum, Chem.
tessellata, Phil.
Tournefortii, Recluz.
trifasciata, Recluz.
undata, Meusch.
unifasciata, Lam.
variolaria, Recluz.
vitellus, Linn.
vitlata, Gmel.
Zealandica, Quoij.
zebra, Chem.
zoualis, Recluz.

Sub-gen. stigmaulax, Morch.

Shell solid, subglobose, whorls rounded, sulcate or cancel-
lated ; umbilicus with a spiral funiculus. Operculum calcareous,
with several ridges on the outer surface.

rugosa, Chem.
semisulcata, Gray.

sulcata, Born.

Genus LUNATIA, Lamarck.

Animal entii'ely retractile within the shell.

Operculum simj^le, cartilaginous.

Shell oval, subglobose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture
semilunar; inner lip thin, or with a moderate callus ; um-
bilicus wide, pervious, not funiculate.

Si/n. Natica, Risso, not Adans.

Ex. L. monilifera, Lamarck, pi. 22, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, L. monilifera, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, L. monilifera,

fig- 2, c.

In this genus the shells are usually covered with a dark

LUNATIA.

207

epidermis ; they are not so thick and solid as the shells of
Natica ; nor is the umbilicus filled with a funiculus or
spiral callosity. The species seem to inhabit cold or tem-
perate, rather than tropical climates, which may account
for their more sombre colours; some northern forms, as
L, heros and L. herculea, attain to a very large size.

Species of Lunatia.

Alderi, Forbes.
algida, Gould.
aperta, Loven.
atrocyanea, Phil.
Buriascensis, Hecluz.
castanea, Lam.
caurina, Gould.
duplicata, Say.
fragilis, Leach.
Francisca, Recliiz.
Gallapagosa, Recluz.
globosa, King.
Grcenlandica, Beck.
herculea, Midd.
heros, Say.
immaculata, Totten.
impervia, Phil.
Janiaicensis, C. B. Adams.
lactea, Sow.
Lewisii, Gould.
livida, Lask-

melastoma, Sow.
mouilifera. Lam.
Montagui, Forbes.
nana, Moll.

pallida, Brod. and Soiv.
Panamana, Recluz.
Patagonica, Phil.
pisiformis, Recluz.
plicatula, Nutt.
plumbea, Latii.
puncticulata, Recluz.
pusilla. Say.
Piaynoldiana, Recluz.
rhodostoma, Phil.
septentrionalis, Beck.
soluta, Gould.
tenuis, Recluz.
triseriata, Say.
variabilis, Recluz.
violacea. Sow.

Sub-gen. aorybia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell globular, inflated, thin ; whorls rounded, spirally stri-
ated ; columella curved in the middle ; umbilicus covered by a
callus; outer lip very thin, flexible.

flava, Gould.

208 NATICIDyE.

Genus neverita, Risso.

Operculum simple, cartilaginous.

Shell orbicular, depressed; spire flattened; aperture
wide, semilunar; inner lip straight, callous; columella
adherent to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus, the
apex more or less dilated and truncate.

Syn. Naticaria, Swains.

Ex. N. Chemnitzii, Recluz, pi. 22, fig. 3. Operculum,
N. glaucina, Lamarck, fig. 3, «, 3, b. Shell, N. glaucina,
fig. 3, c.

In this genus the spire of the shell is depressed, the
aperture very wide, and the large umbilicus is fiiniculate
and partially concealed by a callous, tongue-shaped,
shelly process ; the operculum is horny, and nearly closes
the mouth of the shell.

Species of Neverita.

albumen, Linn. Lamarckiana, Recluz.

ampla, Phil. olla, 31. de Serr.

bicolor, Phil. papyracea, Busch.

Campechiensis, Recluz. patula, Sow.

Chemnitzii, Recluz. Peteveriana, Recluz.

conica, Lam. Philippiana, Recluz.

didyma, Phil. Reclusiana, Desh.

glaucina, Lam. unifasciata, Lam.

Incei, Phil. vesicalis, Phil.
intermedia, Recluz.

. Genus AMPULLINA, Lamarck.

Shell ventricose, imperforate; spire with the apex acute,
whorls smooth, without epidermis; aperture very wide;

RUMA. 209

inner lip with a large, smooth callns covering part of the
body-whorl and concealing the umbilicus.

Sf/?i. Globulus, Sow., not Schum. AmpuUaria, Flem.,
not Lam. Euspira, Agass. Bulbus, Brown, not Humph.
Globularia, Swains. Deshayesia, Raul. Cernina, Grai/.
Anomphala, Jonas.

Ex. A. fluctuata, Sowerhy, pi. 22, fig. 4.

The only recent species known of this genus, which
has, however, several extinct representatives, is an in-
habitant of the Philippines, where it is found in con-
cealed situations in the slimy mud of shallow bays; the
animal is very bulky and unable entirely to retract itself
within the shell; the operculum, if present, is quite rudi-
mentary.

Genus RUMA, Chemnitz.

Animal retractile within the shell.

Operculum cartilaginous, oblong, narrower than the
aperture.

Shell ovate-acute, rather thin ; spire pointed, whorls
often zoned; aperture oblong; inner lip straight, narrow,
reflexed; columella usually black or fusco-purpurescent;
umbilicus nude, pervious, not funiculate.

Syn. Mamma (part), Klein. Mamilla, Schum. Nati-
cella, Stvains.

Ex. R. mamillaris. Born, pi. 22, fig. 5. Operculum,
R. mamillaris, fig. 5, a, 5, b. Shell, R. mamillaris, fig. 5, c.

By means of its strong, well-developed, fleshy foot, the
animal of this genus readily ploughs up the yielding sand,
seeking for bivalves ; but when the tide rises, the side
lobes and hind part of the foot are expanded, and the
Ruma flaps along above the surface of the sand.

VOL. I. E E

210

NATICIDiE.

Species of Ruma.

Bahiensis, Itecluz.

bicincta, TLecluz.

bifasciata, Gray.

fibrosa, Soul.

litterata, Soul.

macrotrema, Adams and Reeve.

mamillaris, Born.

maura, Lain.

melanastomoides, Quoy.

opaca, Uecluz.

perspectiva, Uecluz.
Priamus, Recluz.
putamen, Meusch.
Samarensis, Recluz.
Sebse, Soul.
Senegalensis, Recluz.
sinnifB, Cliem.
sinnioidea, Recluz.
Zanzebarica, Recluz.

Genus mamma, Klein.

Animal entirely retractile within the shell.

Operculum large, horny, simple.

Shell ovate or subovate, solid, smooth, usually with-
out epidermis; spire small, acute, whorls simple ; aperture
semicircular; inner lip oblique, thickened, callous; umbi-
licus funiculate; columella adherent to, and spirally con-
torted in, the umbilicus, the apex more or less dilated,
convex and rounded.

Syn. Uber, Humph. Albula, Bolt. Polinices, Monif.
Mamilla, Gray, not Schnm. Eucaryum, Ehrenh. Mamil-
laria, Swains. Naticina, Guild.

Ex. M. mamilla, LimKBUs, pi. 22, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. Cumingii, Recluz, fig. 6, a, 6, b. Shell, M. mamilla,
fig. 6, c.

The animals of this peculiar type of Naticidce inhabit
clear sand and muddy sand-flats, and may be readily
taken at low-water by following the marks they leave,
when they are usually discovered concealed under little

NATICINA.

211

heaps of sand. When the animal is seen crawling, fully
expanded and undisturbed, the hind lobe of the foot
nearly covers the entire surface of the shell.

Species of Mamma.

alba, Montf.
albula, Rumph.
amiculata, Phil.
aurautia, Lam.
Bernardii, Recluz.
caudidissima, Le Gaillou.
Caribaea, Phil.
casta, Phil.
columnaris, Recluz.
Cora, B'Orh.
Cumingiana, Recluz.
Draparnaudii, Payr.
dubia, Recluz.
Flemingiaua, Recluz.
funiculata, Recluz.
fuscata, Chem.
intemerita, Phil.
mamilla, Linn.

nitida, Donov.
ochrostoma, Recluz.
pallium, Recluz.
Pauamensis, Recluz.
perspicua, Recluz.
pes-elephautis, Chem.
pox'cellanea, D'Orh.
Powisiaua, Recluz.
pyriformis, Recluz.
ravida, Soiv.
Salangonensis, Recluz.
straminea, Recluz.
Texasiana, Phil.
uberiua. Valeric.
Vavasi, Le Guillou.
vestalis, Phil.
virgiuea, Recluz.

Genus NATICINA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, tliin, ventricose; spire acuminate,
whorls transversely striated or sulcate; aperture large,
oblong; inner lip straight, thin, with a slight callosity in
the middle ; umbilicus open or partially covered.

Ex. N. papilla, Gmelin, pi. 22, fig. 7.

The species of this group seem intennediate between
Ruma and Catlnus ; they inhabit tolerably deep water,
and are usually of an uniform white colour; the animal
and operculum are not yet known.

212 NATICID^.

Species of Naticina.

acutniuata, Adams and Reeve. Linneana, Recliiz.

bilix, Gonr. mamillaris, Linn.

Desmoulinsiana, Recluz. papilla, Gmel.

Gouldiana, Recluz. sulcata, Recluz.
LamarckiaDa, Recluz.

Genus CATINUS, Klein.

Operculigerous lobe greatly developed, nearly covering
and concealing the shell.

Operculum very small and rudimentary.

Shell oval, flattened, ear-shaped, striated; spire minute,
depressed; aperture very wide, oblique; umbilicus none;
inner lip curved posteriorly, and spread thinly over the
body-whorl.

Syn. Stomatia, Hill, not Lam. Auris-Veneris, Humph.
Auriforrais, Gevers. Haliotis, Adans., not Linn. Cryp-
tostoma, Blainv.

Ex. C. Leachii, Blainville, pi. 22, fig. 8. Operculum,
C. concavus, Lamarck, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, C. concavus,
fig. 8, c.

The Catini come from the West Indies, China, India,
and South America. They live on muddy sand-flats; in
their habits they are sluggish and slow-moving, and very
timid ; when crawling they constantly explore the surface
with the produced fore lobe of the foot, which is also the
instrument employed in burrowing in the sand ; the oper-
culum, very small, will be found under the hind part of
the body-whorl of the shell.

AM AURA.

213

Species of Catinus.

agriensis, Recluz.
Antillarum, Recluz.
apertus, Anton.
bifasciatus, Recluz.
Carolius, Chenu.
Cuverianus, Recluz.
Delessertii, Chenu.
depressus, Phil.
Deshayesianus, Recluz.
haliotideus, Linn.
insculptus, Adams and Reeve.
Italicus, Chenu.
Javauicus, Chenu.

lacteus, Klein.
Isevigatus, Lam,
latifasciatus, Adams and Reeve.
Leachii, Blainv.
Listeri, Recluz,
maculatus, Say.
perspectivus, Say.
planulatus, Chenu.
sinuatus, Recluz.
striatus, M. de Serr.
Turonicus, Recluz.
zonalis, Quoy and Gaim.

Sub-gen. sigaretus, Lamarck (not Cuv.).

Shell orbiculai', conoidal or convex ; aperture rounded ; um-
bilicus open, or covered by a fold of the inner lip ; spire oblique,
short.

clathratus, Bosc. neritoideus, Linn.

concavus. Lam. Petitianus, Recluz.

Levesquei, Recluz. striatellus, Recluz.

Genus AMAURA, Moller.

Animal allied to Natica ; foot small, compact, destitute
of posterior lobe, anterior lobe deeply sinuated; eyes
subcutaneous, situated at the internal base of the lobe.

Operculum terminal, horny, paucispiral, thin.

Shell ovate, imperforate, smooth ; spire produced ; aper-
ture obpyriform, about half the length of the shell; colu-
mella short, simple.

214 CASSIDIDiE.

U.r. A. Candida, Mailer, pi. 22, fig. 9.

The species of this genus hitherto discovered are but
few in number, and are from the Northern Seas ; the shells
are nearly devoid of colour, and are covered with a thin,
horny epidermis. Moller has described the animal, and
mentions the fact of the existence of eyes, which, how-
ever, are partly concealed under the skin ; the other genera
of this family are stated to be blind.

Species of Amaura.

caualiculata, Gould. cornea, Miill.

Candida, Moll.

Fam. CASSIDID.^.

Lingual membrane short, broad, triangular, with many
rows of similar, lancet-shaped teeth, and a single small
dentated tooth in the central series. Mantle enclosed,
with a recurved siphon. Foot large, dilated.

Operculum annular; nucleus in the middle of the
straight inner edge.

Shell ventricose, subglobose, whorls often variced ;
aperture with a recurved canal ; outer lip thickened ; inner
lip wrinkled or granular.

The " Helmet Shells," comprising many of the largest
known Gasteropods, form a very natural group ; they prin-
cipally inhabit the warmer regions of the globe.

Genus CASSIS, Browne.

Operculum oblong, narrow, small.

Shell triangular, last whorl large, with irregular varices j

SEMICASSIS. 215

aperture linear, long, with a short, sharply -recurved, sinis-
tral canal in front ; inner lip forming a large, transversely-
wrinkled plate spread over the body -whorl ; outer lip
thickened, reflected, plicate or toothed.

Syn. Cassidea, Bruy., Schum., not Link. Cassida,
Humph., not Lang or Linn.

Ex, C. cornuta, Linnams, pi. 23, fig. 1. Operculum,
C. cornuta, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, C. tuberosa, Linncens,
fig. 1, c.

The Cassides are active and voracious, living in sandy
localities where bivalves abound, and upon which they prey-
They are found in the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Philip-
pines, the West Indies, and the Mediterranean ; the larger
species are employed in the manufacture of shell cameos,
which are carved from the large enamelled plate of the
inner lip.

Species of Cassis.

cornuta, Linn. Madagascariensis, Lain.

fimbriata, Quoy and Gaim. spinosa, Meusch.

flammea, Linn. tuberosa, Liim.

Genus SEMICASSIS, Klein.

Operculum half-ovate, moderate, nucleus on the middle
of the straight inner edge.

Shell ovate, transversely grooved; spire moderate,
acute, whorls more or less tuberculated ; aperture oblong,
emarginate anteriorly; inner lip obliquely rugosely pli-
cated; outer lip reflexed and transversely plicated.

Si/n. Cassidea, b. Sicains.

Ex. S. anceps, H. and A. Adams, pi. 23, fig. 2.

216 CASSIDID^.

Operculum, S. glauca, Linn(Bus, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell,
S. sulcosa, Born, fig. 2, c.

The oval form, irregular varices, and rather pointed
spire serve to characterize this genus; the nature of the
operculum at once distinguishes it from Cassis, and its
presence from Morum.

Species of Semicassis.

anceps, H. and A. Adams. recurvirostrum, Wood.

canaliculata, Brug. Saburon, Adans.

cicatricosa, Meusch. semigranosa, Layn.

gibba, Gmel. sulcosa, Born.

Japonica, Reeve. tessellata, Chem.

pila, Eeeve. ventricosa, Mart.

Sub-gen. phalium, Link (Bezoardica, Schum.).

Shell transversely striated; spire acute, whorls angulated,
variced ; inner lip rugosely plicate ; outer lip strongly dentate
within.

areola, Lijin. exarata, Reeve.

bisulcata, Schub. and War/. glauca, Linn.

coronulata, Sow. plicata, Linn.

decussata, Linn. undata, Mart.

Sub-gen. casmakia, H. and A. Adams (Cassidea, Sivainson,

not Link).

Shell smooth, whorls simple or subplicate; spire somewhat
elevated ; inner lip smooth ; outer lip usually simple or slightly
crenate internally.

achatina, Lam. quadrata. Link.

paucirugis, Mke. turgida, Reeve.

pyrum, Lam. vibex, Linn.

LEVEXIA. 217

Genus CASSIDEA, Link.

Mantle -margins reflexed over the lips of the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell oval; spire short; aperture straight, narrow, chan-
nelled posteriorly; columella toothed; outer lip involute,
toothed ; varices none, or obsolete.

Syn, Cyprsecassis, Stutch.

Ex. C. testiculus, Linncpus, pi. 23, fig. 3.

Cassidea resembles Moruifi, but the shell is not cancel-
lated ; the lobes of the mantle are expanded, and, accord-
ing to Stutchhury, cover both lips of the shell; the foot is
destitute of operculum; the inner lip is spreading, but the
margin is not free, as in Cassis, and the columella is
transversely plicate, as in Cyprcea.

Species of Cassidea.

rufa, Linn. testiculus, Linn.

tenuis, Wood.

Genus LEVENIA, Gray.

Operculum narrow, the nucleus on the middle of the
straight edge.

Shell ovately-subcylindrical ; spire conical, whorls no-
dulous, the penultimate distorted and gibbous; aperture
narrow, contracted in the middle; inner lip moderate, pli-
cated ; outer lip thin, not reflexed, internally plicated.

Syn. Cassis sp., Sow.

Ex. L. coarctata, Sotverby, pi. 23, fig. 4. Opercukiraj
L. coarctata, fig. 4, «, 4, b.

VOL. I. F F

218 CASSIDID.E.

The thin, inflexed outer lip of Levenia at once distin-
guishes the genus from others in the family; the oper-
culum is small and very narrow, being adapted to the con-
tracted aperture; the shell, which is covered with a horny
epidermis, and the peculiar operculum, are all at present
known concerning the genus.

Genus SCONSIA, Gray.

Operculum — ?

Shell ovately-fusiform, transversely grooved, with a
single longitudinal varix; spii-e acuminated; aperture
elongated ; canal very short, slightly recurved ; inner lip
regularly plicated, anterior plaits the largest; outer lip
thickened, subreflexed, internally plicated.

Syn. Cassidaria sp.. Lam.

Ex. S. striata, Lamarck, pi. 23, fig. 5.

The texture of the shell in this genus is very peculiar,
being transversely striated and not tubercled, as in Ga-
leodea, and the canal is neither so long, nor so recurved,
as in that genus ; the operculum and animal are unknown.

Genus GALEODEA, Link.

Operculum ovate, outer edge sinuous, nucleus on the
hinder third of outer margin.

Shell oval, last whorl ventricose, tuberculated ; aper-
ture narrow, ending anteriorly in a produced, recurved
canal; inner lip plicated, widely spread over the body-
whorl; outer lip reflected and crenate.

Syn. Morio, Montf. Echinora, Schum. Cassidaria,
Lam.

MORUM. 219

Ex. G. rugosa, Linnaus, pi. 2-3, fig. 6. Opevculuiu,
G. echinophora, Linn(Bus, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, G. echi-
nophoia, fig, 6, c.

The form and structure of the operculum in this genus
is very peculiar; the shells are known by their transversely
ribbed and nodulous whorls, and their prominent, re-
curved, siphonal canal ; they are not numerous in species.

Species of Galeodea.

acuta, Gray. rugosa, Linn.

Deshayesii, Duval. Tj'rrhena, Chem.

echinophora, Linn.

Genus MORUJM, Bolten.

Shell ovately-triangular, tuberculated ; spire very short,
apex mucronate; aperture linear, anteriorly emarginate;
columella with papillary strioe ; outer lip reflected, inter-
nally plicated.

Syn. Hystrix, Humph., not Linn. Ersina, Gray.
Larabidium, Link. Cassidea, g. Schum. Oniscia, Sotv.
Theliostoraa, Auct.

Ex. M. oniscus, Linnmis, pi. 23, fig. 7.

In the genus Morum the back of the shell is tuber-
culated, and the shell is covered with a fine, velvety epi-
dermis. There are about nine species known.

Species of Morum.

Lamarckii, Desh. tuberculosum. Sow.

oniscus, Linn. xanthostoma, A. Adams.

•320

SCALID.E.

Sub-gen. onisoidia, Swaiusou.

Shell cancellated ; spire acuminated ; inner lip widely spread
over the body-whorl, and granulated ; outer lip thickened and
denticulate.

cancellatum, Sow. grande, A. Adams.

Dennisoni, Reeve. Strombiforme, Eeeve.

exq^uisitum, Adams and Reeve.

Fam. SCALID.E.

Lingual riband with no central denticles, but with
transverse rows of teeth formed of unguicular, simple un-
cini or laterals. Tentacles subulate, with the eyes on the
outer side of their bases. Mantle enclosed, with a rudi-
mentary siphonal fold. Foot obtusely triangular, grooved
below, furnished in front with a fold or mentum.

Operculum horny, spiral, of few whorls.

Shell spiral, turreted, variced; aperture entire, without
any notch or canal.

The animals in this family are predaceous, and their
shells, for the most part of a white colour, are remarkable
for the extreme elegance of their form and dehcacy of
sculpture.

Genus scala, Klein.

Shell usually pure white, solid, lustrous, turreted,
many-whorled ; whorls convex, sometimes separated,
ornamented with numerous longitudinal ribs; aperture
round, peristome continuous, thickened.

Syn. Scalarus, Monlf. Scalaria, Lam. Aciouc,

SCALA.

221

Leach. Acionea, Desk. Cyclostoma, Schum., not Lam.
Turbina, Browne. Scalatarius, Burner.

Ex. S. lamellosa, Lamarck, pi. 23, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, S. clathrus, LinncBUS, fig. 8, «, 8, b. Shell, S. sca-
laris, LiniKBUS, fig. 8, c.

The animal exudes a purple fluid wheia molested;
nearly one hundred species have been described, chiefly
from the Eastera Seas ; China and the Philippines, how-
ever, harbour the greatest number; five species are in-
habitants of the British Isles.

Species of Scala.

aciculina, Hinds.
aculeata, Sow.
alata, Sow.
albolineata, Sow.
ambigua, Linn.
aurita, Sow.
bulbulus, Soiv.
bullata, Sow.
Catanuensis, Sow.
concinna, Sow.
crassa, Sow.
creberrima, Hinds.
curvilineata, Soiv.
denticulata, Soiv.
clubia, Sow.
Elenensis, Sow.
Essingtoniensis, Gray.
eximia, Adams and Reeve.
fasciata, Sow.
fragilis, Hanley.
friabilis, Sow.
Georgettina, Kien.
glabrata, Hinds.
gracilenta, Say.
gracilis, Soiv.

gradata, Hinds.

immaculata, Sow.

imperialis, Sow.

incouspicua, Sow.

indistincta, Soiv.

irregularis, Sow.

lactea, Krauss.

laxata, Sow.

ligata, C. B. Adams.

lineata, Say.

liueolata, Kien.

maculosa, Adams and Reeve.

marmorata, Sow.

Mindoroensis, Soiv.

mitrseformis, Sow.

multicostata, Sow.

multilirata. Say.

muricata, Kien.

neglecta, Adams and Reeve.

Novangliae, Couth.

obesa, Sow.

obliqua, Sow.

obtusa, Sow.

Pallasii, Sow.

Philippinarum, Sow.

222

SCALID^.

polita, Soiv.
porrecta, Hinds.
principalis, Pallas.
pulcherrima, Sow.
replicata, Sow.
rubrolineata, Sow.
scalaris, Linn.
similis, Sow.
striata, Gray.

subtilis, Sow.
sulcata, Sow.
tenuicostata, Sow.
texturata, Gould.
trifasciata, De Haen.
tumcula. Sow.
venosa, Sotv.
vestalis, Hinds.

Sub-gen. olathrus, Oken.

Shell turreted, thick, solid, whorls united, with numerous
thick, longitudinal varices ; aperture ovate, effuse anteriorly ;
umbilicus concealed, not pervious.

angulata. Say.
clathrus, Linn.
counexa, Sow.
Eschrichti, Holb.
fusca, So2v.
Groenlandica, Chem.
hexagona, Sow.
lamellosa, Lam.

Ochotensis, Midd.
ovalis, Sow.
pyramidalis, Sow.
tenuis, Sow.
Trevelyana, Leach.
Turtonis, Bisso.
unifasciata, Sow.

Sub-gen. opalta, H. and A. Adams (Clathrus, Gray,

not Oken).

Shell turreted, imperforate ; whorls not disunited, the last
with a conspicuous spiral ridge round the umbilical region.

australis. Lam.
coronata, Lam.
crassicostata, Soiv.
Diana, Hinds.

raonocycla, Kicn.
statuminata, Sow.
undulata, Sow.
vulpina, Hinds.

TEREBRID^E. 223

Sub-gen. am^a, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, thin ; whorls united, cancellated, with a few
thin, irregular varices ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip gibbose in
the middle ; outer lip thin, simple.

magnifica, Soiv. Martinii, Wood.

Genus cirsotrema, Morch.

Shell turreted, solid; whorls cancellated, with a few
thick, irregular varices; aperture circular; outer lip with
a thick, crenate, marginal varix.

Ea,\ C. vavicossi, Lamarck, \)\. 23, ^g. 9. Operculum,
C. varicosa, fig. 9, a, 9, h.

The shells of this genus may be known from those of
Scala by the peculiar cancellated structure of the whorls,
and by the varices being fewer and non-continuous.

Species of Cirsotrema.

bicarinata, Sow. granulosa, Quoy and Gahn.

cochlea, Sow. hyalina, So\v.

crassilabrum, Sow. raricostata. Lam.

crenata, Linn. suturalis, Hinds.

decussata. Lain. unifasciata. Sow.

diadema, Sow. varicosa, Lam.

Fam. TEREBRID^.

Teeth and lingual membrane rudimentary or none.
Tentacles very small or wanting; eyes on the tips of ten-

224 TEREBRINyE.

tacles or wanting. Mantle enclosed, with an elongated
siphon. Foot small.

Operculum annular, nucleus apical.

Shell dense, solid, turreted ; aperture with an oblique
notch in front j outer lip thin, not variced.

Sub-fam. TEREBRIN^.
Operculum ovate, pointed, with nucleus apical.

Genus ACUS, Humphrey.

Eyes on the tips of the tentacles.

Shell subulate, whorls numerous, simple ; aperture elon-
gate, emarginate anteriorly, not produced into a canal ;
columella simple, incurved, not tortuous ; outer lip simple,
acute, without a sinus at the fore part.

Syti. • Subula, Schum. Terebraria, Rqfin. Turricula,
Hermans.

Ex. A. maculata, LiniKBus, pi. 24, fig. 1. Operculum,
A. crenulata, Lamarck^ fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, A. macu-
lata, fig. 1, c.

In this genus the tentacles are very short, with the eyes
at their tips.

Species of Acus.

albida, Gra?/. duplicata, Linn

cajrulescens, Lam. Dusumieri, Kien.

casta, Hinds. eburnea, Hinds.

chlorata, Lam. fatua, Hinds.

cingulata, Kien. hastata, Gmel.

crenulata, Lam. laurina. Hinds.

dimidiata, Linn. maculata, Linn.

Acus. 225

muscaria, Lam. strigata, Sow.

iiitida, Hinrh. stylata, Hinds.

plumbea, Quoy. tigrina, Gmel.

raphanula, Lam. varicosa, Hinds.
Senegalensis, Lam.

Sub-gen. abretia, H. and A. Adams.

Whorls longitudinally ribbed ; columella simple, straight,
produced anteriorly ; outer lip not siuuated at the fore part.

cerithina, Lam. nassoides, Reeve.

fictilis, Hinds. pygmaea, Hinds.

lepida, Hinds. tenera. Hinds.
mera, Hinds.

Sub-gen. hastula, H. and A. Adams.

Whorls smooth; columella simple, straight, produced ante-
riorly ; outer lip simple, not sinuated at the fore part.

albula, Mke. luctuosa, Hinds.

anomala, Oray. penicillata, Hinds.

cinerea. Born. rustica, Hinds.

cuspidata. Hinds. spectabilis, Hinds.

inconstans, Hinds. strigillata, Linn.

lanceata, Lam. venosa, Hinds.
laevigata, Gray.

Sub-gen. eueyta, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, subfusiform, smooth, whorls nodosely plicate,
the last rather ventricose ; columella spirally twisted, forming a
false umbilicus pervious to the apex of the spire, much produced
anteriorly; aperture somewhat effuse.

aciculata, Lam. ' fulgurata, Phil.

Consentini, Fliil. granulosa, Lam.

VOL. I. GO

226

TEREBRIN^.

Genus TEREBRA, Adanson.

Eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles.

Shell elongately subulate, whorls very numerous, with
a spiral groove forming a posterior band ; aperture very
small, canaUculated ; columella tortuous; outer lip sinuated
anteriorly.

Syn. Terebrum, Montf.

Ex. T. subulata, Linnmis, ph 22, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. subulata, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, T. subulata, fig. 2, c.

The tentacles in this genus are very small, with the
eyes at their outer bases.

Species of Terebra.

alveolata, Hinds.
amauda, Hinds.
Argus, Hinds.
Babylonia, Lam.
castanea, Kien.
ciugulifera, Lam.
commaculata, Gmel.
cousors, Hinds.
conspei'sa, Hinds.
copula, Hinds.
corrugata, Lam.
flammea. Lam.
frigata, Hinds.
funiculata, Hinds.
geromulata, Kien.
ligata, Hinds.
lingualis, Hinds.

monilis, Quoy.
nebulosa. Hinds.
oculata, Lam.
oruata, Gray.
pertusa. Born.
plicata, Gray.
pretiosa, Beeve.
robusta, Hinds.
rudis, Gray.
specillata, Hinds.
straminea. Gray.
subulata, Linn.
succinea. Hinds.
tessellata. Gray.
tricolor. Sow.
triseriata, Gray.

rUSIONELLINiE.

227

Sub gen. myubella, Hiuds.

Whorls furnished posteriorly with a tubercukted zone, ante-
riorly transversely sculptured, or, very rarely, smooth; colu
mella tortuous and produced anteriorly.

affinis, Gray.

albicostata, Adams and Reeve.

armillata, Hinds.

aspera, Hinds.

buccinata, Hinds.

bifrons, Hinds.

caelata, Adams and Tteeve.

cancellata, Quoy.

columellaris, Hinds.

elata, Hinds.

fenestrata, Hinds.

flava, Gray.

glauca, Hinds.

intertincta, Hinds.
larvseformis, Hinds.
picta, Hinds.
pulchra. Hinds.
radula, Hinds.
roseata, Adams and Reeve.
serotina. Hinds.
torquata, Adams and Reeve.
tuberculosa, Hinds.
undulata, Gray.
variegata. Gray.
violascens, Hinds.

Sub-fam. PUSIONELLIN.^.

Operculum semi-ovate, nucleus small, in the middle of
the straight inner edge. Shell smooth, porcellanous.

Genus PUSIONELLA, Gray.

Shell fusiform or oblong-ovate, solid, smooth, porcel-
lanous; aperture contracted anteriorly; columella keeled,
twisted in front; canal slightly recurved, short.

Syn. Netrum, Phil.

Ex. P. Nifat, Adanson, pi. 24, fig. 3. Operculum, P.
buccinata, Lamarck, fig. 3, «, 3, h.

The shells in this genus are mostly polished and present a
porcellanous appearance ; the operculum is very peculiar.

228 PYRAMIDELLID.E.

Species of Pusionella.

aculeiformis, Lam. graudis, A. Adams.

albociucta, Petit. lirata, A. Adams.

buccinata, Lam. Nifat, Adans.

Candida, Phil. Reclusiana, Petit.

Catelini, Petit. subgranulata, Pelit.

Fam. PYRAMIDELLID^.

Tongue unarmed, teeth none or rudimentary. Ten-
tacles broad, folded, ear-shaped, connate at the base,
bearing the eyes immersed at their inner sides. Mantle
enclosed, with a rudimentary siphonal fold. Foot produced
and truncate anteriorly, with a fold or mentum in front.

Operculum horny, subspiral, with the columellar margin
sinuated.

Shell turreted ; aperture entire or not produced into a
canal in front; columella plaited.

The species of this group are all marine, and, from the
circumstance of their possessing a retractile proboscis,
are probably predacious and carnivorous in their habits.

Genus pyramidella, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, longitudinally ribbed;
spire elevated, nucleus sinistral ; aperture obovate, some-
what produced and channelled in front; columella curved,
with three or more oblique plaits; outer lip acute.

Si/n. Pyramidellus, Montf.

Ex. P. auris-cati, Cliemnitz, pi. 24, fig. 4, 4, a. Oper-
culum, P. auris-cati, 4, h, 4, c. Shell, P. auris-cati, fig. A,d.

OBELISCUS. 229

The PyramidellcB live in sandy bays and on shallow
mud -banks, concealing themselves under the surface, and
indicating their presence by the formation of slender,
raised tracks; they are found in the Eastern Archipelago,
New Holland, and the Mauritius.

Species of Pijramidelht.

acicula, A. Adams. metula, A. Adams.

aclis, A. Adams. minuta, Phil.

ambigua, Phil. mitralis, A. Adams.

auris-cati, Chem. nitida, A. Adams.

corrugata, Lam. nodicincta, A. Adams.

glans, Fieeve. propinqua, A. Adavis.

gracilis, A. Adams. subulata, A^. Adams.

niagnifica, Adams and Reeve. variegata, A. Adams.

Genus OBELTSCUS, Humphrey.

Shell subulate, turreted, many-whorled, smooth; spire
pointed, nucleus sinistral; aperture serai-oval, entire,
rounded anteriorly; columella straight, plicated; outer
lip acute.

Ea:. O. punctatus, Chemnitz, pi. 24, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, O. dolabratus, Linmeus, fig. 5, a. Shell, O. dola-
bratus, fig. 5, b.

This genus differs from Eullmella in the plicated
pillar, from Pi/ramidella in not being longitudinally
ribbed, and from the other members of the family in its
tapering, subulate form, and the plaits on the columella.
Many extinct species, referred to certain genera, may
possibly be found to belong to this type, which appears
to have been well represented, and to have comprised

230

PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

species of larger dimensions in past epochs than in the
present time ; examples occur even in the oldest fossili-
ferous strata.

Species of Obeliscus.

aciculatus, A. Adams.
acutus, A. Adams.
annulatus, A. Adams.
attenuatus, A. Adams.
balteatus, A. Adams.
bruiineus, A. Adams.
cinctus, Reeve.
clavulus, A. Adams.
conicus, G. B. Adams.
dolabratus, Linn.
elegans, A. Adams.
fastigium, A. Adams.
gracilis, Brocc.
hastatus, A. Adams.
metula, A. Adams.
monilis, A. Adams.

perforatus, A. Adams.
pulchellus, A. Adams.
punctatus, Chem.
pusillus, A. Adams.
scitulus, A. Adams.
spiculum, A. Adams.
striatulus, A. Adams.
stylinus, A. Adams.
eulcatus, A. Adams.
terebelloides, A. Adams.
terebellum, Mi'dl.
teres, A. Adams.
tessellatus, A. Adams.
turritus, A. Adams.
ventricosus, Guerin.

Genus TURBONILLA, Risso.

Operculigerous lobe with a minute, conical appendage
on each side.

Shell slender, elongated, many -whorled, longitudinally
ribbed ; apex of spire with a persistent, embryonic, sinis-
tral nucleus ; aperture oblong or subquadrate, peristome
incomplete; columella straight, simple, edentulate, and
without a plait.

Syn. Chemnitzia, D'Orh. Pyrgiscus, Phil. Ortho-
steles, Arad. and Mag.

TURBONILLA.

231

Ex. T. scalaris, Philippi, pi. 24, fig. 6. Shell, T.
lactea, Linncmis, fig. 6, a.

This genus comprises a great number of small and ex-
tremely beautifiil shells, which have the whorls longitu-
dinally ribbed or cancellated, and the inner lip simple
and toothless.

Siwcies of Turbonilla.

acicularis, A. Adams.
aculeus, C. B. Adams.
acuminata, C. B. Adams.
aflBnis, C. B. Adams.
bisutui'alis, Say.
Bobolensis, A. Adams.
Candida, A. Adams.
clathrata, Jeffr.
clathratula, C. B. Adams.
communis, C. B. Adams.
concinna, A. Adams.
cornea, A. Adams.
dealbata, Stimj}.
excavata, PJiil.
exilis, C. B. Adams.
fenestrata, Jeffr.
flavocincta, C. B. Adams.
formosa, Jeffr.
fusca, C. B. Adams.
gracilior, C. B. Adams.
grandis, Adams and Reeve.
Gulsonae, Clark.
impressa, Kuti:;.
iudistincta, Mont.
interrupta, Totten.
Kraussii, H. and A. Adams
(lactea, Krauss).

lactea, Linn.
Iccvis, C. B. Adams.
latior, C. B. Adams.
major, C. B. Adams.
marginata, C. B. Adams.
modesta, Stimp.
multicostata, C. B. Adams.
nivea, Stimp.
obeliscus, C. B. Adams.
Panamensis, C. B. Adams.
producta, C. B. Adams.
puncta, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, C. B. Adams.
reticulata, C. B. Adams.
rufa, Phil.
scalaris, Phil.
seminuda, C. B. Adams.
sirailis, C. B. Adajns.
striosa, C. B. Adams.
substriata, C. B. Adams.
subulata, C. B. Adams.
trifida, Totten.
trilineata, A. Adams.
turris, D'Orb.
turrita, C. B. Adams.
varicosa, A. Adams.

232

PYRAMIDELLID.E.

Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming.

Operculigerous lobe simple.

Shell turreted, subulate or ovate, smooth or trans-
versely striated ; apex of spire sinistral ; aperture ovate,
peristome not continuous ; columellar lip with a single
tooth-like fold.

Syn. Turbonilla, h, Loven.

Ex. O. spiralis, Montagu, pi. 24, fig. 7. Shell, O.
unidentata, Monlacju, fig. 7, a.

This genus consists of small, usually white, smooth,
solid, and enamelled shells, with the inner lip always
toothed ; they range from low-water to forty fathoms ; the
animal is the same as that of Turbonilla.

Species of Odostomia.

acuta, Je^r.
alba, Jejfr.
albella, Loven.
canaliculata, C. B. Adams.
conoidea, Brocc.
conspicua, Alder.
crassa, ThomjJ.
crassula, H. and A. Adams
(solidula, C. B. Adams).
decorata, Phil.
doliaris, Phil.
dolioliformis, Jefr.
dubia, JeJfr.
erythrsea, Phil.
eulimoides, Hanley.
fusca, C. B. Adams.
gemmulosa, C. B. Adams.

glabrata, Muhlf.

nitida, Alder.

notata, Jeffr.

ornata, II. and A. Adams

(decorata, C. B. Adams).
oscitans, Loven.
ovuloides, C. B. Adams.
pallida, Mont.
plicata, Mont.
rissoides, Hanley.
solidula, Phil.
striolata. Alder.
subulata, Phil.
suturalis, Phil.
truncatula, Jeffr.
turrita, Hanley.
unidentata, Mont.

EULIMELLA. 233

Sub.-gen. paethenia, Lowe.

Shell subovate ; whorls longitudinally more or less ribbed ;
columella denticulate or furnished with a plait.

decussata, Mont. interstincta, Mont.

excavata, Phil. spiralis, Mont.

Sub-gen. AURicuLfNA, Gray.

Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, whorls simple or concentrically
striated ; columella edentulate, without a plait.

cylindrica, Alder. obliqua, Alder.

diaphana, Jeffr. Warreuii, Thomp.

insculpta, Mont.

Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes.

Shell elongated, of many whorls, solid, smootli, po-
lished ; apex of spire with a persistent, embryonic, sinis-
tral shell ; aperture subquadrate, peristome incomplete ;
columella straight, not plicate or toothed.

Ex. E. Scillae, Scacchi, pi. '24, fig. 8. Shell, E.
Scillge, fig. 8, a.

The animal of EiiUmella resembles that of Turho-
nilla ; the shell may be known from Pyramidella and
Obeliscus by the simple, straight columella, and from
Turhonilla in not being ribbed.

Species of Eulimella.

acicula, Phil. clavula, Loven.

affiuis, Phil. Scillae, Scacchi.

VOL. I. H H

234

PYRAMIDELLIDyE.

Genus aclis, Loven.

Operculigerous lobe ample, developed more on the
right side, where it is three or four plicated, than on the
left, where it forms a single, rounded lobe.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, whorls smooth or spirally
striated ; aperture oval or rounded ; inner lip simple,
without plaits or teeth, base often perforated.

Si/ii. Ebala, Gray.

Ex. A. nitidissima, Montagu, pi. 24, fig. 9. Shell,
A. nitidissima, fig. 9, a.

In Aclis the foot is linguiform, much produced ante-
riorly, and the cylindrical tentacles are slightly swollen at
their tips ; its other characters are similar to those of
the other genera in the family. The species are few in
number and small, though exceedingly elegant.

Species of Aclis.

acuminata, Sow. (Scalaria).
ascaris, Mont.
nitidissima, Mont.

supranitida, S. Wood.
unica, Mont.

Genus monoptygma, J. Lea.

Shell elongated, imperforate, many-whorled, transversely
striated ; aperture small, entire in front ; columellar lip
with a single, obscure, winding plait j outer lip simple,
acute.

Syri. Monotygma, Gray.

EULIMID.E. 235

Ex. M. albula, O. Fabricius, pi. 24, fig. 10. Opercu-
lum, M. albula, fig. 10, a. Shell, M. striata, Gray, fig.
10, b.

Moller has described the animal of this genus, which
seems to be nearly allied to Turbonilla and AcUs in the
short tentacles with the eyes at their inner bases, rudi-
mentary tongue, and elongate, narrow foot. The shells
are of great beauty and delicacy, and resemble, in many
respects, greatly-elongated Actgeons.

Species of Monoptijgma.

arncena, A. Adams. pura, A. Adams.

casta, A. Adams. speciosa, A. Adams.

coiicinna, A. Adams. spirata, A. Adams.

fulva, A. Adams. striata, Gray.

granulata, A. Adams. stylina, A. Adams.

lauta, A. Adams. suturalis, A. Adams.

Sub.-gen. menestho, Moller (Pjramis, Couth., not Chem. or

Schmn.).

wanting.

Aperture ovate; columellar lip with the plait obsolete or
albula, 0. Fab. striata, Couth.

Fam. EULIMIDJ:.

Teeth and lingual membrane rudimentary. Tentacles
simple, subulate ; eyes sessile at the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary siphonal
fold. Foot linguiform, produced in front, with a bilobed
mentum or fold above the front margin ; operculigerous
lobe developed at the sides into even-edged, unequal ex-
pansions or lobes.

236

EULIMIDiE.

Operculum horny, ovate, subspiral.
Shell white, smooth, polished, turreted ; aperture entire
in front ; columella simple.

Genus EULIMA, Risso.

Shell elongated, white, smooth, polished; spire pro-
duced, many-whorled, frequently with an interrupted varix
on one side, apex acute ; aperture oval, pointed behind ;
inner lip reflected over the pillar j axis imperforate ; outer
lip thickened internally.

Syn. Pasithea, J. Lea. Polyphemopsis, Portl. Balcis,
Leach,

Ex. E. grandis, A. Adams, pi. 25, fig. 1. Operculum,
E, grandis, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, E. polita, Linnceus,
fig. l,c.

The Eulimce crawl with the foot greatly in advance of
the head, which is usually concealed beneath the margin
of the shell ; many of them have distorted shells, the
upper whorls being often curved or inclined on one side.

Species of Eulima.

affinis, C. B. Adams.
acuta, A. Adams.
arcuata, C. B. Adams.
articulata, Soiv.
brevis, Sow.
conica, C. B. Adams.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
cuspidata, A. Adams.
distorta, Besli.
flexuosa, A. Adams.
gracilis, C. B. Adams.

grandis, A. Adams.
Guildingii, A. Adams.
hastata, Sow.
iota, C. B. Adams.
labiosa, Sow.
major. Sow.
modicella, A. Adams.
nitidula, A. Adams.
obesula, A. Adams.
oleacea, Kutz and Stimp.
polita, Linn.

LEIOSTRACA. 237

polygyra, A. Adams. solidula, Adams and Reeve.

porcellana, A. Adams. subangulata, Soiv.

pusilla, Sotv. teinostoma, A. Adams.

pyramidalis, A. Adams. tortuosa, Adams and Reeve.

recta, C. B. Adams. vitrea, A. Adams.

Genus NISO, Risso.

Shell subulate, turreted, many-whorled, axis perforated ;
aperture oval, anteriorly angulated ; outer lip simple,
acute ; umbilicus very deep, extending as far as the
apex of the spire.

Syn. Bonellia, Desh., not Rolando. Janella, Grat.,
not Gray.

Ex. N. terebellum, Chemnitz, pi. 25, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, N. brunnea, Souerby, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

In this genus the axis of the shell is widely umbi-
licated, and the aperture, besides being angulated, is
curiously modified in consequence ; there are about
seven species known, some of great beauty and rarity.

Species of Niso.

brminea, Soiv. interrupta, Soiv.

candiclula, A. Adams. splendidula, Soiv.

gouiostoma, A. Adams. terebellum, Chem.
imbricata, Sow.

Genus LEIOSTRACA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, subulate, flattened, widest from side to
side, polished, smooth, semipellucid ; sides with a thin
varix extending as far as the apex of the spire ; aperture

238 STYLIFERIDiE.

oblong, entire ; inner lip distinct, callous, slightly sinuous
in the middle ; outer lip flexuous.

Ex. L. bilineata. Alder, p\. 25, fig. 3. Shell, L. Met-
calfei, A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

The most curious circumstance about the type of this
genus is the fact of its being compressed from before
backwards, with a varix on each side, as in Bursa and
Pytlda.

Species of Leiostraca.

acuta, Soiv. Mindorensis, Adams and

bilineata, Alder. Reeve.

bivittata, H. and A. Adams solitaria, C. B. Adams.

(bilineata, Adams and subulata, Donov.

Reeve). uuilineata, Adams and

fulvociucta, C. B. Adams. Reeve.

Metcalfei, A. Adams. varians, Sow.

Fam. STYLIFERID^.

Lingual membrane ? Tentacles slender, subulate,
simple ; eyes sessile at the outer bases of the tentacles.
Mantle enclosed. Foot linguiform, forming an elongated
anterior lobe, rudimentary behind.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, subulate or subglobose ; aperture entire ;
columella simple.

These singular animals are parasitic in the skins of
Star-fishes, burrowing beneath the surface, and pro-
ducing tumours, often of considerable size. When re-
moved and placed in water, they do not appear to possess
much locomotive power, but extend the tongue-shaped
foot and use it as an exploring organ.

CERITHIOrSID.E. 239

Genus STYLIFER, Broderip.

Shell subulate or subglobose, thin, pellucid, smooth,
polished, many-whorled ; apex of spire produced and
styliform, with a sinistral nucleus ; aperture subovate,
pointed behind, rounded and entire in front; inner lip
smooth, arcuated ; outer lip, thin, simple.

Sun. Stylina, Flem., not Lam. ? Entoconcha, J.
Mull.

Ex. S. ovoideus, A. Adams, pi. 25, fig. 4. Shell, S.
subulatus, Broderip, fig. 4, a.

Although the name Stylina of Fleming has the prio-
rity, we have adopted the designation of Broderip, be-
cause the former name had been already applied by
Lamarck to a genus of Zoophytes.

Species of Stylifer.

acicula, Gould. Mittrei, Petit.

Broderipii, A. Adams. ovoideus, A. Adams.

corallinus, Chem. solidus, A. Adams.

Cumingii, A. Adams. styliferus, Flem.

fastigiatus, A. Adams. subulatus, Brod.
fulvescens, A. Adam.s.

Fam. CERITHIOPSID.E.

Animal with a short, broad head ; tentacles subulate,
obtuse, wide at the base ; eyes placed centrally at their
origin ; mouth with a retractile proboscis, tongue armed
with teeth resembling in arrangement those of Trichotropis.

240 CERITIIIOPSID^.

Mantle not reflected, furnished with a rudimentary si-
phonal fold. Foot oblong, subquadrate in front, where
it is furnished superiorly with a mentum, grooved for half
its length below, the groove terminating in a perfora-
tion ; operculigerous lobe well developed.

The head is compressed and vertically cloven in front,
and the tips of the tentacles are obtuse or very slightly
clavate ; the eyes are placed rather close together towards
the centre of the base of the tentacles.

Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.

Operculum corneous, of concentric elements, nucleus
terminal.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, dextral, granulated ;
aperture subrotund ; inner lip broadly reflected ; outer
lip acute, arcuated and produced anteriorly ; aperture an-
teriorly sinuated ; canal short.

Ex. C. tubercularis, Montagu, pi. 25, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, C. tubercularis, fig. 5, a. Shell, C. tubercularis,
fig. 5, h.

The characters of this genus are so peculiar as to war-
rant its forming the type of a distinct family ; the nature
of the lingual dentition induced the learned authors of
the " British Mollusca " to place it with Canccllaria and
Tricholropis, accompanied by the remark that it probably
has relations with Terehra.

Species of Cerithiopsis.

assimilata, C. B. Adams. Emersouii, C. B. Adams.

clatbrata, A, Adams. gemmulosa, G. B. Adams.

ARCHITECTONICID^. 241

neglecta, C. B. Adams. trilineata, Vhil.

paupercula, C. B. Adajiis. tubercularis, Mont.

punctata, Phil. tuberosa, Hinds (Terebra).

subulata, C. B. Adams. turritella, Quoy.

terebellum, C. B. Adams. vicina, C. B. Adams.

terebralis, C. B. Adams. virgulosa, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. aiaba, H. and A. Adams (Rissoa, sp. C. B. Adams).

Shell smooth, semipellucid, whorls sometimes with a few,
irregular varices ; outer lip thin, simple ; aperture slightly
emarginate anteriorly.

melanura, C. B. Adams. trivaricosa, C. B. Adams.

Fam. ARCHITECTONICID^.

Tentacles folded, with the suture below ; eyes sessile on
the upper surface of their bases. Mantle included ; gill-
cavity divided by a longitudinal fold. Foot moderate,
formed for walking.

Operculum horny, spiral, ovate or circular.

Shell orbicular, more or less depressed and trochiform ;
axis widely perforated ; aperture not pearly within.

The proboscis in this family is retractile, and the
tongue, according to the observations of Dr. Gray, is en-
tirely unarmed ; the tentacles are laterally folded, and
the relations of the animal appear to be more with Tere-
bridce and Pi/ramidellidce, than with any other family.

Genus ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.

Operculum ovate, flat, few-whorled.

Shell conical, last whorl angulated at the periphery,

VOL. I. II

242 ARCHITECTONICID.E.

deeply umbilicated, umbilicus wide and spiral, with the
margin crenulated ; aperture nearly quadrangular, peri-
treme thin and simple.

Sy)}. Solarium, Lam., not Spix. Physeter, Humph.,
not Linn.

Ex. A. perspectiva, Linnaeus, pi. 25, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, A. perspectiva, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, A. per-
spectiva, fig. 6, c.

The ovate, flat, subspiral operculum, and the angulated,
trochiform shell, distinguish this genus from Torinia. The
species are usually from tolerably deep water, and are not
littoral in their habits.

Species of Architectonica.

aspera, Hinds. laevigata, Lam.

australis, Chem. maxima, Phil.

cancellata, Krauss. modesta, Phil.

discus, Phil. nobilis, Bolt.

dorsuosa, Hinds. perdix. Hinds.

formosa, Hinds. perspectiva, Linn.

fragilis. Hinds. picta, Phil.

fuliginosa. Hinds. purpurata, Hinds.

granulata, Lmn. quadriceps, Hinds.
incisa, Phil.

Genus TORINIA, Gray.

Operculum circular, elevated, conical, of many whorls.

Shell orbicular or elevated, last whorl rounded at the
periphery, deeply umbilicated, umbilicus moderate ;
aperture rhombic ; outer lip thin, simple.

Si/fi. Heliacus, D'Orh.

Eoc. T. infundibuliformis, Chemnitz, pi. 25, fig. 7.

PHILIPPIA. 243

Operculum, T. variegata, Lamarck, fig. 7, a, 7, b, 7, c.
Shell, T. cylindracea, Chemnitz, fig. 7, d.

This genus is known from Archiiectonica by its ele-
vated, spiral operculum, and by the last whorl of the
shell being rounded at the periphery; the operculigerous
lobe on the foot of the animal is cup-shaped when the
operculum is removed, and the edges are elevated. The
species affect deep water, and are very shy and sensitive
when observed.

Species of Torinia.

yEgena, Gould. fenestrata, Hinds.

aetbiops, Mke. fulva, Hinds.

areolata, Lam. infundibuliformis, Chem.

bicariuata, WOrb. nubila, Mke.

cselata, Hinds. strarninea, Chem.

cyclostoma, Mke. trochoides, Desk.

cylindracea, Chem. variegata, Lam.

dealbata, Hinds. virgata, Hinds.

Genus PHILIPPIA, Gray.

Operculum flat, orbicular, many-whorled.

Shell discoidal, subconic, smooth ; aperture subqua-
drate, not pearly within ; umbilicus wide, the margin cre-
nulated.

Ea^. P. lutea, Lamarck, pi. 25, fig. 8. Operculum,
P. lutea, fig. 8, a, 8, b.

This genus is founded upon the Solarium luteiim of
Lamarck, the animal of which is stated by M. Philippi
to resemble that of Trochus ; the operculum somewhat
resembles that of the Trochidce, but until the peculiari-

244 ARCniTECTONICID^.

ties of the animal become better known we prefer to
keep the genus here.

Species of PhiUppia.
hybrida, Linn. lutea, Lavi.

Genus OMALAXIS, Deshayes.

Operculum circular, elevated, many-whorled.

Shell orbicular, discoidal, widely umbilicated, umbi-
licus keeled ; whorls numerous, on the same plane, the
last detached from the others, the periphery with one
or two keels; aperture small, usually triangular; outer
lip acute.

Syn. Bifrontia, Desk. Omalaxon, Agass. Schizos-
toma, Bronn.^ not Lea. Euomphalus, J. Sow.

Ex. O. Zanclea, PhiUppi, pi. 25, fig. 9, 9, a. Opercu-
lum, O. Zanclea, fig. 9, h.

Living examples of this genus, only known before in a
fossil state, have been recently dredged oif the coast of
Madeira by Mr. Mac-Andrew, who states that the animal
is nearly pellucid.

Genus DISCOHELIX, Dunker.

Shell discoidal, greatly depressed, nearly foliaceous,
whorls very numerous, on the same plane, rounded or
carinated at the periphery, the last not detached; aper-
ture wide, transverse.

Syii. Orbis, Lea, not Schrot. or Lacep.

Ex. D. foliacea, Philippi, pi. 25, fig. 10, 10, a.

TOXIFERA. 245

We have been obliged to change the name of this
genus, as Orhis is already in use as a synonym of Pla-
norbis, and is also employed for a genus of Fishes, A
living example has been recorded by M. Philippi as
existing in the Mediterranean ; the other species are
Eocine fossils from Alabama in America.

Sub-order TOXIFERA.

Animal provided with a distinct, retractile proboscis,
which, in the contracted state, forms a short, conical,
annulated protuberance at the bottom of a tubular exten-
sion of the veil between the tentacles. Instead of the
usual lingual band, covered with short, transparent teeth,
as in the tribes of Proboscidifera and Rostrifera, the pro-
boscis is furnished with a fleshy tube having a bundle of
subulate, barbed teeth at the end. This tube is extended
below, at right angles to the cavity, into a conical prolong-
ation, which is furnished with two series of similar, red,
barbed, subulate teeth, directed from the aperture of the
proboscis towards the tip of the tube. These teeth are
each separately implanted in the fleshy tube; those
nearest the mouth are placed in two, rather irregular,
parallel rows, but those nearest the tip are more crowded,
the lines gradually diverging from each other.

Adanson states that the tubular expansion of the veil
serves as an oral sucker to attach the animal to its prey,
the armed tube acting, meanwhile, as a powerful boring
instrument. In most species it is simple at the edge,
but in others, as in Nubecula tulipa, it is fringed with
cylindrical beards, and is capable of considerable expan-
sion when the animal is alive.

246 CONIDyE.

The Turridce, which have similar subulate teeth, but
with the veil short and truncate, possibly belong also to
this sub-order just established by Dr. Gray, to whom we
are indebted for this valuable information.

Fam. CONID^.

Teeth subulate, in two series, on a tubular prolonga-
tion of the retractile proboscis, and with a bundle of
sharp, subulate teeth at the extremity. Head with a pro-
duced tubular veil ; tentacles subulate ; eyes on bulgings
or slight truncatures on the outer side of the tentacles.
Mantle enclosed, with an elongate siphon at the fore part.
Foot simple, undivided, oblong, with a conspicuous aqui-
ferous pore on the middle of the under surface.

Operculum, when present, ovate or unguiform, with the
nucleus apical.

Shell inversely conical ; aperture long and narrow ;
outer lip usually acute, free or notched at the hind part
near the suture ; inner lip simple.

The great family of Cones, characterised by the pe-
culiar structure of the mouth, no less than by the simi-
larity in the form of the shell, are principally inhabi-
tants of the equatorial seas. Haunting the holes and
fissures of rocks, and the labyrinths of coi'al-reefs, they
lead a predatory life, boring into the shells of other mol-
lusks, and sucking the juices from their bodies. In the
Asiatic region the species seem greatly to predominate,
there being more than one hundred and twenty peculiar
to this portion of the globe, while there are but two or
three known in Europe, about twenty in Africa, thirty in
Australia, and about fifty in America.

coNus. 247

Genus CONUS, Linnaeus.

Shell conical, tapering regularly ; spire short or de-
pressed, many whorled, whorls coronated ; aperture linear,
narrow, emarginate anteriorly ; columella straight, smooth,
truncate in front ; outer lip thin, acute, notched at the
suture.

Syn. Voluta, Browne, not Linn. Strombus, Aclans.,
not Linn. Khombus, Mont/. Conulus, Rajin., not
Nardo or Fiizing. Cucullus, Bolt. Conarius, Dam.

Ex. C. marmoreus, Linnceus, pi. 26, fig. 1. Opercu-
lum, C. pulicarius, Hiaass, fig. 1, a. Shell, C. marmo-
reus, fig. 1, b.

The Cones inhabit fissures and holes of rocks, and are
found from low-water mark to thirty and forty fathoms.
They are very numerous and varied in tropical seas,
though a few are found in the Mediterranean and at the
Cape. They crawl slowly, and are predatory in their
habits.

Species of Conus.

fuscatus, Born. peplum, Chem.

imperialis, Linn. proarchithalassus, 5oZ^

marmoreus, Linn. vidua, Reeve.

Nicobaricus, Hwass. viridulus, Linn.

nocturnus, Hwass. zonatus, Hivass.

Sub-gen. stephanoconus, Morcb.

Spire elevated, concave.

albimaculatus, Sow. balteatus, Sow.

aurantius, Hivass. Barbadensis, Hwass.

248

COMBM.

biliosus, Bolt.
boeticus, Reeve.
bruuneus, Wood.
Caillaudi, Jay.
cardinalis, Hivass.
cedo-nulli, Klein.
crepusculum, Reeve.
distans, Hwass.
granifer, Reeve.
leucostictus, Gjnel.
lividus, Hwass.
maculiferus, Sow.
Magellanicus, Hwass.
muriculatus, Soiv.

mus, Hwass.
nebulosus, Soland.
oblitus, Reeve.
pigmentatus, Adams and

Reeve.
primula, Reeve.
roseus, Lam.
Riippellii, Reeve.
rutilus, Menke.
speciocissimus, Reeve.
sphacelatus, Sow.
sugillatus, Reeve.
varius, Linn.
verrucosus, Hwass.

Sub-gen. puncticulis, Swainson.

Spire slightly elevated; body-whorl ventricose and convex
near the margin.

arenatus, Hwass.
Ceylonicus, Chem.

pulicarius, Hwass.
Santieri, Kiefi.

Sub-gen. cobonaxis, Swainson.
Shell somewhat turbinate ; spire elevated, thick, convex.

abbreviatus, Nutt.
Africanus, Meuscli.
Aristophanes, Duel.
Ceylanensis, Hwass.
Chaldaeus, Bolt.
concinnus, Brod.
coronatus. Reeve.
encaustus, Kien.
Hebrseus, Linn.
liratus, Reeve.
miliaris, Hwass.
Mindanus, Hwass.

minimus, Linn.
musicus, Hivass.
nanus, Brod.
nux, Brod.
plumbeus. Reeve.
pontificalis, Lam.
princeps, Linn.
puncturatus, Hwass.
pusillus, Chem.
scaber, King.
spousalis, Chem.
tiaratus, Brod.

NUBECULA.

249

Sub-gen. cylindbella, Swaiuson (not Pfeiff).

Shell conic-cylindrical, generally grooved; spire elevated,
concave.

cfelatus, A. Adams.
Molluccensis, Chem.
mucronatus, Bseve.

scitulus, A. Adams.
sulcatus, Hxrass.

Genus NUBECULA, Klein.

Shell light, sub-cylindrical ; spire short, but pointed at
the summit, whorls slightly coronated ; aperture effuse,
emarginate in front ; columella smooth ; outer lip with a
wide, but not deep notch at the sutui'e.

Syn. Rollus, Mont/. Utriculus, ScJmm., not Brown.
Tuliparia, Swains.

Ex, N. tulipa, Linn(BUS, pi. 26, fig. 2. Operculum,
N. tulipa, fig. 2, a. Shell, N. geographus, Linneeiis,
fig. 2, b.

M. Quoy observes of this genus that the foot is very
large, and not entirely retractile within the shell, as in
other members of the family; the anterior marginal
groove conceals a large pore, the aperture of an aquife-
rous canal ; the tubular veil is fringed at the margin, and
can sufficiently dilate itself to admit the tip of the little
finger into the orifice. The operculum is small, ungui-
culate, and slightly curved.

Species of Nubecula.

geographus, Linn.
intermedia, Reeve.

obscura, Humph.
tulipa, Linn.

VOL. I.

K K

250

CONIDiE.

Genus DENDROCONUS, Swainsoii.

Shell heavy, conic ov turbinate ; spire truncate, whorls
numerous ; aperture linear, emarginate in front ; colu-
mella smooth ; outer lip thin, notched at the suture.

Ex. D, figulinus, Linnceus, pi. 26, fig. 3. Operculum,
D. literatus, Linnceus, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, D. figulinus,
fif 3 c

The species of this genus are usually large, dense,
heavy shells, with a general uniformity of painting run-
ning through them all. We are indebted to Mr. Swain-
son for the genus, who has so well studied the entire
family of Cones, and fully appreciated them as an inde-
pendent group.

Species of Dendroconus.

betulinus, Linn.
figulinus, Linn.
genuauus, Linn.
glaucus, Hwass.
Loroisii, Kien.

papilionaceus, Hwass.
Prometheus, Hivass.
pyriformis, Reeve.
Siaraensis, Htvass.
Suratensis, Hwass.

Sub-gen. lithoconus, Morch.
Shell conic ; body-wliorl with the margin carinated.

eburneus, Hwass.
emaciatus, Reeve.
flavidus, Lam.
Gruneri, Reeve.
literatus, Linn.
millepunctatus. Lam.

ponderosus, Beck.
quercinus, Hwass.
suturatus, Reeve.
tabidus, Reeve.
tessellatus. Born.
virgo, Linn.

LEPTOCONUS.

251

Genus LEPTOCONUS, Swaiuson.

Shell conical, sometimes striated ; spire acute, con-
cave, whorls numerous, the basal whorl deeply notched at
the suture ; aperture narrow, slightly effuse at the fore part.

Ex. L. raphanus, Hwass, pi. 26, fig. 4. Operculum,
L. capitaneus, Linnceus, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, L. Amadis,
Chemnitz, fig. 4, c.

M. Quoy observes, speaking of L. miles, that the foot
is very narrow and the operculum longer than usual, and
that the tentacles are slender and the veil pointed at
the extremity. The species are extremely numerous, and
will probably require further subdivision when more of
the animals shall have been made known.

Species of Leptoconus.

aculeiformis, Reeve.
acutaugulus, Chem.
Amadis, Chem.
amrairalis, Linn.
archon, Brod.
arcuatus, Brod.
atteuuatus, Reeve.
Bovneensis,Adams and Reeve.
caucellatus, Brug.
cassis, Meusch.
cingulatus, Lam.
Clerii, Reeve.
commodus, A. Adams.
Delessertianus, Recluz.
dispar. Sow.
ecliinulatus, Kien.
emarginatus, Reeve.
eximius. Reeve.

flavescens. Gray.
floridulus, Adams and Reeve.
gi'adatus, Gray.
iucurvus, Sow.
insculptus, Kien.
L'Argilliertii, Kien.
lemmiscatus, Reeve.
leutiginosus, Reeve.
leoniuus, Hwass.
Lorenzianus, Chem.
luctificus, Reeve.
marchionatus, Hinds.
minutus, Reeve.
monilifer, Brod.
Narcissus, Lam.
nobilis, Linn.
ochraceus, Lam.
Ovhignyi, Ardouin .

252

CONIDi*:.

orbitatus, Reeve.
papillaris, Reeve.
patricius, Hinds.
Pealii, Green.
prgecellens, A. Adams.
regularis, Soiv.
scalaris, Valenc.
Sieboldii, Reeve.
Sowerbii, Reeve.
spiculum, Reeve.

spurius, Gmel.
sticticus, A. Adams.
sulciferus, A. Adams.
thalassiarclius, Gray.
Thomse, Gmel.
tornatus, Brod.
victor, Brod.
virgatus, Reeve.
voluminalis, Hinds.
undatus, Kien.

Sub-gen. ehizoconus, Morch.

Shell conic, smooth; spire short, but pointed at the summit;
margin of the body-whorl carinated.

ambiguus, Reeve.
Blaiuvillii, Kien.
capitaneus, Linn.
centurio, Borii.
classarius, Hii-ass.
cofFea, Gmel.
daucus, Hwass.
ermineus. Born.
fulgurans, Hwass.
generalis, Linn.
gladiator, Brod.
hysena, Hwass.
incarnatus. Reeve.
leopardus, Meusch.
lineatus, Chem.
Malaccanus, Hwass.

Maldivus, Hwass.
miles, Linn.
monile, Hwass.
mustelinus, Hwass.
Nemocamus, Hvass.
Orion, Brod.
planorbis. Born.
pulchellus, Swain.
punctatus, Gmel.
rattus. Lam.
senator, Linn,
splendidulus. Sow.
Taheitensis, Hwass.
trigonus, Reeve.
vexillum. Mart.
vittatus. Lam.

Sub-gen. chelyconus, Morch (Pionoconus, Morch. Phasmo-

couus, Morch).

Spire elevated ; body-whorl convex.

achatiuus, Chcm. Adansonii, Laui.

LEPTOCONUS.

253

gegrotus, Reeve.
semulus, Reeve.
alabaster, Adams and Reeve.
Algoensis-, Sow.
anemone, Lam.
aplustre. Reeve.
aspersus, Sow.
aurisiacus, Linn.
Aurora, Lam.
Bernard!, Kien.
Bowinii, Kien.
Broderipii, Reeve.
bulbus. Reeve.
bullatus, Linn.
Caledonicus, Hwass.
Californicus, Hinds.
cariuatus. Swains.
catus, Hwass.
Cecilii, Kie7i.
ceriuus, Reeve.
cervus, Lam.
characteristicus, Chem.
cocceus, Reeve.
collisus. Reeve.
columba, Hwass.
concolor, Sow.
consors, Sow.
conspersus, Reeve.
contusus, Reeve.
Crotchii, Reeve.
Cumingii, Reeve.
cuneolus, Reeve.
cyanostoma, A . Adams.
dealbatus, A. Adams.
Deshayesii, Reeve.
Dillwynii, Reeve.
discrepans, Soiv.
elongatus, Chem.
epistomiuin, Reeve.
erytliraeensis, Beck.

exaratus. Reeve.
filamentosus. Reeve.
fioccatus, Sow.
Franciscanus, Hwass.
frigidus, Reeve.
fucatus. Reeve.
fulmen, Reeve.
furvus, Reeve.
gilvus, Reeve.
Grayi, Reeve.
Gubba, Kien.
gubernator, Hivass.
Guinaicus, Hwass.
hepaticus, Kien.
inaequalis, Reeve.
induratus, Reeve.
inflatus, Sow.
infrenatus, Reeve.
iuquinatus. Reeve.
inscriptus. Reeve.
interruptus. Brad.
iodostoma, Reeve.
Jaimaicensis, Lam.
Janus, Hwass.
Jukesii, Reeve.
Kieneri, Reeve.
lachrymosus, Reeve.
lacteus, La77i.
lautus, Reeve.
lignarius. Reeve.
Loveni, Krauss.
lugubris, Reeve.
lynceus, Soland.
maculosus, Sow.
Madurensis, Hwass.
Magdalena, Kien.
magus, Linn.
mahogani, Reeve.
Mediterraneus, Hwass.
nielancliolicus, Lam.

254

COKIDiE.

mercator, Linn.
Metcalfei, Reeve.
mouacbus, Linn.
Mozauibicus, Hwass.
mutabilis, Chem.
uimbosus, Hwass.
nitidus, Reeve.
nivosus, Lam.
ocbroleucus, Gmel.
papillosus, Kien.
parius, Reeve.
pastinaca, Lam.
pauperculus, Sow.
pica, Adams and Reeve.
pictus, Reeve.
Porto-Pdcanus, Hwass.
puncticulatus, Hwass.
purpurescens, Brod.
pygmaeus, Reeve.
radiatus, Gmel.
rapbanus, Hwass.
regalitatis, Soiv.
rbododendron, Couth.
rivularis, Reeve.

rusticus, Linn.
sanguinolentus, Reeve.
scalptus, Reeve.
scitulus, Reeve.
siiulon, Reeve.
spectrum, Linn.
stercus-muscarum, Linn.
stillatus, Reeve.
strammeus. Lam.
striatus, Linn.
striolatus, Kien.
SLibulatus, Kien.
succinctus, A. Adams.
terminus, Lam.
testudinarius. Mart.
Timorensis, Hwass.
Tiniaiius, Hwass.
tristis, Reeve.
trocbulus, Reeve.
unicolor, Sow.
ustuUitus, Reeve.
venulatus, Hwass.
verulosus, Hwass.
zebra, Lain.

Genus CYLINDER, Montfort.

Shell sub-conic, sraootli ; spire elevated, pointed, whorls
numerous ; body-whorl ventricose, notched at the suture ;
aperture effuse at the fore part.

Si/n. Textilia, Swains.

Ex. C. textile, Linnams, pi. 26, fig. 5. Shell, C,
textile, fig. 5, a.

The species of this genus are very rich in the style of
their colouring, and a somewhat similar reticulated kind
of pattern runs throughout the entire series; some of
them are shells of great rarity as well as beauty, for
example, C. gloria-mar k and C. omaria.

HERMES.

255

Species of Cylinder.

abbas, Hwass.
archiepiscopus, Hwass.
aulicus, Li7m.
auratus, Brug.
aureus, Hwass.
canonicus, Hwass.
colubrinus, Lam.
crocatus, Lam.
Elisse, Kien.
episcopus, Brug.
gloria-maris, Chem.
legatus, Lam.
maguificus, Lleeve.

Neptunus. Reeve.
omaria, Hwass.
panniculus, Lam.
praelatus, Hwass.
pyramidalis. Lam.
reticulatus, Soiv.
I'ubiginosus, Kien.
solidus, Sow.
telatus, Reeve.
textile, Linn.
verriculum, Reeve.
vicarius, Lam.
Victorias, Rseve.

Genus HERMES, Montfort.

Shell sub-cylindrical, generally ribbed transversely ;
spire elevated, obtuse, convex ; aperture linear.

Si/7i. Theliconiis, Sieains.

Ex. H. terebra, Born, pi. 26, fig. 6.

The surface of the shell in this genus is rough, ribbed,
or granular, and the form is more cylindrical than cone-
shaped ; the outline of the spire, though elevated, is obtuse ;
there are between twenty and thirty species, all partaking
of the characters common to the genus.

Species of Hermes.

artoptus, Sow.
atrameutosus, Reeve.
australis, Chem..
cii'cumcisus, Born.

clavus, Linn.
coccineus, Gmel.
cyliudraceus, Brod.
dactylosus, Kien.

250 ROSTRIFERA.

fabula, Soiv. Nussatula, Linn.

festivus, Chem. pertusus, Hwass.

glans, Hicass. spectabilis, J. Adams.

granulatus, Linn. strigatus, Hwass.

hieroglyphicus, Bud. tendiueus, Hwass.

luteus, Brod. terebra, Born.

mitratus, Hwass. vimineus, Reeve.

nucleus, Reeve. violaceus, Reeve.

Genus BIBAPHUS, Philippi.

Shell involute, subcylindiical, covered with a thin epi-
dermis ; spire acute ; aperture narrow, linear, abruptly
truncate in front ; columella simple ; inner lip none ;
outer lip thickened, rectilinear, and abbreviate anteriorly.

Ea^. D. edentulus, Swainson, pi. 26, fig. 7.

The only species of this genus known was considered
by Swainson to be a toothless species of his genus Co-
nalix, and by Reeve it has been considered a Cone. The
general form and truncate columella resemble Terehellum,
and were it not for the absence of plaits it might be
regarded as a Cylindra.

Sub-order ROSTRIFERA.

Head moderate, with a more or less elongated, pro-
duced, contractile, transversely-annulated rostrum ; ten-
tacles subulate, far apart, on the sides of the rostrum.
Lingual membrane often very long, extending far into the
body of the animal.

The rostrum is only furnished with contractile muscles,
and varies in length and shape ; in Struthiolaria it is
very long and conical-subulate, but it is not retractile.

STROMBID.E. 257

like those of the former sub-orders ; the rostrum of the
StromhidcB is also eloncrated, but it is alwavs easily known
from the retractile proboscis of the former group.

Fam. STROMBID.E.

Lingual membrane with seven rows of teeth (S'TS), the
central teeth single, the lateral three on each side, the
inner ones tridentate, the outer simple and uncinate.
Muzzle produced, longly conical ; eyes on thick, elon-
gated peduncles J tentacles on the middle of the eye-
pedicels, or none. Mantle with the outer side generally
expanded and often lobed. Foot narrow, compressed,
used for jumping not walking, divided into a front dilated,
and a hind tapering portion.

Operculum ovate and simple, or claw-like and serrated.

Shell with the outer lip changing in form with age ;
when adult, more or less expanded and deeply notched at
the fore part, or stright and simple.

The StromhidcB are active, muscular, and pedacious
animals, using their opercula as weapons of defence, and
progressing by means of successive leaps, which they
accomplish by placing the narrow part of the foot under
the shell as a lever, and suddenly straightening it, so as
to throw the shell forwards. Their eyes are well-de-
veloped, having both pupil and iris, the latter often beau-
tifully coloured. The Stromhus gigas is occasionally
used as an article of diet ; it sometimes produces pearls,
and is extensively employed in the manufacture of cameos
and of porcelain.

VOL. I. L L

258 STROMBINj;.

Sub-fam. STROMBIN^.

Tentacles on the middle of the eye-pedicels. Foot
with the hind part narrow, subcylindrical, elongated.
Shell with the outer lip more or less expanded and
notched towards the fore part.

The inner mantle-margin is dilated and covers the
columellar lip of the shell, ending posteriorly in a lobe ;
the outer is furnished at the margin with lobate and
tapering processes, which vary in their development ac-
cording to the genus.

Genus STROMBUS, Linnaeus.

Right edge of mantle entire.

Operculum unguiculate, with the margin serrated.

Shell ovate or turreted; aperture elongated, narrow,
emarginate or with a short canal in front, canaliculated
posteriorly ; outer lip often lobed and deeply notched
in front near the canal.

Syn. Alata (part), Klein. Alatus, Humph. Cassida,
Linn, olim, not Lang. Lambis, Bolt. Conchilium,
Browne. Pyramea, Link. Pugil, Fahr.

Ex. S. vittatus, Linnceus, pi. 27, fig. 1. Operculum,
S. galeatus. Wood, fig. 1, «, \,b. Shell, S. pugilis, Lin-
nceiis, fig. 1, c.

The Stromhida are often called "Strombs" and "Wing-
shells." Owing to the great development of the outer lip,
they present a very different appearance in the adult state
to that in the young individuals. They are pretty gene-

STROMBUS. 259

rally distributed, but by far more numerous in tropical
seas than in those of temperate countries.

Species of Strombus.

accipitrinus, Mart. laciniatus, Chem.

alatus, Gmel. latissimus, Linn.

galeatus, Wood. lentiginosus, Linn.

gigas, Linn. papilio, Chem.

Goliathus, Chem. pugilis, Linn.

gracilior, Wood. rosaceus, Mart.

grauulatus, Wood. Thersites, Gray.
iuermis, Sow.

Sub-gen. MONODACTyLus, Klein.
Outer lip with a lobe at the posterior part much produced.

adustus, Chem. gallus, Linn.

aratrum, Martyn. guttatus, Mart.

auris-Dianae, Linn. Peruviauus, Swains.

austrahs, Sow. striato-granulatus, Mart.

costo-muricatus, Mart. tricornis, Mart.

Sub-gen, gallinula, Klein.

Inner lip restricted, not spread widely over the body-whorl ;
posterior canal frequently long, ascending the spire.

Campbellii, Gray. Listeri, Gray.

canarium, Linn. marginatus, Linn.

columba, Gmel. minimus, Linn.

deformis, Gray. pulchellus, Reeve.

epidromis, Linn. Sibbaldii, Soiv.

fusiformis, Sow. succinctus, Linn.

gibbus, Mart. Swainsoui, Reeve.

Japonicus, Reeve. variabilis, Swains.

labiosus. Wood. vittatus, Linn.

260 STROMBINiE.

Sub-gen. canarium, Schumacher (Aporrhais, Klein, not Aldrov.
Strombidea, Swains. Strombella, Schliit).

Inner lip restricted ; outer lip not dilated ; posterior canal
short or obsolete.

albus, Mart. haemastoma, Sow.

bulbulus, Soiv. Hellii, Rous.

coniformis, Soiv. Luhuanus, Linn,

covvngeitus, Adams and Reeve. maculatus, Nutt.

decorus, Bolt, plicatus, Lam.

dentatus, Linn. rugosus, Sotv.

elegans, Sow. Riippellii, Reeve.

erythrostoma, Chem. scalariformis, Duel.

fasciatus, Born. terebellatus, Soiv.

flosculosus, Mart. urceus, Liiin.
gibberulus, Linn.

Genus HARPAGO, Klein.

Outer margin of mantle digitated.

Operculum claw- shaped, with the edge serrated.

Shell turreted, ovate-oblong; aperture elongated, with
a long, recurved canal in front, and ending posteriorly
in a canal ascending the spire ; outer lip thickened, ex-
panded and digitate, with a deep sinus at the fore part.

Si/n. S trombus, Humph., not Linn. Digitata, Fahr.
Pteroceres, Monif. Pterocera, Lam. Pteroceras, Sow.
Pterocerus, Thiirm.

Ex. H. lambis, LinncBus, pi. 27, fig. 2. Operculum,
H. lambis, fig. 2, «, 2, h. Shell, H. lambis, fig. 2, c.

When young, the outer lip of the shell in this genus is
simple, the claws gradually appearing in the form of open
canals, which afterwards become closed and solid. They
are sometimes called " Spider-claws " and " Scorpion-
shells," and are principally from the Indian seas.

GLADIUS, 261

Species of Harpago.
arthriticus, Bolt. chiragra, Linn.

Sub-gen. millipes, Klein.

Outer and inner lips corrugated; digitations of outer lip
numerous.

elougatus, Swains. pseudo-scorpio, Lam.

millipeda, Linn. scorpio, Linn.

multipes, Chem.

Sub-gen. heptadactylus, Klein.

Outer and inner lips smooth ; digitations not numerous.

crocatus, Link. radix-bryonise, Gmel.

lambis, Linn. Yoldii, Miirch.

Genus GLADIUS, Klein.

Outer mantle-margin digitated.

Operculum small, ovate, not serrated.

Shell fusiform; spire elevated; aperture oblong, with
a posterior canal running up the spire ; beaked in front,
the canal more or less produced ; outer lip serrated or
digitated, sinuated at the fore part.

St/n. Tibia, Bolt. Fusus, Humph., not Klein. Ros-
tellum, Montf. Rostellaria, Lam.

E.V. G. fusus, Linnceus, pi. 27, fig. 3. Operculum,
G. fusus, fig. 3, a. Shell, G. fusus, fig. 3, h.

The " Spindle-Strombs," as they have been called, are
elegant shells, with the fore part produced into a long
beak. The animal of the species figured for illustration,
is handsomely marked with red and j'ellow on the head

262 TEREBELLINiE.

and muzzle, and is from Borneo ; the other species are
also from the Indian Archipelago, with the exception of
G. magnus, which is from the Red Sea.

Species of Gladius.

curtus, Sow. magnus, Chem.

Favanni, Pfeiff. melanocheilus, A. Adams.

fusus, Linn. Powisii, Velit.

Sub-gen. rimella, Agassiz.

Whorls cancellated ; beak short.

cancellatus, Lam. crispatus, Sow.

Sub-fam. TEREBELLIN^.

Tentacles none ; eyes on the ends of long cylindrical
peduncles. Foot with the hind part compressed and
ovate, anterior part small and rudimentary. Operculum
narrow and claw-like. Shell subulate, with the outer lip
simple.

In this sub-family the rostrum is produced, annulated,
and deeply grooved beneath ; the mantle-margin is entire,
dilated anteriorly and folded into a rudimentary siphon
in front ; posteriorly it is prolonged into a slender fila-
ment, which extends into the channelled suture of the
spire ; the foot is compressed and ovate, with a small,
horizontal lobe in front ; the operculum is inserted in the
hind edge of the compressed foot, and is small, narrow,
and three-clawed externally, and furnished internally
with a free, fin-like, membranous lobe.

CYPRiEIDiE. 263

Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein.

Shell elongated, subcylindrical, slightly convoluted ;
spire prominent, obtuse at the apex, whorls smooth ;
aperture linear, dilated anteriorly, emarginate in front ;
inner lip spreading, glabrous ; columella straight, trun-
cated, ending in a point ; outer lip thin, margin acute,
anteriorly truncate.

Syn. Seraphs, Montf. Serapis, Link. Scraps, Feruss.
Seraphys, Gray. Terebrina, Rajin. Lucis and Artopoia,
Gistel. Terebellopsis, Leym,

Ex. T. subulatum, Chemnitz^ pi. 27, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, T. subulatum, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, T. subulatum,
fig. 4, c.

The Terehellmn lives in rather deep water, and is found
in the China Sea and among the islands of the Indian
and Philippine Archipelagoes. In its mode of progression
it I'esembles the Strombi, rolling the shell over and over,
and performing a series of irregular jumps; when first
taken from the water it will even leap several inches from
the ground. It is extremely shy and sensitive in its
habits, poising the shell in a vertical position, and pro-
truding the longer telescope eye (for, singularly enough,
one eye-pedicel is longer than the other) from the notch
in the front of the shell ; it will thus remain perfectly
immovable until assured of security, when it begins to
roll over and examine the ground with its rostrum.

Fam. CYPR^ID.E.

Lingual riband rather long, with seven series of teeth
(3'r3), each row composed of one broad, quadrate, unci-

264 CYFRMIDM.

nated, axile tooth, flauked on each side by three unci-
nated, hooked laterals ; outer lateral teeth conical, entire
or toothed. Head broad, rostrum short ; tentacles long
and subulate, with the eyes on bulgings at their external
bases. Mantle furnished with a siphon, and with large,
expanded side-lobes covering the shell ; branchial plume
single. Foot simple.

Operculum none.

Shell usually polished, the last whorl large, convolute,
wholly or partially concealing the others ; outer lip greatly
inflexed and toothed ; inner lip dentate or corrugated.

The mantle-lobes are often externally ornamented with
forked or pointed beards or filaments, though sometimes,
as in Trivia, they are papillose, and occasionally they are
smooth and simple ; the foot is large and expanded, and
often greatly produced behind, and the end of the siphon
is frequently fimbriated. In their habits, the Cowries are
shy, and crawl slowly ; they are nearly all trojDical ani-
mals, living in warm countries, and as they glide along
among the coral-reefs and in the shelter of rocks, with
the lateral lobes of their mantles adorned with showv
colours, they present to the eye of the Naturalist objects
of singular interest and beauty.

Genus CYPR.EA, LinnsBus.

Shell ovately cylindrical, polished ; spire obsolete, or
concealed by enamel ; aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip
denticulated ; outer lip greatly inflected, denticulate or
crenate.

Si/n. Porcellana (part), Rumph. Peribolus (young),
Adans. Cyprea, Monif. Cypriarius, Dam. Erythrasa,
Barrol.

ARICIA.

265

Ex. C. talpa, Linncetis, pi. 28, fig. I. Shell, C. exan-
thema, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a.

In Cyprcea proper, the shell is subcylindrical when
adult, varying, however, in form according to the age of
the animal ; in the very young it is thin, pellucid, and heli-
coid ; it afterwards becomes oliviform ; and finally, the
outer lip is inflexed and the inner lip dentate, as we ob-
serve the species in their adult condition.

Species of Cyprcea.

Argus, Limi.
asellus, Liiw.
carneola, Linn.
cervina, Lam.
cervinetta, Kien.
chrysalis, Kien.
Clara, Gask.
contaminata. Gray.
cylindrica, Born.
dama, Perry.
exanthema, Li7in.
exusta. Sow.
falcula, Kien.
felina, Gmel.
fimbriata, Gmel.
hirundo, Linn.

interrupta, Gray.
irrorata, Soland.
Isabella, Linn.
leucodon, Brod.
lucida, Lavi.
microdon, Gray.
parvula, Phil.
pulchra, Gray.
quadrimaculata. Gray.
Reevei, Gray.
sordida. Lam. ■
tabescens, Soland.
talpa, Li7in.
teres, Gmel.
testudinaria, Linn.
ursellus, Gmel.

Genus ARICIA, Gray.

Shell ovate, dorsally gibbous, flattened at the base, the
sides thickened and dilated, pohshed ; spire concealed ;
aperture narrow, linear ; inner hp greatly expanded and
callous, dentato-lirate ; outer lip dilated, flattened and
callous, dentato-lirate.

VOL. I. M M

366

CYFRMWM.

Ex. A. annulus, LintKsus, pi. 28, fig. 2. Shell, A.
moneta, Linnceus, fig. 2, a.

The genus Aricia forms a natural group of Cowries
characterised by the flattened base of the last whorl, the
thickened callous lips, and the gibbous back.

Species of Aricia.

achatina, Soland.
annulus, Linn.
Arabica, Linn.
Arabicula, Lam.
arenosa, Gray.
bicallosa, Gray.
caput-anguis, Phil.
caput-serpentis, Linn.
liistrio, Linn.
icterina, Lam.
Mauritiana, Linn.

moneta, Linn.
mus, Linn.
obvelata, Lam.
punctulata, Gray.
rattus. Lam.
Scottii, Brod.
scurra, Chem.
stercoraria, Linn.
sulciclentala, Gray.
tessellata. Gray.

Genus LUPONIA, Gray.

Shell ovately pyriform, ventricose, smooth, polished ;
spire concealed, often depressed; aperture narrow, linear;
inner lip plicato-dentate, the plaits often obsolete poste-
riorly ; outer lip inflexed and crenate.

Si/)i. Cypraedia, Sivains.

Ex. L. tigris, Linnceus, pi. 28. fig. 3. Shell, L. Al-
goensis, Gray, fig. 3, a.

This genus comprises the pyriform Cowries, which
usually have a few strong, irregular plaits at the fore part
of the columella ; many of the rarest species of the Cowry
tribe are included in the Luponia group.

CYPRJE.OYULA.

267

Species of Lujwnia.

albugiuosa, Gray.
Algoensis, Gray.
angustata, Gmel.
atomaria, Gmel.
Aurora, Soland.
Boivinii, Kien.
camelopardalis, Perry.
caurica, Linn.
citrina, Gray.
claudestina, Linn.
cribraria, Lam.
Cumingii, Gray.
eburnea, Barnes.
edentula, Soiv.
erosa, Linn.
esontropia, Duel.
ferruginosa, Kien.
fuscodentata, Gray.
gangrenosa, Soland.
Grayi, Kien.
guttata, Gmel.
helvola, Linn.
Humplireysii, Gray.
irina, Kien.
Lamarckii, Duel.
lentiginosa, Gray.
Listeri, Gray.
lynx, Linn.
mappa, Linn.
miliaris, Ldnn.

uebulosa, Kien.
nigropunctata, Gray.
ocellata, Kien.
onyx, Linn.
ovum, Linn.
pallida, Gray.
pantherina, Soland.
picta. Gray.
povaria, Linn.
princeps, Gray.
pulchella, Swains.
pyriformis, Gray.
pyrum, Gmel.
sanguinolenta, Gmel.
similis, Grai/.
Sowerbyi, Kien.
spadicea, Swains.
spurca, Linn.
stolida, Linn.
subviridis, Reeve.
tigris, Linn.
turdus, Linn.
undata, Lam.
variolaria, Lam.
vitellus, Liiin.
Walkeri, Gray.
xanthodon. Gray.
ziczac, Gmel.
zonata, Chem.

Genus CYPR.EOVULA, Gray.

Shell oval, ventricose, surface covered with elevated
striae; aperture narrow, linear; inner lip denticulated;
outer lip inflected and transversely striated.

268 CYPRiEID^.

Syn. Cyprseova, Sioains. Cyprovula, Auct. Cypreo-
vula, Flem. Cyprasoviilum, Soiv., Jun.

Ex. C. Capensis, Soioerhy, pi. Q8, fig. 4.

The only recent examples of this genus, characterised
by the transversely striated back of the shell, are inhabi-
tants of the Cape ; they are rare, and the animal has not
hitherto been observed.

Species of Cypraovala.
Adamsonii, Gray. Capeusis, Gray.

Genus TRIVIA, Gray.

Shell oval, rather depressed, surface covered with ele-
vated, transverse ribs or tubercles ; spire concealed ;
aperture naiTOW ; inner lip sulcated ; outer lip transversely
grooved.

Syn. Coccinella, Leach, not Linn. Trivea, Stvains.

Ex. T. Europsea, Montagu, pi. 28, fig. 5. Shell, T.
Europaea, fig. 5, a.

The shells of the Trivias are sometimes covered with
transverse, raised ribs across the back, as in T. Europ^a
and T. pediculus, and sometimes with elevated tubercles,
as in T. pustulosa ; while in others there are both tuber-
cles and ribs, as in T. staphylaa.

Species of Trivia.

acuticlentata, Gash. caudidula, Gask.

armandina, Duel. Childreni, Gray.

australis, ham. cocciuella, Lam.

Beckii, Gask. depauperata, Sow.

AMPHIPERASIDiE.

269

Europaea, Mont.
formosa, Gask.
globosa, Sow.
liordacea, Kien.
intermedia, Kien.
lathyrus, Diifr.
Madagascarieusis, Crmel.
napoliua, Duel.
oniscus, Lam.
oryza, Lam.
ovulata, Lam.
Pacifica, Gray.
pediculus, Linn.

pilula, Kien.
producta, Gask.
pulex, Soland.
radians, Lam.
rosea, Wood.
rotunda, Kien.
rubinicolor, Gask.
sauguiuea, Gray.
Solaudri, Gray.
subrostrata. Gray.
suffusa, Gray.
tremeza. Dud.
vesicularis, Gask.

Sub-gen. pustularia, Swainson.

Shell ovate, depressed ; back with elevated tubercles ; extre-
mities slightly produced ; plaits continued over the lips of the
aperture in the form of elevated strife.

limacina, Lam.
nucleus, Dinn.

pustulata. Lam.
staphylaea, Linn.

Sub-gen. epona, H. and A. Adams.

Shell globose ; back smooth, or ^Yith elevated tubercles ; ex-
tremities produced ; teeth continued over lips of the aperture in
the form of elevated striae.

annulata, Gray.
cicercula, Gmel.

globulus, Linn.
margarita, Soland.

Fam. AMPHIPERASID^.

Teeth on Ungual membrane in seven rows (S'TS), the
central teeth triangular, recurved, three-toothed ; lateral
teeth converging, the inner conical, recurved, the outer

270

AMPHIPERASID/E.

large, broad, ovate, with numerous long, linear, equal,
curved digitations on the upper edge.

Mantle-lobes expanded, covering the sides of the shell,
bearded externally.

Operculum none.

Shell pointed at each end, smooth, polished, the extre-
mities more or less produced ; inner lip without teeth ;
margin of outer lip inflexed.

Genus AMPHTPERAS, Gronovius.

Mantle-margin simple ; foot large, thin, expanded.

Shell ovate, ventricose; aperture narrow, extremities not
prolonged into canals; outer lip inflexed and transversely
wrinkled ; inner lip smooth, simple.

Syn. Conchylium, Tournef. Licium, Humph. Serai-
porcellana, Da Costa. Birostris, Fahr. Ovulus, Montf.
Ovula, Brug. Ovulum, Sow.

E,v. A. ovum, Linncpus, pi. 28, fig. 6. Shell, A. ovum,
fig. 6, a.

The shells of this genus are never ornamented with rich
or varied colours, like those of the Cowry tribe, but are
usually white, pink, pale violet, or yellow, without exhi-
biting any particular markings or pattern.

Species of Amj)hiperas.

Adriatica, Sow.
angulosa, Lam.
brevis, Sow.
bulla, Sow.
builulata, Soiv.
caruea, Poiret.

concinna, Sow.
dentata, Sow.
dorsuosa, Hinds.
formosa, Soio.
liordacea, Lam.
lactea, Lam.

CYPHOMA. 271

marginata, Soic. striatula, Soic.

nubeculata, Soiv. punctata, Duel.

ovum, Linn. triticea. Lam.

pyriformis, Sow. umbilicata, Soiv.

Genus CALPURNUS, Montfort.

Mantle-margin reflexed, simple, partly covering the
shell ; foot wide, expanded.

Shell cypraeiform, dorsally gibbous, with a circular, de-
pressed line at each extremity, leaving a wart-like tuber-
cle ; aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip smooth, produced
posteriorly into a point as long as the hinder end of the
outer lip ; outer lip inflexed, dentato-lirate, the ridges
extending transversely.

Syn. Cypraella, Swains.

Ex. C. verrucosus, Linnceus, pi. 28, fig. 7. Shell, fig.
7, rt.

The shell of Calpurnus is known at once by the pecu-
liar tubercle at each end ; it is a solid shell, longitudinally
striated ; a single species only is known.

Genus CYPHOMA, Bolten.

Shell oblong, ovate, with an obtuse, dorsal, transverse
ridge ; extremities rounded, not produced into elongated
beaks ; aperture nearly straight, almost central, contracted
behind, effuse in front ; inner lip smooth, simple ; outer
lip inflexed, the margin slightly crenate.

8yn. Ultimus, Monif. Carinea, Swains. Binovo-
luta, Schl'dt.

E.r. C. gibbosa, Linnaus, pi. 28, fig. 8.

From the mark on the back of the shell and the po-

272 AMPHIPERASID^.

lished, callous surfiice the mantle-margin of the animal is
probably dilated into lobes covering the sides of the
shell ; the transverse elevated ridge is a very peculiar
feature in the shell of Cyphoma.

Species of Cyphoma.

emarginata, Sow. intermedia, Sow.

gibbosa, Linn.

Genus VOLVA, Bolten,

Mantle-margin with glandular tubercles; foot narrow,
longitudinally folded.

Shell elongately oval, spindle-shaped, ventricose ; aper-
ture narrow, with the extremities more or less prolonged
into channelled beaks ; columella smooth ; outer lip re-
flected, thickened externally.

Syn. Radius, Montf. Birostra, Swains. Rhizorus,
Montf.

Ex. V. volva, LimKBUS, pi. 29, fig. 1. Shell, V. volva
fig. 1, a.

The foot in this genus is narrow and folded lengthways
on itself, being adapted for creeping on the rounded
narrow branches of Gorgonim and corals, on which it is
supposed to feed ; the animal progresses very slowly,
but is tolerably bold in disposition.

Species of Volva.

acicularis, Lam. deflexa, Sow.

acuminata, Sow. formicai'ia, Sow.

birostris, Lam. frumeutum. Sow.

coarctata. Sow. gracilis, Sow.

PEDICULARIID.E. 273

longirostrata, Sow. sirailis, Sow.

obtusa, Soiv. spelta, Lam.

Pbilippinarum, Sow. subreflexa, Sow.

recurva, Soiv. subrostrata, Sow.

secale, Sow. volva, Linn.

Genus SIMNIA, Risso.

Mantle-margin simple, not tuberculated ; foot long,
broad, not longitudinally folded.

Shell thin, involute, oblong, subfusiform ; aperture ex-
panded, contracted at both ends into short pointed canals;
inner lip straight, slightly twisted in front; outer lip
simple, acute, arcuated.

Syn. Scymnia, Leach. Volva, Flem., not Bolt. Cal-
purna, Flem.

Ex. S. patula, Pennant, pi. 29, fig. 2. Shell, S. pa-
tula, fig. 2, «.

The flat foot of the animal, and the thin outer lip of
the shell will at once distinguish this genus from the
Volva of Bolten or Radius of Montfort; the margin of
the mantle, moreover, is simple, and not furnished with
tubercles.

Species of Simnia.

aperta, Soiv. uniplicata, Sow.

patula, Penn.

Fam. PEDICULARIID^.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3"1"3),
the central ones hooked and denticulated, the inner
lateral teeth four-cusped, the second and third elongated

VOL. I. N N

274 PEDICULARIIDiE.

and thi'ee-spined. Eyes sessile on the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle enclosed, not produced into a siphon
in front. Foot small.

Operculum none.

Shell irregular, parasitic ; spire lateral, minute ; aper-
ture very wide; outer lip thin, simple.

The curious Mollusk, forming the type of this family,
was first discovered by Mr. Swainson on the coast of
Sicily, parasitic on coral. The lingual dentition some-
what resembles that of Tricliotropis^ but the shell has
more the aspect of Conchopatella.

Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson.

Shell ovate-oblong, surface irregular, radiately ribbed
in the young state ; spire minute, apex lateral, inclined
towards the left side ; aperture very wide, channelled in
front ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute, irregular.

Syn. Thy reus, Phil.

Ex. P. Sicula, Swainson, pi. 29, fig. 3, 3, rt.

The only species known is parasitic on Mediterranean
corals ; in the young state, there are regular, conspicuous
ribs, radiating from the spire to the margin of the outer
lip ; in an examination of an imperfect specimen, we
found that the eyes were seen at the outer bases of the
tentacles, that the mantle-margin was thickened, and
that there was no operculum.

CANCELLARIID.E. 275

Fara. CANCELLARIID^.

Lingual membrane and teeth none. Rostrum very
short; tentacles wide apart, with the eyes on the outer
side near their bases. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary
siphonal fold. Foot small, triangular, simple.

Operculum none.

Shell with the aperture more or less channelled in
front; columella plicated.

The animals of this family are remarkable for the
simple nature of the oral apparatus, both tongue and
teeth being wanting ; the head, moreover, does not seem
to be elongated, the rostrum being rudimentary.

Genus CA.NCELLARIA, Lamarck.

Shell oval, cancellated, ribbed or reticulated, last whorl
ventricose ; aperture oblong, channelled in front ; canal
short, sometimes recurved ; columella with several strong,
oblique plaits.

Syn. Cancellarius, Moutf. Buccinella, Perry. Pli-
caria, Fabr.

Ex. C. textilis, Kiener, pi. 29, fig. 4. Shell, C. can-
cellata, Linnceus, fig. 4, a.

M. Deshayes states that the Cmicellarla is a vegetable
feeder; the genus is remarkable for the elegance and
rarity of the shells ; it is numerous in species, and is
found in the West Indies, China, South America, and the
Eastern Archipelago ; the species range from low-water
to forty fathoms.

276

CANCELLARIIDj;.

'

Sjjecies of Cancellaria.

acuminata, Sow.
aflBnis, G. B. Adams.
albida, Hinds.
asperella, Lam.
australis, Sow.
bucciuoides, Sow.
caucellata, Linn.
Candida, Sow.
chrysostoma, Sow.
decussata. Sow.
gemmulata, Sow.
granosa, Sow.
haemastoma, Sow.
lactea, Desh.
laevigata, Soiv.
lyrata, Adams and Reeve.
macrosT^iva, Adams and Reeve.

nodulifera, Sow.

obesa, Sow.

ovata. Sow.

piscatorum, Chem.

pulchra, Sotv.

reticulata, Lam.

rugosa, Lam.

scabricula, Linn.

semipellucida, Adams and

Reeve.
similis, Sow.
Spengleriana, Desh.
undulata, Sow.
unidentata, Sow.
urceolata, Hinds.
ventricosa, Hinds.

Sub-gen. tkigonostoma, Blainville.

Shell ovately conical, widely umbilicated ; whorls angulated,
longitudinally ribbed ; aperture triangular, acuminate in front.

antiquata, Hinds.
articularis. Sow.
bicolor. Hinds.
brevis, Sotv.
bullata, Sow.
contabulata. Sow.
costata, Gray.
costifera. Sow.
crenifera, Sow.
crispata, Soiv.
Cumingii, So^v.
excavata. Sow.
foveolata. Sow.
funiculata, Hinds.

goniostoma, Soiv.
lamellosa, Hinds.
littoriniformis. Sow.
obliquata. Lam.
pygmsea, O. B. Adams.
scalarina, Chem.
scalata, Sow.
semidisjuncta. Sow.
spirata, Lam.
tenera, Phil.
textilis, Kien.
trigonostoma, Lam.
tuberculata, Sow.
Verauxii, Kien.

CANCELLARIA. 277

Sub-gen. apheea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, not urabilicated ; outer lip thickened ; inner lip
callous, and spread over the body-whorl ; aperture effuse in front.

tessellata, Sow.

Sub-gen. euclia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell pyriform, not umbilicated ; spire very short, whorls
smooth ; columella with strong, anterior plaits.

bulbulus, Soiv. pyrum, Adams and Reeve.

cassidiformis, Sow. solida, Sow.

Sub-gen. meeica, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate ; spire acute, whorls decussated or reticulated ;
aperture oblong, without an emargination in front; inner lip
callous, defined ; columella with oblique plaits ; outer lip acute,
lirate internally.

elegans. Sow. oblonga, Sow.

melanostoma. Sow. purpuriformis, Valenc.

Sub-gen, naeona, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire elevated, acute, whorls ribbed
and clathrate ; aperture oblong, produced anteriorly into a short
canal ; columella usually with two plaits, the posterior the
largest ; outer lip crenate.

clavatula, Sow. mitrteformis. Sow.

elata, Hinds. tseniata, Sow.

378 TRICHOTROriDiE.

Sub-gen. massyla, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, turbinate; spire obtuse, whorls transversely
striated ; aperture contracted and emargiuate anteriorly ; colu-
mella truncate.

corrugata, Hinds.

Genus ADMETE, Kroyer.

Shell ovate, thin, covered with an epidermis ; spire
acute, last whorl ventricose ; aperture oval, channelled
anteriorly; columella with a few rudimentary folds ; outer
lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. A. viridula, Mailer, pi. 29, fig. 5. Shell, A. viri-
dula, fig. 5, a.

The animal resembles that of Cancellaria, and there is
no operculum on the foot ; there are but a few species yet
known, though, doubtless, many remain to be discovered
in the Northern Seas, where the genus appears to repre-
sent Cancellaria, in the same manner that Trophon re-
presents Murex, and Bela certain species of Mangella.

Species of Admete.

abnormis, Gray. Couthouyi, Sow.

arctica, Midd. viridula, Moll.

Fam. TRICHOTROPID.E.

Lingual membrane short and broad ; teeth in seven
series (SIS), the central hamate and denticulated, the

TRTCHOTROnS. 279

lateral curved, the inner one denticulated, the two outer
simple. Rostrum broad and short; tentacles wide apart,
bearing the eyes on bulgings at the extremities of their
lower halves. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary si-
phonal fold. Foot small, simple.

Operculum subannular, ovate, horny, with a sublateral
nucleus.

Shell spiral, more or less turbinate; whorls covered
with an epidermis ; aperture sub-eraarginate anteriorly ;
columella not plicate.

In their dentition, these animals have a strong analogy
to Velutimdce and Naticidce, but the head of the animal
is furnished with a rostrum ; the foot is rather small and
simple, and the form of the shell varies considerably,
being either imperforate or widely umbilicate, smooth or
cancellated, turbinate or turreted. The species are
chiefly from the Northern Seas, where they inhabit deep
water ; a few, however, are from the warmer parts of the
globe, as T. Jlavidula and T. cancellata.

Genus TRICHOTROPIS, Broderip and Sowerby.

Shell turbinate, or somewhat elevated, thin, more or less
distinctly umbilicated, spirally furrowed or cancellated,
the ribs often furnished with epidermal fringes ; apex of
spire acute; aperture pyriform, angulated in front; colu-
mella obliquely truncated, canal rudimentary; inner lip
flattened, arcuated ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Trycophore, Desk. Trichotropus, Less. Tri-
chopodus. Sow.

Ex. T. boreahs, Broderip and Sowerby, pi. 29, fig. 6.

280 APORRIIAIDiE.

Operculum, T. borealis, fig. G, n, 6, h. Shell, T. bicari-
nata, Broderip and Soiverhy, fig. 6, c.

There are more thau a dozen species, most of them
being natives of the Boreal seas; the few from warmer
latitudes were dredged from very deep water.

Species of TricJiotropis.

acuminata, Jeffr. conica, Moll.

Atlantica, Beclc. dolium, Petit.

bicai'inata, Brod. and Soiv. flavidula, Hinds.

borealis, Brod. and Soiv. inermis, Hinds.

cancellata. Hinds. iusignis, Midd.

clathrata, A. Adams. umbilicata, Broivn.

Sub-gen. iphjnoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin ; aperture subtrigonal; axis widely and deeply per-
forated.

ciliata, Kriiger. unicarinata, Sow.

Fam. APORRHAIDJE.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (S'TS),
the median hooked, denticulated, the first lateral uncinate,
the second and third claw-shaped. Rostrum elongate,
tapering; tentacles subulate, bearing the eyes on slight
prominences at their external bases. Mantle with the
outer margin expanded or lobed, and with a rudimentary
siphon in front, bent to the right. Foot small, oblong,
simple.

Operculum annular, ovate or pointed, the nucleus small,
apical.

APORRIIAIS. 281

Shell with the canal bent to the right ; outer lip si-
nuous, lobed, or digitate.

The rostriform head, sessile eyes, and rudimentary
siphon, together with certain peculiarities of the shells,
especially obvious in some fossil forms, indicate strong
affinities with Cerithium, which has induced Professor E.
Forbes to include both Cerithium and Aporrhais in the
same family; the simple foot and position of the eye&
serve to distinguish these animals from those of Strom-
hidcE.

Genus APORRHAIS, Aldrovandus.

Mantle-margin expanded, lobed, or digitate.

Operculum ovate, with subconcentric lamellae.

Shell fusiform; aperture narrow, ending anteriorly in
a canal or groove; outer lip dilated with age, expanded,
angulately lobed, or thickened.

Sijn. Tritonidium, Mull. Chenopus, Phil.

Ex. A. pes-pelicani, LinncBus, pi. 26, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, A. pes-pelicani, fig. 5, «, 5, b. Shell, A. pes-peli-
cani, fig. 5, c.

There are three species of this genus found on our
coasts, and in the Mediterranean, and another is from
North America, principally from the banks of Newfound-
land.

Species of Aporrhais.

occidentalis, Beclc. pes-pelicani, Linn.

pes-carbonis, Brorju. Serresiauus, Mich.

VOL. r. GO

282 ArORRHAID.E.

Genus struthiolaria, Lamarck.

Mantle with the outer edge simple.

Operculum unguiculate, with the nucleus apical.

Shell oblong-oval; spire acuminated, apex obtuse;
aperture with a short canal in front ; columella thickened,
polished, truncate anteriorly; outer lip thickened and
sinuous.

Ex. S. vermis, Martyn, pi. 26, fig. 6. Operculum,
S. vermis, fig. 6, a. Shell, S. papulosa, Martyn, fig. 6, h.

The species of this genus are not numerous, and are
inhabitants of the seas of New Zealand and Australia ;
the name is derived from the form of the aperture, which
is supposed to resemble an ostrich's foot.

Species of Struthiolaria.

canaliculata, Spengl. scutulata, Martyn.

papulosa, Martyn. vermis, Martyn.

Genus llALIA, Risso.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, thin, polished ; spire
produced, apex obtuse, papillary; columella curved,
truncate anteriorly; outer lip simple, thin, efluse, slightly
sinuated near the fore part.

Syn. Pryamus, Sismonda. Priamus, Beck.

Ex. H. Priamus, Meuschen, pi. 26, fig. 7.

The type of this genus is the Bulla helicoides of
Brocchi, a fossil shell ; the only recent species is the one
mentioned above, the Halia Flemiugiana of Macgill-

CERITHIIN^. 283

ivray being founded on a young Buccimim. Neither the
animal nor operculum are known, but fi'om the circum-
stance of the surface of the recent and fossil shells
being sometimes partly covered by Corallines, and the
fossil species occurring with marine shells, it is doubt-
less an inhabitant of the sea, and has even been stated
once to have been procured from the Bay of Naples ;
the position of the genus in a natural system is, how-
ever, difficult to determine until the animal is known;
the shell has been called an Achatina, a Bulla, a Buc-
cinum, and a BuUmus.

Fam. CERITHIID^.

Lingual membrane long and linear, armed with a
single series of median teeth, and three lateral series of
hooked, multicuspid uncini (3'1'3) ; outer lateral teeth
conical, curved. Rostrum broad and short; tentacles
wide apart, subulate ; eyes on short pedicels united to
the outer sides of the tentacles. Mantle-margin with a
rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gill composed of a
single series of plates. Foot broad and short, angulated
in front.

Operculum horny, spiral or subspiral.

Shell spiral, many-whorled ; aperture more or less
channelled in front ; outer lip often expanded in the
adult.

Sub-fam. CERITHIIN^.

Operculum ovate or semicircular, of few, rapidly-en-
larging whorls.

284

CERITHIINiE.

Shells usually without epidermis, with the aperture more
or less beaked, and produced in. front.
Marine.

Genus CEIUTHIUM, Adanson.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, with indistinct varices ;
canal produced in front and slightly recurved; columella
thickened, with a callosity at the hind part.

Syn. Anas, Klein, not Linn. Clava, Humph. Ce-
rites, Delameth. Camillus, Montf.

Ex. C. vulgatum, Brugniere, pi. 29, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, C. vulgatum, fig. 7, «, 7, h. Shell, C. vulgatum,
fig. 7, c.

Some of the species of this genus emit a bright green
fluid when molested. CeritJiia are found in all parts
of the world, in the East and West Indies, along the
coasts of the Pacific, the Gallapagos Islands, Australia,
China, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Cerithium.

Adansonii, Brug.
adustum, Kien.
algicola, C. B. Adams.
alternatum, Phil.
armatum, Phil.
atratum, Born.
balteatum, Phil.
Billeheusti, Petit.
breve, Qnoy and Gaim.
breviculura, Sow.
carbonarium, Phil.
columna, Sow.
corallium, Kien.

crassilabrum, Krauss.
dialeucum, Phil.
eburneum, Brug.
echinatuai, Lam.
famelicum, C. B. Adams.
ferrugineum, Say.
fuscatum, Costa.
granosum, Kien.
heteroclites, Lam.
inflatum, Quoy.
irroratum, Gould.
lacteum, Kien.
lemuiscatum, Quoy.

VERTAGUS.

285

litteratum, Born.
luctuosum, Mhe.
maculosum, Kien.
moniliferum, Kien.
morus, Lam.
muscarum, Say.
mutabile, C. B. Adams.
nigrescens, Mke.
nodulosum, Brug.
ocellatum, Brug.
peloritanum, Cantr.
planum, Anton.
pulicarium, Phil.
punctatum, Brug.

rubus, Martyn.
rugosum, Wood.
Eiippellii, Phil.
scabridum, Phil.
semiferrugiueum, Lam.
septemstriatum, Say.
suturale, Phil.
tuberculatum, Linn.
tuberosum, F. Coliim.
uncinatum, Gmel.
variabile, C. B. Adams.
variegatum, Quoy.
versicolor, C. B. Adams.
vulgatum, Brug.

Genus VERTAGUS, Klein.

Shell turreted, many-whorled ; canal strongly recurved
over the back of the last whorl ; columella thick, callous,
with an oblique plait in the middle.

Syn. Aluco, Link. Khinoclavis, Sivains.

Ex. V. vulgaris, Schumacher, pi. 30, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, V. vulgaris, fig. 1, «, \, h. Shell, V. vulgaris,
fig. 1, c.

This genus differs from Cerithium, not only in texture
and general appearance, but in the recurved beak at the
fore part of the aperture, and in the single, strong, oblique
fold in the middle of the columella.

Species of Vertagus.

aluco, Linn.

articulatus, Adams and Reeve.

asper, Linn.

attenuatus, Phil.

fasciatus, Brug.
gemmatus. Hinds.
Guinaicus, Phil.
Kochi, Phil.

286 • rOTAMIDIN^.

maculosus, Martyn. Sinensis, Omel.

Martinianus, Pfeiff. Sowerbyi, Kien.

pharos, Hinds. subulatus. Lam.

pictus, Wood. tseniatus, Quoy.

rugatus, Martyn. torulosus, Linn.

semigrauosus, Lam. vulgaris, Schum.

Genus COLINA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell elongated, tumid in the middle, many-whovled ;
whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed and nodose, trans-
versely striated ; aperture oval, produced in front into a
short, recurved canal ; columella simple, oblique ; outer
lip expanded, the margin reflexed,

Ea;. C. macrostoma, Hinds, -pi. 30, fig. 2.

In this curious little group the middle whorls of the
shell are gibbous, and the last whorl is nearly smooth and
somewhat pellucid ; the outer lip, moreover, is remarkably
dilated and reflexed. The species known are inhabitants
of deep water, living in coarse sand among the Philippine
Islands, and in the China Sea.

Species of Colina.
macrostoma. Hinds. pupiformis, A. Adams.

Sub-fam. POTAMIDIN.E.

Operculum circular, of many whorls.

Shells usually covered with a brown epidermis ; the
fore part of the aperture more or less channelled, not
produced into a beak.

Inhabiting the mouths of rivers, or salt marshes.

TRIPIIORIS. 287

Genus BITTIUM, Leach.

Operculigerous lobe with rudimentary expansions on
each side, and furnished with a roundish, lanceolate
cirrhus (Loven).

Operculum subcircular, of four volutions.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, granular, often with irre-
gular varices ; aperture with a slight canal in front, not
produced or recurved ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute,
not reflexed or expanded.

Ex. B. reticulatum, Da Costa, pi. 30, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, B. reticulatum, fig. 3, a. Shell, B. reticulatum,
fig. 3, h.

This genus includes several small northern forms, re-
sembling dextral Triphoies, and ranging from low-water
to eighty fathoms.

Species of Bittium.

elegans, Blainv. neglectum, C. B. Adams.

gibberulum, C. B. Adams. pulchelhira, C. B. Adams.

granarium, Kien. reticulatum, Da Costa.

Greenii, C. B. Adams. scabrum, Oliv.

iota, C. B. Adams. zebrum, Kien.

Genus TRIPHORIS, Deshayes.

Tentacles clavate at the tips, united at their bases by
a sinuated veil.

Operculum orbicular, few-whorled.

Shell turreted, sinistral; aperture round, produced an-
teriorly into a closed, tubular canal, sometimes with a
posterior, closed canal.

288

rOTAMIDINiE.

Syn. Tristoma, Bla'inv. Triphora, Sitains. Triforis,
Desk., olim. Mastonia, Hinds.

Ex. T. perversus, Linnceus, pi. 30, fig. 4. Shell, T.
perversus. fig. 4, a.

The species of Triphoris are very numerous, and are
from deep water ; they are inhabitants of the Straits of
Malacca, Australia, New Guinea, New Ireland, the West
Indies, and the Mediterranean. The third posterior canal
is only occasionally present ; the sculpture of the whorls
is very varied, beautiful, and constant.

Species of Triphoris.

aclversus, Hinds.
candidus, Hinds.
Cateretensis, Hinds.
Clemens, Hinds.
concinniis, Hinds.
festivus, A. Adams,
granuliitus, Adams and Reeve.
bilaris, Hinds.
labiatus, A. Adams.
monilifer, Hinds.
nigrofuscus, A. Adams.
ornatus, Desh.

perversus, Linn.
roseus, Hinds.
ruber, Hinds.
scitulus, A. Adams.
speciosus, Adams and Eeeve.
suturalis, Adams and Reeve.
tristoma, Blainv.
variegatus, A. Adams.
verrucosus, Adams andReeve.
violaceus, Quoy and Gaini.
vulpinus. Hinds.

Sub.-gen. ino, Hinds.
Shell cylindraceo-subulate, elongate, acuminate.

acutus, Kien.

femulans. Hinds.

albidus, A. Adams.

alveolatus, Adams andReeve.

asperrimus. Hinds.

bilix, Hinds.

cancellatus, Hinds.

cingulatus, A. Adams.
collaris, Hinds.
consors, Hinds.
corrugatus, Hinds.
dextroversus, Adams and
Reeve.

LAMPAIflA. 289

elegans, Hinds. pagoda, Hinds.

gemmulatus, Adams and pulchellus, A. Adams.

Reeve. pyramidalis, Adams and
gigas, Hinds. Reeve.

maxillaris, Hinds. sculptus, Hinds.

micans, Hinds. vestalis, A. Adams.

nodiferus, Adams and Reeve. vittatus, Hinds.

Sub-geu. STCHAR, Hinds.
Shell elongated, whorls rounded ; apex maxillary,
vitreus, Hinds.

Genus LAMPANIA, Gray.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, whorls without varices ;
aperture ovate, with an emargination in front ; inner lip
callous, truncated and obtuse anteriorly ; outer lip dilated,
thickened, and sinuous,

Syn. Batillaria, Benson.

Ex. L. zonalis, Bruf/uiere, pi. 30, fig. 5. Operculum,
L. zonalis, fig. 5, a.

In adult, typical specimens the outer lip of Lampania
is very much dilated, and the fore part of the columella
is obtuse and rather callous. The species inhabit man-
grove-swamps and mud-flats near the sea, and estuaries of
rivers, and are principally from the Chinese Seas.

Species of Lampania.

australis, Quoij and Gaim. zonalis, Bruc/.

Cecilii, Phil.

VOL. I. P P

290 POTAMIDINiE.

Genus POTAMIDES, Brongniart.

Shell turreted, whorls angulated or coronated ; aper-
ture produced in front into a nearly straight canal ; outer
lip thin, sinuated in the middle.

Sijn. Potamida, Schweigg. Potamidiura, Flem. Po-
tomis, Swains. Potamis, Sow.,jun.

Ex. P. ebeninus, Brugtdere, pi. 30, fig. 6. Opercu-
lum, P. ebeninus, fig. 6, «, 6, b. Shell, P. Pacificus,
Sowerhy, fig. 6, c.

The species now existing, most nearly resembling the
fossil shells on which this genus is founded, are those
we have indicated j they are distinguished by their coro-
nated whorls and their rather straight canal.

Species of Potamides.

ebeninus, Brug. Pacificus, Sow.

Lamarckii, VaJcue.

Genus TYMPANOTONOS, Klein.

Shell turreted, whorls spinulose or muricated ; aperture
round, with a short anterior canal ; columella tortuous ;
outer lip thin, sinuated, produced towards the fore part.

Sgn. Tympanostoma, Sotv. Potamis, Swains.

Ex. T. fuscatus, LinncBus, pi. 30, fig. 7. Shell, T.
fuscatus, fig. 7, a.

In general appearance, the shells of this genus resemble
those of Vihex of Oken, but the twisted columella and
distinct canal of the aperture will at once distinguish
them.

TELESCOPIUM. 291

Species of Tijmpanotonos.

alatus, Phil. fuscatus, Linn.

cingulatus, GmeL macroptera, Kien.

fluviatilis, Pot. and Mich. radula, Linn.

Genus PYRAZUS, Montfort.

Shell turreted, subulate, many-whorled, whorls rugose,
transversely sulcate and granular, varices few, indistinct ;
aperture with a short canal in front ; columella with an
oblique, spiral callosit}- in the middle ; outer lip dilated
and thickened, united at the fore part to the inner lip.

St/n. Terebralia, Swains.

EiV. P. palustris, LimKBUs, pi. 30, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, P. palustris, fig. 8, a. Shell, P. palustris, fig. 8, b.

The P. palustris occurs in great abundance in the salt-
marshes of the Eastern Archipelago, and is assiduously
collected and eaten by the natives, who roast them and
suck the contents of the shell through an aperture made
by breaking off the tip of the spire.

Species of Pyrazus.

palustris, Linn. sulcatus. Born.

semistriatus, Bolt.

Genus TELESCOPIUM, Chemnitz.

Shell pyramidal, turreted, last whorl angulated ; aper-
ture subquadrate ; columella tortuous, ending anteriorly
in a point J outer lip thin, sinuous.

292 POTAMIDIN.E.

Ex. T. fiiscum, Chemnitz, }3l. 31, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. fuscum, fig. 1, a. Shell, T. fuscum, fig. 1, h.

T.fuscum inhabits the salt-marshes and swampy tracks
near the mouths of rivers in the East Indian islands,
and their pointed spires may be seen sticking out of the
soft mud in incredible numbers ; they are so abundant
near Calcutta as to be used for burning into lime, being
exposed in heaps to the sun to kill the animals ; in
Borneo they are eaten by the natives in the same manner
as Pyraziis.

Species of Telescojnum.
fuscum, Chem. laeve, Quoij and Gaim.

Genus CERITHIDEA, Swainson.

Eye -pedicels very long and thick, connate with the
tentacles nearly to their tips.

Shell turreted, many-whorled ; apex of spire more or
less decollated, whorls longitudinally ribbed ; aperture
rounded, slightly emarginate anteriorly ; outer lip ex-
panded, with a dilated, thickened margin.

U.v. C. Charbonnieri, Petit, pi. 31, fig. 2. Opercu-
lum, C. decollata, Linnceus, fig. 2, a. Shell, C. obtusa,
Lamarck, fig. 2, b.

The Cerithidece are amphibious, crawling on the stones
and leaves in the neighbourhood of brackish water in
mangrove-swamps, and at the mouths of rivers ; during
the dry season they close the mouth of the shell with
the operculum, and hang, suspended by glutinous threads,
to small branches and mangrove roots.

MELANIIDyE. 293

Species of Ceritlildea.

ambigua, C. B. Adams. lineolata, Kien.

Chai-bounien, Petit. Moiitagiiei, D'Orh.

costata, Lam. obtusa, Lam.

clecollata, Linn. pulchra, C. B. Aday^is.

fragilis, Gray. scalariformis, Say.

Hegewischii, Phil. servilis, C. B. Adams.

iostoma, Pfeiff. Sinensis, Phil.

Kieneri, Homb. and Jacq. varicosa, Sow.
Lafoncli, Mich.

Sub-gen. pirenella, Gray.

Shell turreted ; whorls granular, or with irregular ribs and
varices; aperture rounded, with a short canal in front ; inner lip
simple ; outer lip thin, sinuated.

bicariuata, Gray. conica, Blainv.

cferulescens, Metcalfe. Diemenensis, Quay.

Caillaudi, Pot. and Mich. Largillierti, Phil.

cinerascens, Pau. mamillata, Phil.

Fam. MELANIID^.

Lingual membrane long and linear ; teeth in seven
series (S'l'S), the lateral teeth uncinate, multicuspid. Ros-
trum broad, annulated ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes
on bulgings at their outer sides. Mantle-margin fringed,
with a rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gill composed
of rigid, cylindrical plates. Foot broad and short, angu-
lated in front.

Operculum horny, ovate, subspiral.

Shell spiral, turreted, covered with a thick, dark-co-
loured epidermis ; aperture often channelled or emargi-
nate in front; outer lip simple.

294 MELANIINiE.

These animals are fluviatile, being inhabitants of fresh-
water lakes and rivers throughout the warmer parts of the
world. The apex of the spire is often eroded by the
action of the water in which they live. In the British
Islands they only occur as fossils; in the southern States
of North America they are numerous, and form peculiar
groups ; those with the many-whorled operculum appear
to abound most in the Old World ; in some instances
these animals are viviparous.

Sub-fam. MELANIIN^.

Operculum ovate and subspiral, or subcircular, and of
few whorls.

Shell covered with a dark, horny epidermis; aperture
usually simple in front, without a distinct notch.

Genus TIARA, Bolten.

Shell ovate ; spire and aperture of nearly equal length;
whorls coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate,
entire in front, pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer
lip simple, acute.

Syn. Spirilla, Humph. Melas, Montf. Melacantha,
Swains. Amarula, Sow., jini.

Ex. T. amarula, Linriceus, pi. 31, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. acauthica. Lea, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, T. amarula,
fig. 3, c.

This group comprises the ovate forms of the MelaniinoB,
in which the whorls are spinose ; they are either smooth
and black, covered with a villose epidermis, or trans-
versely striated and variegated.

MELA^ELLA.

295

Species of Tiara.

acantbica, hea.
amarula, Linn.
cornuta, Lea.
crenularis, Desk.
Cybele, Gould.
denticulata, Lea.
diadema, Lea.

orientalis, A. Adams.
pagoda, Lea.
setosa, Swains.
speciosa, A. Adams.
thiarella, Lam.
villosa, Phil.

Sub-gen. plotia, Bolten.

Shell ovate, fusiform ; whorls spinose, transversely sulcate ;
aperture elongate, simple in front.

bellicosa, Hinds.
coronata, V. d. Busch.
corrugata, Lea.
crenulata, Chem.
elegans, Bens.
furfurosa, Gould.
granifera, Lam.
gran urn, F. d. Busch.
Herklotzi, Petit.
lineata, Gray.

mirifica, A. Adams.
pugilis, Hinds.
scabra, Latn.
scabrella, Phil.
spinulosa, Lam.
tenuis, Lea.
Terpsichore, Gould.
tetrica, Gould.
"Winteri, V. d. Busch.

Genus MELANELLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate ; spire as long as the aperture, whorls
smooth or tuberculate ; aperture ovate, entire in front,
acuminate posteriorly ; inner lip thickened ; outer lip
simple, not produced in front.

Syn. Thiara, Miihlf.

Ex. M. glans, Von dem Busch, pi. 31, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, M. glans, fig. 4, a. Shell, M. Hollandri, Fertis.<iac,
fig. 4, c.

296 MELANIINil^,

This genus comprises the ovate forms of Melaniince
wliich arc not spinose ; the head of the animal is fm*-
nishcd with a very broad muzzle, and the margin of the
mantle is thickened and crenate.

Sjiecies of Melanella.

afra, Lig. Hollaudri, Fer.

crassa, F. d. Busch. siccata, V. d. Busch.

glans, V. d. Busch. zonata, V. d. Busch.

Sub-gen. SEBMYLA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell raitriform ; whorls longitudinally plicate, the last trans-
versely sulcate anteriorly ; outer lip siuuuted in the middle.

harpula, Dkr. semicostata, Phil.

mitra, Dkr. tornatella, Lea.

nana, Lea.

Genus MELANOIDES, Olivier.

Operculum subcircular, subspiral, of few rapidly-en-
larging whorls.

Shell subulate, solid, whorls often nodulous or rugose ;
aperture subcircular, produced in front ; inner lip some-
what callous ; outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated, and
produced anteriorly.

E.v. M. Indica, Eydoii.v, pi. 81, fig. 5. Operculum,
M. glaphyra, Morelci, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, M. aspera,
Lamarck, fig. 5, c.

The form of the aperture in this genus is rounder
than in Mclamia, the inner lip is thickened, the whorls
are nodose and striated, and the operculum is subcir-
cular and of few whorls.

CKRIPIIASFA.

.297

Species of Melanoides.

aspera, Lavi,
circumstriata, Metcalfe.
clavus, Lam.
coarctata, Lam.
corvugata, Lam.
cylindracea, AIoii-ss.
dactylus, Lea.
episcopalis, Lea.
erythrostoma, Quay.
glaphyra, Morel.
Jierculea, Gould.
iiifracostata, Moitss.
Largillierti, Phil.
latebrosa, Hinds.
locustris, Morel.
iiigritina, Morel.

Papuensis, Quoy.
perfecta, Moms.
polygonata, Lea.
pulclira, T^. d. Busch.
pyramidalis, Morel.
pyramidata, Hinds.
Reenivardii, De Haan.
reticulata, Lea,
subnodosa, Phil.
tuberculata, Miill.
torquata, V. d. Busch.
turritella, DJcr.
unifasciata, Mouss.
varicosa, Trosch.
virgulata, Feruss.

Genus CERIPIIASIA, Swainson.

Shell subfusiform, wliorls transversely sulcate, the last
angulatcd ; spire acuminated ; aperture small, })roduced
in front, with a small groove-like canal at the fore part ;
outer lip thin, ])Osteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Telcscopella, Gray.

Ex. C. canaliculata, Say, pi. 31, fig. 6.

The shell of Ceriphami is covered with a dark green
epidermis, and is more like that of lo than any other of
this family; it may, however, be distinguished from lo by
the beak being shorter, and by the whorls being sulcated
and not spiny.

VOL. i.

Q Q

298

MELANIIXiE.

Species of Ceripliasia.

acuta, Lea.
Alexandrensis, Lea.
anuulifera, Conr.
canaliculata, Say.
elongata, Lea.
exarata, Lea.
Haleiana, Lea.
Kirtlaudiana, Lea.
lugubris, Lea.

lutosa, Gould.
Ordiana, Lea.
regiilaris, Lea.
spurca, Lea.
subularis, Lea.
sulcosa, Lea.
symmetrica, Haiti.
Vainafa, Gould.
' Virgiuica, Gmel.

Genus PACHYCIIEILUS, Lea.

Operculum suborbicular, of several whorls.

Shell fusiformly conical, smooth, solid ; aperture ovate,
entire anteriorly ; columellar lip thickened posteriorly ;
outer lip thick.

E:k. p. Isevissimus, Soicerhy, pi. 31, fig. 7. Opercu-
lum, P. corvinus, Morelet, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

The chief peculiarity of this genus is the thickened
outer lip ; it differs from Melanopsu in having no sinus
at the fore part of the aperture, and from Melania in
having a callous columella. The operculum has the
nucleus subcentral, and is composed of two or three
spiral revolutions.

Species of Pachycheihis.

amoenus. Morel.
corvinus, Morel.
dubiosus, Say.

ferrugineus. Lea.
grapliium, Morel.
ludiorum, Morel.

10.

299

La Guayia, Salle.
laevissimus, Sow.
nigritus, Morel.
simplex, Say.

sulcospira, Mouss.
testuclinarius, V. d. Busch.
verus, Pas.
Zanguebarensis, Petit.

Sub-gen. aylacostoma, Spix.

Shell elongately fusiform, thick, solid, whorls smooth, cari-
iiated or geniculate near the suture ; inner lip thickened,
callous ; aperture entire in front ; outer lip thickened internally.

coarctatus. Lam.
cochlidium. Lea.
costellaris. Lea.
Cumingii, Lea.
impurus. Lea.

moestus, Hinds.
rectus. Lea.
scalaris, Wagn.
sobrius. Lea.

Sub-gen. potadoma, Swainson.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, whorls smooth ; inner lip
somewhat thickened; aperture produced in front; outer lip
acute, simple.

depygis, Saij.
fontinalis, Phil.
gracilis. Lea.
inornatus, Anthon.
Isevigatus, Lea.
Niagarensis, Lea.
Ococensis, Lea.

ovoideus, Lea.
perfuscus. Lea.
rufescens, Lea.
sordidus. Lea.
subcylindraceus. Lea.
subsolidus. Lea.
Warderianus, Lea.

Genus lO, Lea.

Shell fusiform, whorls spinose ; aperture large, ovate,
dilated anteriorly, produced in front into a grooved beak ;
outer lip simple, acute.

300

MELANIIN^.

Si/n. Melafusus, Swains. Glotella, Gray.

Ex. I. fluviatilis, Say, pi. 31, fig. 8. Operculum, I.
fluviatilis, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

The species of lo inhabit the rivers of North America ;
the shells, like those of most of the MelanUdie, are
covered with a brown, black, or olivaceous epidermis, and
are remarkable for the peculiar elongation of the axis
anteriorly, and for the spinose nature of the last whorl.

Species oj lo.

armigera, Lert.
Duttoniana, Lea.
Florentiaua, Lica.
fluviatilis, Say.
fusiformis, Say.
nobilis, Lea.
pagodula, Gould

pernodosa, Lea.
plicata, Lea.
robuliua, Antlwn.
spinigera, Lea.
spinosa, Lea.
tenebrosa, Lea.
tuberculata, Lea.

Sub-gen. elimia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiformlj ovate ; whorls reticulate or nodulose, carinate
in the middle; aperture greatly produced anteriorly; outer lip
thin, simple, acute.

acuticarinata, Lea.
apis. Lea.
bella, Co7ir.
Boykiniana, Lea.
caliginosa. Lea.
caucellata, Say.
carinocostata, Lea.
catenaria, Say.

catenoides, Lea.
elevata, Lea.
filum, Lea.
Holstonia, Lea.
nodulosa, Lea.
Potosieusis, Lea.
spinalis, Lea.
torta, Lea.

MELAXIA.

301

Genus MELANIA, Lamarck.

Shell subulate, elongated ; spire many-whorled, acute,
whorls smooth, not spinose ; aperture ovate, acuminate,
posteriorly entire, rounded in front ; inner lip thin, not
callous ; outer lip simple, acute, margin entire.

S]/n. Turritella, Link., not Lain. Ellistoma, Rqfin.
Melanites, Kruy. Hygronoma, Gist.

Ex. M. hastula, Lea, pi. 32, fig. 1. Operculum, M.
hastula, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, M. hastula, fig. 1, c.

The species of this genus appear to be peculiar to
tropical countries, where they inhabit streams and stag-
nant waters ; the apex of the spire, which is perfect in
young individuals, afterwards usually becomes eroded or
truncate.

Sjiecies of Melania.

aculeus, Lea.
acus, Lea.
albescens, Lea.
angusta, Fhil.
aspirans, Hinds.
australis, Lea.
blatta, Lea.
canalis, Lea.
cancellata, Bens.
castanea, Lea.
cincta, Lea.
costulata, Lea.
cuspidata, Chem.
erosa, Less.
fceda, Lea.
flammulata, V. d. Busch.

figurata, Hinds.
florata, Hinds.
fulgurans, Hinds.
furaosa, Hinds.
funiculus, Quoy.
hastula, Lea.
hians, Lea.
indefiuita, Lea.
inhonesta, V. d. Busch.
juncea, Lea.
Liebmanni, Phil.
luctuosa. Hinds.
Miudorensis, Lea.
modesta, Lea.
Nicobarioa, Morch.
pallida, Lea.

^^i

302

AIELANIINiE.

perpinguis, Hinds.
Philippii, H. and A. Adams

(picta, Phil.).
picta, Hinds.
Plutonis, Hinds.
porcata, Jonas.
rivularis, Phil.
rufa, Lea.
Scipio, Gould.
semicaucellata, V. d. Biisch.
spadicea, Phil.
strigosa, Lea.

subula, Lea.
subularis, Lea.
subulata, Chem.
Tahitana, Lea.
tenebrosa, Lea.
terebra, V d. Busch.
terebrans, Lea.
teres, Lea.
Tirouri, Feruss.
turriculus, Lea.
uniformis, Quoy.
verruculum, Morel.

Sub-gen. melasma, H. and A. Adams.

Shell solid ; spire elevated, whorls smooth, longitudinally pli-
cate ; aperture produced anteriorly ; inner lip simple, thin ;
outer lip acute, simple.

blanda. Lea.
brevispira, Anthon.
clavseformis. Lea.
comina, Conr.
concinna. Lea.
costata, Quoy.
costulata, Lea.
crebricostata. Lea.

Curreyana, Lea.
Deshayesiana, Lea.
Edgareana, Lea.
laqueata. Say.
Lecontiana, Lea.
nitens. Lea.
plicatula, Lea.
plicifera, Lea.

Genus HEMISINUS, Swaiuson.

Shell subulate, whorls smooth, simple, numerous ; aper-
ture ovate, anteriorly contracted, canaliculate and emar-
giuate in front ; outer lip thin, crenulated at the edge.

Syn. Tania, Gray. Basistoma, Lea.

Ex. H. lineolatus, Wood, ])1. 32, fig. 2. Operculum,
H. lineolatus, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

VIBEX.

303

This genus comprises many fine species of fresh water
shells, principally from South America, though a few
have been regarded as inhabitants of other countries.

Species of nemisinus.

adspersus, Trosch.
Braziliensis, Moric.
breviformis, PJiil.
bulbosus, Gould.
contractus, Lea.
conus, Jacq.
clermestoideus, Lea.

Edwardsii, Lea.
Guayaquil ensis, Petit.
Hugelii, Phil.
lineolatus, Wood.
perfuscus, Lea.
rugiucsus, Lea.
symmetricus, Conr.

Genus VIBEX, Oken.

Shell turreted, whorls tuberculated, spirally ridged or
muricate ; aperture subcircular, produced and broadly
channelled in front ; outer lip thin, simple.

Si/n. Claviger, Held. Melania, Swains., not Lam.

Ex. V. aurita, Midler, pi. 32, fig. 3. Operculum, V.
aurita, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, V. aurita, fig. 3, c.

In this genus the shell is usually rather thick and solid,
and the columellar lip is somewhat excavated and flat-
tened anteriorly, the whorls, moreover, are usually rough
with tubercles or elevated ridges.

Species of Vibex.

aurita, Midi.
balteata, Phil.

fusca, Gmel.
tuberculosa, Pang.

UJ

L I 3 R A ?^ "I

u.&ty.

304

MELANIINiE.

Sub-gen. doryssa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, turreted ; spire decollated, whorls longitudi-
nally plicate and decussated with transverse ridges ; aperture
sub-canaliculated in front ; outer lip incrassated.

I

atra, Richard.
brevier, Trosch.
decollata, Lea.

mutans, Gould.
subimbricata, Phil.
transversa, Ijea.

Sub-gen. tarebia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovato-fusiform, whorls granulose or tessellated with
nodules ; outer lip sinuated towards the hind part ; interior of
aperture often furnished with spiral grooves.

armillata. Lea.
Celebensis, Quoy.
coffea, Phil.
crenifera. Lea.
cribrum, Lea.
dembea, Eiljyp.
flavida, Dkr.
granifera, V. d. Btisch.
lateritia. Lea.
lineata, Trosch.
lirata, Mke.
Luzoniensis, Lea.

microstoma. Lea.
monozonalis. Lea.
pyramis, V. d. Busch.
quadriseriata. Gray.
Riquetii, Gratel.
rudis, Lea.

semigranosa, V. d. Busch.
suturalis, Phil.
tenuis, Lea.
tessellata, Lea.
turgidula, Phil.
verrucosa, Hinds.

Sub-gen. juga, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, whorls rounded, transversely lirate or furnished
with elevated transverse lines ; aperture produced anteriorly ;
outer lip simple, acute.

Buddii, Say.
circincta. Lea.

exilis, Hald.
Maluccinosa, Qnny.

GYROTOMA.

305

multilineata, Say.
obruta, Lea.
occata, Hinds.
Proteus, Lea.
proxima, Say.

Schiecleana, Phil.
silicula, Gould.
striata, Lea.
Troostiaua, Lea.
Yirginea, Say.

Genus GYROTOMA, Shuttleworth.

Shell ovate, turreted, whorls transversely silicate ; aper-
ture oblong; inner lip thickened, with a posterior cal-
losity ; outer lip thin, with a deep, narrow, posterior
fissure.

Si/?i. Schizostoma, Lea, not Bronn. Melatoma, An-
thony, not Sicains. Schizocheilus, Lea.

Ex. G. ovoidea, Shuttletvorth, pi. 32, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, G. ovoidea, fig. 4, a, 4, h.

The fissure in the outer lip is wanting or obsolete in
the sub-genus Megara, the species of which, in other
respects, closely resemble those of Gyrotoma proper.
Both groups are American in their geographical distri-
bution.

Species of Gryrotoma.

al tills, Anthony.
Babylonica, Lea.
Budclii, Lea.
conica, Say.
constricta, Lea.
curta, Migh.
curvata. Say.
cylindracea, Migh.

excisa, Lea.
Foremani, Lea.
funiculata, Lea.
iucisa, Lea.
laciniata, Lea.
ovoidea, Shuttl.
pagoda, Lea.
pyramidata, Shuttl.

VOL. I.

K R

300 MELANIINiE.

Sub-gen. megara, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, solid, whorls transversely sulcate ; aperture
ovate-oblong, sub-canaliculated anteriorly; outer lip thin, simple,
acute.

alveare, Conr. lateralis. Lea.

arctata, Lea. lima, Conr.

auriculfeformis, Lea. oliva. Lea.

basalis. Lea. olivula, Conr.

brevis, Lea. ovalis, Lea.

crebristriata. Lea. pumila. Lea.

harpa, Lea. solida, Lea.

Haysiana, Lea. torquata. Lea.

Hoeydei, Lea. undulata. Say.

impressa, Lea. Vanuxemiana, Lea.

Genus TRICULA, Benson.

Shell elongately oval ; spire produced, apex more or
less truncated, last whorl rounded, slightly umbilicated ;
aperture ovate, entire in front, peritreme continuous,
subreflexed.

Ex. T. montana, Benson, pi. 32, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. montana, fig. 5, «, 5, h.

The animal of Tricula has an elongated proboscis and
filiform tentacles with the eyes at their outer bases ; in its
thickened inner lip, the shell somewhat resembles Palu-
domus, but it is distinguished by its elongated spire and
truncated apex ; the only species known is an inhabitant
of the river Kamaan, in India.

LEPTOXIS.

;307

Genus LEPTOXIS, Rafinesque.

Shell ovate or globose, solid, subperforate ; spire very
short ; aperture oval ; inner lip with a posterior callosity,
often anteriorly callous and produced; outer lip thin,
sinuous, with a posterior, ascending canal.

Syn. Anculotus, Say. Anculosa, Swains. Ancylotus,
Herm.

Ex. L. prgerosa, Say, pi. 32, fig. 6. Operculum, L.
prserosa, fig. 6, a, 6, b.

The species of this genus are peculiar to the North-
American rivers ; the spire of the shell has a truncated,
eroded apex, and, in the typical species, the shell is solid
and subglobose, with the aperture simple in front.

Species of Leptoxis.

abrupta, Lea.
angulata, Conr.
crassa, Hald.
flammata, Lea.
fuliginosa, Lea.
fusca, Hald.
fusiformis, Lea.
gibbosa, Lea.
globula, Lea.
Griffithsiaua, Lea.
Hildrethiana, Lea.
Integra, Say.
melanoides, Conr.
Nickliniana, Lea.
nigrescens, Conr.
obtusa, Lea.
picta, Conr.

pilula, Lea.
pisum, Hald.
plicata, Conr.
prasrosa, Say.
pumilis, Conr.
rubiginosa, Lea.
squalida, Lea.
subglobosa, Say.
taenia ta, Say.
tintinuabulum, Lea.
trivittatus, De Kay.
Troostiana, Lea.
turgida, Hald.
variabilis, Lea.
virgata, Lea.
viridis, Lea,

308 MELANim^.

Sub-gen. kitocris, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, subglobose, whorls angulated, often carinate ;
inner lip subtruucate, or ending in a tubercle.

carinata, Lea. inflata, Lea.

costata, Lea. Kirtlandiana, Anthon.

dentata, Couth. monodontoides, Gould.

dilatata, Conr. occidentalis, Lea.

dissimilis, Say. Rogersii, Conr.

ebena, Lea. ■ subcarinata, Hald.

Sub-gen. verena, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subturbinate, whorls transversely Urate, carinated at
the hind part ; aperture not produced in front ; inner lip simple,
without a posterior callus ; columella subtruncate anteriorly,
forming a very short canaliculation.

cren ocarina. Morel.

Sub-gen. lythasia, Lea.

Shell thick, solid, ovate, whorls gibbose or tuberculated at
the hind part ; aperture sub-canaliculated and produced in front ;
inner lip with a callus posteriorly, subtruncate anteriorly.

genicula, Hald. salebrosa, Conr.

neritiformis, Besh. semigranulosa. Desk.

obovata, Say.

Genus PYRGULA, Christie and Janson.

Shell turreted, whorls numerous, carinated ; aperture
oval, emarginate anteriorly ; columellar lip free, reflected,
produced in front ; outer lip thin, simple.

MELANOPSIN^E. 309

Ex. P. Helvetica, Michelin, pi. 32, fig. 7.

The curious little shell on which this genus is founded
inhabits the fresh-water streams of Switzerland, and is re-
markable for its white colour and the carinated nature of
the whorls.

Sub-fam. MELANOPSINJE.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell covered with an epidermis ; aperture with a dis-
tinct notch in front.

Genus MELANOPSIS, Ferussac.

Shell ovate, last whorl elongated, smooth, or longitudi-
nally plicate ; spire short, acute ; aperture oblong, dis-
tinctly notched in front ; inner lip thick, with a callus
posteriorly ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Faunus, Megerle, not Montf. Campeloma, Rajin.
Ceneona, Gist.

Ex. M. costata, Olivier, pi. 32, fig. 8. Operculum, M.
praerosa, Linnceus, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

This genus was established by Ferussac for the species
of Melaniid(B which have the columellar lip callous, and
a notch at the fore part of the aperture ; it is distin-
guished from Faunus in the outer lip not being produced
and sinuated, and in the general form of the shell.

Species of Melanopsis.

acicularis, Feruss. praerosa, Linii.

deuegabilis, Feruss. trifasciata, Gray.

Esperi, Feruss. variabilis, V. d. Busch.

maculata, Lea. Zealandica, Gould.

310 MELANOPSINiE.

Sub-gen. canthtdomus, Svvaiuson.

Spire generally short, whorls coronated with spines, or marked
with longitudinal ribs, the last obtuse anteriorly.

cariosa, Linn. Parreyssii, Miihlf.

costata, Oliv. Theminckiana, Petit.

Helena, Modeer. tigris, Feniss.
Kotschyi, V. d. Busch.

Sub-gen. lykcea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform, whorls transversely sulcate ; inner
lip with a large, posterior callus; columella subtruucate ante-
riorly ; aperture canaliculated posteriorly.

Dufourii, Graells. nodosa, Feniss.

Genus FAUNUS, Montfort.

Shell subulate ; spire elongated, many-whorled, whorls
smooth, covered with a dark-coloured epidermis ; aperture
widely emarginate in front j inner lip thickened, with a
callus posteriorly ; outer lip dilated, the margin sinuated
towards the hind part.

Si/n. Pirena, Lam. Ebena, Schum. Pyrena, Mke.
Melanomona, Bowd.

Ex. F. ater, Linnaiis, pi. 32, fig. 9. Operculum, F.
ater, fig. 9, a, 9, h. Shell, F. ater, fig. 9, c.

The species of this genus, which differs from Melanopsis
in the length of the spire, and in the sinuated, broadly -ex-
panded outer lip, inhabit the beds of tropical rivers and
rivulets, where they may be seen crawling on the soft
mud at the bottom, feeding, apparently, on the decayed
vegetable matter.

CLIONELLA. 311

Species of Faunus.

ater, Linn. princeps, Lea.

Cecillii, PML

Sub-gen. melanatria, Bowdich.

Whorls subnodose ; aperture with the notch at the fore part
wide and somewhat obsolete ; outer lip slightly sinuated.

fluminea, Gmel.

Genus CLIONELLA, Gray.

Shell fusiform, whorls longitudinally ribbed, the last an-
teriorly contracted ; aperture produced in front into a
rather wide channel ; outer lip with a deep sinus at the
hind part.

Syn. ? Melatoraa, Sttains., not Anthony.

Ex. C. buccinoides, Lamarck, pi. 32, fig. 10. Oper-
culum, C. buccinoides, fig. 10, a, 10, h. Shell, C. bucci-
noides, fig, 10, c.

The shells comprised in this genus have very much
the aspect of fresh-water Clavatulee ; some of the species
are said to be inhabitants of the rivers of Africa.

Species oj Clionella.

buccinoides, Lam. stolida, Hinds.

semicostata, Kien. striata, Kien.

sigillata. Reeve.

312 LITTORINIDiE.

Fam. LITTORINIDyE.

Tongue long, armed with seven rows of teeth (3-1 -3),
the median broad and hooked, the lateral, or uncini,
hooked and oblong; the outer lateral teeth conical, curved.
Rostrum moderate, entire ; eyes sessile on the outer side
of the tentacles ; no neck-lobes or lateral cirrhi. Mantle
with a rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gills two, one
very large, occupying nearly the whole surface of the
branchial cavity, and formed of flat, free plates. Foot
with a linear duplication in front, and a groove along the
under surface.

Operculum horny, spiral, of few whorls.

Shell spiral, turbinated or depressed ; aperture simple
in front, never pearly within.

Genus LITTORINA, Ferussac.

Eyes sessile near the outer bases of the tentacles.

Operculum paucispiral.

Shell turbinate, solid, few-whorled, axis imperforate;
spire short ; aperture subcircular, entire ; columellar lip
rather flattened ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Trocbus, Adans., not Linn. Turbo, Swains.,
not Linn. Bacalia, Gray.

E.V. L. littorea, Linnmis, pi. 33, fig. 1. Operculum,
L. littorea, fig. I, a, 1, b. Shell, L. littorea, fig. 1, c.

The animals of this genus are, in a great measure, am-
phibious, living on the rocks along the shore ; many spe-
cies are nearly always out of the water, but usually place
themselves within the wash of the tide. They are very

LITTORINA.

313

numerous in species, and are found in all parts of the
world ; a few kinds are extensively used for food, as the
"Periwinkle."

Species of Littorina.

aberrans, Phil.

acuminata, Gould.

albicans, Metcalfe.

albida, Phil.

atrata, C. B. Adams.

caliginosa, Gould.

castanea, Adams and Reeve.

cingulata, Phil.

columna, Jonas.

conica, Phil.

debilis, Phil.

exarata, Phil.

fabalis, Turt.

fasciata. Gray.

filosa, Sow.

flammea, Phil.

glabrata, Phil.

graudis, Midd.

globosa, Dkr.

Groenlandica, Chem.

Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.

Kurila, Midd.

laevis, Phil.

lemniscata, Phil.

lepida, Gould.

limata, Loven.

limax, Martyn.

littorea, Linn.

lunata, Miyh.
Malaccana, Phil.
mespilum, Miihif.
modesta, Phil.
nigroliueata. Gray.
obliquata, Say.
obesa, Sow.
pallescens, Phil.
palliata, Say.
patula, Jefr.
plena, Gould.
porcata, Phil.
rudis, Donov.
rugosa, Mke.
saxatilis, Donov,
Sayii, Phil.
scutulata, Gould.
Sieboldii, Phil.
Sinensis, Phil.
Sitchana, Phil.
squalida, Brod. and Sow.
subtenebrosa, Midd.
sulcata. Lam.
sulculosa, Phil.
tenebrosa, Mont.
tenuis, Phil.
varia, Sow.
ventricosa, Phil.

VOL. 1.

s s

314

LITTORINIDiE.

Sub-geu. MELARAPHE, Muhlfeldt (Melaraphis, Stentz).

Shell thin, imperforate ; spire acuminate, whorls flattened,
usually transversely striated, and adorned with coloured mark-
ings ; aperture effuse anteriorly ; columella excavated.

Africana, Krauss.
angulifera, Lam.
antipodum, Phil.
Araucana, D'Orh.
aspera, Phil.
carinata, D'Oib.
carinifera, Mke.
cincta, Quoy and Gaim.
cingulifera, Dkr.
columellaris, D'Orb.
conspersa, Phil.
decoUata, Krauss.
Diemenensis, Quoi/ and

Gaim.
D'Orbignyana, Phil.
fasciata. Gray.
flava, Brod.
Gundlachi, Phil.
guttata, Phil.
intermedia, Phil.
Kynsnaensis, Krauss.
lineata, D'Orb.
Mauritiana, Lam.
melanostoma, Gray.

minima. Wood.
nebulosa, Lam.
neritoides, Linn.
parvula, Phil.
Paytensis, Phil.
Peruviana, Lam.
phasianella, Phil.
picta, Phil.
pintado. Wood.
planaxis, Nutt.
pulchella, Dkr.
pulchra, Sivains.
punctata, Gmel.
puncticulata, Phil.
pusilla, Phil.
reticulata, Anton.
scabra, Linn.
striata. King.
Syriaca, Phil.
tessellata, Phil.
tigrina, D'Orb.
uudulata, D'Orb.
zebra. Wood.
zic-zac, Chem.

Sub-gen. neritoides. Brown.

Shell turbinate, solid, imperforate ; spire very short, apex
obtuse ; outer lip thickened internally.

arctica, Moll.
irrorata. Say.

obtusata, Linn.

TECTARIUS.

315

Genus TECTARIUS, Valenciennes.

Operculum subcircular, paucispiral, with a broad, mem-
branous edge.

Shell turbinate, subcorneal, tuberculate or muricated,
axis imperforate ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval, entire ;
inner lip with a callosity anteriorly ; outer lip thin, striated
internally.

Syn. ? Hamus, Klein. Tectaria, Guer. Pagodus,
Gray. Pagoda, Mrs. Gray. Pagodella, Swains.

Ex. T. pagodus, Linnaus, pi. 33, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. pagodus, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, T. pagodus, fig. 2, c.

The aperture in this genus is ovate, and not pearly
within ; the axis is imperforate, the whorls are tubercu-
late or muricated, and the operculum is of few whorls.

Species of Tectarius.

afl&nis, D'Orb.
Antoni, Phil.
bicolor, Lam.
breviculus, Phil.
dilatatus, D'Orb.
granosus, Phil.
granularis, Gray.
leucostictus, Phil.
miliaris, Quoy and Gaim.
millegrana, Phil.
muricatus, Linn.
Natalensis, Krauss.
nodosus, Gray.

nodulosus, Pfeiff.
pagodus, Linn.
papillosus, Lam.
perlatus, Phil.
pyramidalis,QMo?/aw(i Gaim.
rugosus. Gray.
subnodosus, Phil.
tectum-persicum, Linn.
trochiformis, Dillw.
trochoides, Gray.
tuberculatus. Gray.
vilis, Mke.

316 LITTORINID.E.

Genus ECFIINELLA, Swainson.

Operculum circular, many-whorled.

Shell turbinately conoidal, axis more or less distinctly
perforated, whorls muricate or granulated; aperture ovate;
inner lip arcuate, edentulous, or with an obscure tooth-like
callus at the fore part ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Nina, Gray.

Ex. E.Cumingii,P/«7«|)/>2, pi. 33, fig. 3. Operculum,
E. Cumingii, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

In E. coronaria the tooth is inconspicuous, but the
axis is perforated, and the operculum is orbicular and
raany-whorled ; the same characters are present in E. Cu-
mingii^ which constitutes the type of the iV/wa of Gray.

Species of Echinella.

coronaria, Lam. granulata, Sivains.

Cumingii, Phil.

Genus MODULUS, Gray.

Eyes on the middle of the tentacles.

Operculum orbicular, many-whorled.

Shell turbinate, depressed or trochiform, porcellanous,
axis perforate ; aperture oval ; inner lip with a strong,
plait-like tooth at the fore part ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Monodonta, Swains., not LatJi.

Ex. M. tectum, Gmelin, pi. 33, fig. 4. Operculum,
M. tectum, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, M. lenticularis, Chem-
nitz, fig. 4, c.

RISELLA. 317

The eyes in Modulus are situated half way up the ten-
tacles, the a}3erture of the shell is not pearly within, and
the inner lip is furnished with a strong tooth ; the opercu-
lum, moreover, is nearly circular, and is composed of
several vthorls.

Species of Modulus.

angulatus, C. B. Adams. cluplicatus, A. Adams.

candidus, Petit. lenticularis, Chem.

catenulatus, Phil. obliquatus, A. Adams.

cerodes, A. Adams. tectum, Gmel.

disculus, Pliil. unidens, Lister.

Genus RISELLA, Gray.

Eyes situated on the tentacles.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell trochiforra, with aflat or concave base, axis imper-
forate, whorls flattened, the last angulated, often acutely
keeled ; aperture depressed, oblique, rhombic, dark or
variegated internally; outer lip acute, simple.

Syn. Bembicium, Phil.

Ex. R. lutea, Quoij and Gaimard, pi. 33, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, R. melanostoma, Gmelin, fig. 5, «, 5, h. Shell, R.
melanostoma, fig. 5, c.

This genus is known among the Littorinidee by its im-
perforate, top-shaped shell ; the absence of eye-peduncles
and lateral membrane of the foot, and the shell not being
pearly within, prevents it from being confounded with the
Trochidce..

318 LITTORINID^.

Species of Bisella.

imbricata, Gray. nana, Lam.

livida, Phil. plana, Quoy and Oaim.

lutea, Quoy and Gaim. vittata, Phil.
melanostoma, Gmel.

Genus LACUNA, Tiirton.

Operculigerous lobe winged at the sides and furnished
behind with two filaments.

Shell turbinated, solid or thin, subglobose or conical ;
spire short or somewhat produced ; aperture semilunar ;
columellar lip flattened, with a parallel, umbilical fissure ;
outer lip acute.

Syn. Teraana, Leach.

Ex. L. divaricata, O. Fahricius, pi. 33, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, L. pallidula, Da Costa, fig. 6, a, 6, b. Shell, L.
pallidula, fig. 6, c.

The LacuiKB feed upon sea-weed, and Loven observes
that when XkiQfucus is of a brown colour, the animals be-
come green, but if red, they assume a rosy tint. They
principally inhabit the shores of northern countries, and
species occur both in England and North America.

Species of Lacuna.

pallidula, Da Costa. rufa, Da Costa.

puteolus, Turt.

FOSSAR. 319

Sub-gen. epheria, Leach.

Shell thin, usually with coloured bands ; spire rather elevated ;
inuer lip thin, acute ; umbilical fissure linear.

albella, Loven. fasciata, Adams.

canalis, Mont. fragilis, Mke.

carinata, Gould. frigida, Loven.

carinifera, A. Adams. glaciaHs, Mull.

divaricata, 0. Fabr. quadrifasciata, Mont.

Sub-gen. medorta, Leach.

Shell conical, solid ; spire elevated ; periti'eme dilated and
refle.xed anteriorly ; inner lip thick, flattened ; umbilical fissure
obsolete.

crassior, Walker. solidula, Loven.

labiosa, Loven.

Genus FOSSAR, Adanson.

Tentacles furnished, internally, with a frontal lobe.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell semiglobose, whorls ribbed or cancellated, axis
perforate ; aperture semi-rotundate, entire ; inner lip
straight, edentulate, never callous ; outer lip acute, smooth
internally.

Syn. Fossarus, Phil. Maravignia, Aradas and Mag.
Naticella, Munster. Phasianema, 8. Wood.

Ex. F. ambiguus, LiniKsus, pi. 33, fig. 7. Operculum,
F. variegatus, A. Adams, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, F. costatus,
Brocchi, fig. 7, c.

The great peculiarity of this genus is the fact of the
animal having two frontal lobes between the tentacles.

320

littorinidj:.

The recent species are few in number, one is from Senegal,
two are from the Mediterranean, and the others are from
the Eastern Seas, and South America.

Sjjecies of Fossar.

abjectus, C. B. Adams

(Adeorbis).
ambiguus, Linn.
angiostoma, C. B. Adams.
bicarinatus, A. Adams.
clatliratus, Phil.
costatus, Brocc.
Cumingii, A. Adams.

excavatus, C. B. Adarns.
foveatus, C. B. Adams.
megastoma, C. B. Adams.
pusiUus, Gould (Tricho-

tropis).
reticulatus, A. Adams.
trochlearis, A. Adams.
variegatus, A. Adams.

Genus ISAPIS, H. and A. Adams.

Shell umbilicated ; spire elevated, whorls rounded,
transversely ribbed and cancellated ; aperture ovate ;
columella slightly arcuated, with a strong tooth in the
middle ; outer lip simple externally, strongly lirate inter-
nally, margin dentate.

£x. I. anomala, C. B. Adams, pi. 33, fig. 8.

This genus, of which but a single species is known,
is founded upon a curious little shell described by the
late Professor Adams as Narica anomala; the tooth in the
middle of the inner lip is the principal character which
distinguishes the genus from Fossar.

Genus LITHOGLYPHUS, Miillfeldt.

Tentacles subulate ; eyes at their outer bases.

Operculum ovate, few-whorled.

Shell semiglobose, thick, solid ; spire short, obtuse.

PLANAXIDiE. 321

whorls few, smooth ; aperture large, ovate, entire, peristome
continuous ; inner lip callous ; outer lip simple ; umbi-
licus rimate.

Syn. Lithoclyptus, Christ, and Jans. Paludestrina,
D'Orh. Lithogiypter, Fitz.

Ex. L. lapidum, i>'0/-J/^/??/, pi. 34, fig. 1. Operculum,
L. naticoides, Ferussac, fig. 1, «, 1, b. Shell, L. nati-
coides, fig. 1, c.

The typical species of this genus is from the river Da-
nube ; a few other species are inhabitants of the fresh
waters of South America, and have been described by
M. D'Orbigny under the name of Paludestrina.

Species of Lkhoglyphus.

fuscus, Ziegl. piscium, DVrb,

lapidum, D'Orh. prasinus, Koch.

naticoides, Feruss.

Fara. PLANAXIDJE.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3'1'3),
the outer lateral teeth conical, curved. Rostrum elongate;
tentacles subulate, with the eyes sessile at their external
bases. Mantle with a produced siphon in front ; gill in
several lines on the inner side of the mantle-cavity. Foot
simple, or furnished with tentacular filaments.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell with the fore part of the aperture emarginate.

Marine.

In general structure, as well as in their habits, the ani-
mals of this family most nearly resemble the Liitori-

VOL. I. T T

323 PLANAXIN^.

nid(B, but the presence of a siphon, and a distinct notch
at the fore part of the aperture, prevent their being asso-
ciated with that group.

Sub-fam. PLANAXIN^.

Sides of the foot and operculigerous lobe simple.
Operculum ovate, subspiral.
Littoral.

Genus PLANAXIS, Lamarck.

Shell solid, ovately conical ; spire acuminate ; aperture
oblong, with a distinct notch in front ; columellar lip flat-
tened, smooth, truncate anteriorly, with a wide callosity
at the hind part ; outer lip thickened, grooved internally.

E.V. P. nigra. Lesson, pi. 34, fig. 2, Operculum,
P. sulcata. Born, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, P. sulcata, fig.
2, c.

The animals of this genus are marine and somewhat
amphibious in their habits, crawling on the stones near
the margins of pools left by the retiring tide ; some of the
species affect the vicinity of mangrove swamps, and may
be seen adhering to the roots above the surface of the
water.

Species of Planaxis.

acuta, Krauss. circinata, Less.

areolata, Less. labiosa, A. Adams.

atropurpurea, Recluz. lineata, Da Costa.

brevis, Quoy. lineolata, Gould.

buccinea, A. Adams. nigra, Lesson.

buccinoides, Besh. , nigritella, Forbes.

cingulata, A. Adams. nucleus. Lam.

QUOYIA. 323

obscura, A. Adams. succincta, A. Adams.

obsoleta, Mke. sulcata, Born.

pigra, Forbes. tseniata, Phil.

planicostata, Sow. undulata, Lam.

semisulcata, Sow. zonata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. hinea, Gray.

Shell smooth, covered with a brownish-yellow epidermis,
whorls flattened ; outer lip thickened, and grooved internally.

Braziliana, Lam. laevigata, Leach.

fulva, A. Adams.

Genus QUOYIA, Deshayes.

Shell solid, elongately conical; spire produced, the
apex decollated, whorls flat, the last subangulated ; aper-
ture small, semicircular, slightly notched in front ; colu-
mella smooth, rounded, truncate anteriorly, and with a
spiral, acute callus towards the hind part; outer lip
grooved internally.

Syn. Y\s%\\ahxdi, Brown. Leucostoma, Swains.

Ex. Q, decollata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 34, fig. 3.
Operculum, Q. decollata, fig. 3, «, 3, h. Shell, Q. decol-
lata, fig. 3, c.

In this genus the anterior notch of the aperture is not
so distinct as in Planaxis, the columellar lip is not flat-
tened, and is furnished with a spiral, callous keel which
winds round the hind part.

324 LITIOPINiE.

Genus HOLCOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, thin ; spire short, acuminate, suture chan-
nelled ; aperture obpyriform, posteriorly canaliculated,
anteriorly emarginate ; columella arcuate, smooth, with a
posterior callosity ; outer lip expanded, the margin
everted, posteriorly free and ascending on the body-
whorl.

Ex. H. piligerum, Philippi,-^\. 33, fig. 4.

The shell on which we have founded this genus differs
from Qiioyia and Planaxis in being thin, and in the aper-
ture being furnished with a posterior canal which extends
up the last whorl ; it is covered with an epidermis cu-
riously adorned with rows of golden bristles.

Sub-fam. LITIOPIN^.

Sides of the foot and operculigerous lobe furnished
with tentacular filaments. Operculum horny, of many
whorls.

Pelagian.

Genus LITIOPA, Rang.

Shell thin, horny, semipellucid, conoidal ; spire acute,
whorls rounded, the last large ; aperture oval, emarginate
anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Syn. Bomb3'xinus, BHanger, Lesson.

Ex. L. melanostoma, Eydoux and Soiileyet, pi. 34,
fig. 5. Shell, L. bombyx. Rang. fig. 5, a.

The singular little oceanic Mollusks which constitute
this genus have the power of spinning glutinous threads

IIISSOELLID.'E. 325

by which they, occasionally, suspend themselves from the
stems of floating gulf-weed, among which they take up
their abode ; if the thread by any chance becomes di-
vided, the animal emits a bubble enveloped in a glutinous
secretion, which rises to the surface, drawing out threads
as it ascends, and finally becomes attached to the weeds
above.

Species of Litiopa.

bombyx, Rang. melanostoma, Eyd. and Soul.

decussata, Goxdd. obesa, C. B. Adams.

effusa, C. B. Ada?)is. striata, Pfeiff.

Fam. RISSOELLID^.

Lingual membrane with five series of teeth (2*r2), cen-
tral teeth broad, crenulated ; lateral, two on each side, the
inner broad and crenulated, the outer small and hooked.
Rostrum divided into two tentacular lobes in front ; eyes
sessile on the bases of the tentacles, or on the head, far
behind them. Mantle simple in front.

Operculum annular, regular, with an internal process.

Shell elevately spiral ; aperture simple, or slightly emar-
ginate in front.

The lingual armature of this family shows an affinity to
the Littorinidce, and the bilobate mouth and absence of
retractile proboscis indicate them to be vegetable feeders.

Genus RISSOELLA, Gray.

Eyes on the head, far behind the tentacles ; tentacles
simple ; lobes of rostrum elongate.

326 rissoelliDtE.

Operculum half-ovate, annular, nucleus near the inner
straight edge, with a central internal process.

Shell thin, spiral, conical or subglobose, transparent ;
aperture ovate, rounded and simple in front, peristome
thin, entire.

Syn. Jeffrey sia, Alder.

Ex. R. diaphana. Alder, pi. 34, fig. 6. Operculum,
R. diaphana, fig. 6, a, 6, h, 6, c. Shell, R. glabra, fig. 6, d.

These curious little animals are found adhering to
floating sea-weeds, in pools between tide-marks ; their
eyes are situated so far behind on the head, that the trans-
parency of the shell seems to be essential to the vision of
the animal.

Species of Rissoella.

conica, C. B. Adams. globularis, Jeffr.

diaphana, Alder. opalina, Jeffr.

glabra, Alder.

Genus HYALA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles with fine setae at the summit; eyes sessile on
the centre of their bases.

Operculum thin, horny, simple, subspiral.

Shell thin, hyaline, spiral, subconical ; aperture ovate,
emarginate anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, sti'aight.

Ex. H. vitrea, Montagu, pi. 34, fig. 7. Shell, H.
vitrea, fig. 7, a.

The foot is simple behind, and there is no filament on
the margin of the operculigerous lobe. Were it not for
the persistent rostrum, the position of the eyes and general

RISSOIDiE. 327

character of the shell would indicate PyraiiiidellidcB to be
the best position for this genus.

Fam. RISSOID^.

Lingual membrane with the inner lateral teeth very
broad, the apices incurved, lobed ; outer laterals dissi-
milar, all with denticulated apices. Rostrum more or less
adnate, below, to the fore part of the foot ; tentacles seta-
ceous, with the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases ;
neck-lobes none. Foot angulated in front, acuminate
behind ; operculigerous lobe with developed lateral expan-
sions, and usually furnished with a caudal, tentacular
filament.

Operculum horny, subspiral.

Shell generally white, spiral, more or less turreted ;
aperture usually simple in front.

Genus RissoiNA, D'Orbigny.

Operculum semilunar, subspiral ; muscular impression
longitudinal, with an elongated process before it.

Shell turreted, ribbed or cancellated, many-whorled ;
spire acuminate ; aperture ovate, effuse anteriorly, slightly
channelled in front; outer lip anteriorly dilated, thickened
internally.

Ex. R. Cumingii, Reeve, pi. 35, fig. 1. Operculum,
R. cgelata, A.Adams, fig. 1, a, 1, h.

The species of this genus are very numerous, and are
usually regarded as Rissoce ; the mouth of the shell being
somewhat canaliculated, and the peculiar operculum,

328

RISSOID^.

which is furnished, as in Nerita and Rissoella, with an'
internal appendage, serve, however, to distinguish them.

Species of Rissoina.

bellula, A. Adams.
Bruguieri, Payr.
Bryerii, Mont.
ceelata, A. Adams.
caucellata, Phil.
cerithina, Phil.
Chesnelii, Mich.
claudestina, C. B. Adams.
clathrata, A. Adams.
costata, A. Adams.
Cumingii, Reeve.
decussata, Duge.
deformis, Sow.
delicata, Phil.
D'Orbignyi, A. Adams.
dubiosa, C. B. Adams.
excavata, Phil.
fasciata, A. Adams.
firmata, C. B. Adams,
fortis, G. B. Adams.
grandis, Phil.
Inca, VOrh.
insculpta, Recluz.

insignis, Adams and Reeve.
micans, A. Adams.
minutissima, Mich.
monilis, A. Adams.
nitida, A. Adams.
nivea, A. Adams.
nodicincta, A. Adams.
notabilis, C. B. Adams.
Philippiana, Pfeiff.
plicata, A. Adams.
pulclira, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, Brocc.
pyramidalis, A. Adams.
scalarella, C. B. Adains.
scalariana, A. Adams.
scalariformis, C. B. Adams.
scalarioides, C. B. Adayns.
semis triata, Phil.
spirata, Sow.
striata, Quoy and Gaim.
striolata, A. Adams.
subangulata, G. B. Adams.
tridentata, Mich.

Sub-gen. zebina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell white, solid, opaque, polished, smooth or partially
striated ; outer lip thickened, often with one or more tubercles
internally at the fore part.

albida, G. B. Adams.

concinna, A. Adams.

RissoA. 329

coronata, Recluz. Isevissima, 0. B. Adams.

curta, Soiv. princeps, C. B. Adams.

decussata, Sow. semiglabrata, A. Adams.
eulimoides, A. Adams.

Genus RISSOA, Freminville.

Opercular lobe with a single, distinct cirrhus at the hind
part.

Operculum ovate, subspiral, simple.

Shell usually white, solid, conical ; spire pointed, many-
whorled, whorls convex, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ;
aperture ovate ; outer lip more or less dilated and thick-
ened externally.

Syn. Loxostoma, Bivon. Lamarckia, Leach. Ris-
soaria, Agass;. Gonostoma, Muhlf.y not Held. Anatasia,
Gist.

Ex. R. monodonta, Philip pi, pi. 35, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, R. labiosa, Montagu, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, R. la-
biosa, fig. 2, c.

In this genus the operculigerous lobe is furnished pos-
teriorly with a single cirrhus or tapering filament ; the
species are very numerous, and are usually of a white
colour ; they are found in all parts of the world, living
among sea-weed in shallow water.

Species of Rissoa.

aberrans, C. B. Adams. costata, Adams.

albella, Loven. crassicostata, C. B. Adams.

arata, Phil. elegans, A. Adams.

bulimoides, C. B. Adams. elongata, Phil.

Caspica, Eichw. exarata, Stimp.

castanea, Recluz. excavata, Phil.

cornea, Loven. exigua, Midi.

VOL. I. U U

330

RTSSOIDifl.

fragilis, Mich.
granosa, Mich.
hyalina, Desvi.
inconspicua, Alder.
infrequens, C. B. Adams.
Janus, C B. Adams.
labiosa, Mont.
laevigata, C. B. Adams.
lilacina, Reclus.
lineolata, Mich.
monodonta, Phil.
multicostata, C. B. Adams.
oblonga, Desw,.
parva, Da Costa.
pigmeea, Mich. •

pinnae, Krauss.
pulchella, Phil.
punctulum, Phil.
radiata, Phil.
rufa, Phil.
rufilabris, Leach.
scalaris, Mich.
solidula, Phil.
striosa, C. B. Adams.
stricta, Mke.
variabilis, Miihlf.
ventricosa, Desm.
venusta, Phil.
violacea, Desm.
vitrea, Phil.

Sub-gen. acme, Hartman (Zippora, Leach).

Shell aciculate, smooth or longitudinally ribbed, whorls very
numerous ; aperture oval, entire ; peritreme widely reflexed.

acicula, Sow.
auriscalpium, Linn.

Drummondii, Leach.

Genus ALVANIA, Risso.

Operculigerous lobe winged on each side, usually with
three caudal cirrhi.

Operculum simple, subspiral.

Shell ovate-acute, somewhat turbiniform ; spire short,
whorls rounded, usually cancellated ; aperture subcircular,
often crenate internally j outer lip with a marginal
varix.

8yn. Persephona, Leach. Cyclostrema, Flem., not
Marryatt. Turbona, Leach.

Oi\OBA. 381

El. A. abyssicola, Forbes, pi. 35, fig. 3. Shell, A. ca-
lathiscus, Montagu, fig. 3, a.

In this genus the shells are turbinate, with rounded
apertures and cancellated whorls, and there is a conspi-
cuous varix on the outer lip; the species appear chiefly to
abound along the shores of temperate countries.

Species of Alvania.

abyssicola, Forbes. fulva, Mich.

Beanii, Hanley. Gougeti, Mich.

calathiscus, Mont. grossa, Mich.

cancellata, Lam. marginata, Mich.

cimex, Linn. Montagui, Payr.

costulata, Risso. sculpta, Fhil.

crenulata, Mich. striatula, Linn.

Europsea, Risso. trochlea, Mich.

fenestrata, Krauss. Zetlanclica, Mont.

Genus ONOBA, H. and A. Adams.

Operculum ovate, simple, subspiral.

Shell elongated, whorls numerous, rounded, spirally
striated ; aperture oval, entire in front, peritreme conti-
nuous, thickened, straight or slightly everted.

S(/n. Turbonilla, Leach, not Risso.

Ex. O. striata, Montagu, pi. 35, fig. 4.

This genus includes a small group of elegantly-
formed shells, more or less partaking of the characters
of Rissoa, but their whorls are not longitudinally ribbed,
and the peritreme is not dilated.

332 RISSOID.E.

Species of Onoha.

arctica, Loven. striata, Mont.

bella, A. Adams. tenella, A. Adams.

multilineata, Stimp. turriculus, Migh.
robusta, Migh.

Genus barleeia, Clark.

Operculigerous lobe simple ; foot slightly emarginate
posteriorly.

Operculum testaceous, subannular, under surface with a
raised rib, and a long, pointed, testaceous apophysis pro-
ceeding from the nucleus.

Shell turbinately conical, whorls tumid, smooth or
transversely striated ; aperture oval, entire, contracted be-
hind, rounded in front ; outer lip acute, simple.

Ex. B. rubra, Adams, pi. 35, fig. 5.

The tentacles in this genus are short, broad, rounded at
the tips, and not setaceous ; the eyes are large, on infla-
tions at the outer bases of the tentacles ; the rostrum is
simple and not cloven ; the foot is emarginate behind,
and the opercular lobe is simple. The operculum is sub-
annular, as in Rissoella, and is furnished with a similar
appendage proceeding from the nucleus, which latter is
nearer the base than the centre. The position of the
eyes is similar to that of the other genera of Rissoidce,
and the genus seems to differ from Cingula in the circum-
stance of the annular operculum, with its long, pointed
apophysis ; Rissoina has a similar appendage, but the
operculum in that genus is subspiral.

SETIA. 333

Genus CERATIA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles flat, rather short, claviform at the tip, clothed
with aciculate setae ; foot divided behind into two long,
distinct tails; operculigerous lobe without a caudal
cirrhus.

Shell sub-cylindrical, spirally striated, white, semipel-
lucid, thin, whorls rounded, the last nearly as long as
the spire, suture deep, apex of spire obtuse; aperture sub-
ovate, peristome continuous, outer lip thiu, acute, simple.

Ex. C. proxima, Alder, pi. 35, fig. 6.

This genus, founded on the Rissoa proxima of Alder, is
remarkable for the bifid nature of the hind part of the
foot, resembling, in this respect, the tail of Nassa.

Genus SETIA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles pilose ; foot simple behind ; operculigerous
lobe small, without a caudal cirrhus.

Shell thin, obovate, oblong, or subconic, sub-umbili-
cated, whorls few, ventricose, spotted ; spire short, apex
obtuse ; aperture suborbicular, narrowed behind ; inner
lip somewhat straight ; outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. S. pulcherrima, Jeffreys, pi. 35, fig. 7.

In this small group, founded on the Rissoa pulcherrima
of Jeffreys, the opercular lobe is simple, the tentacles are
pilose, and the shells are umbilicated, with spot-like mark-
ings on the whorls.

334

RISSOID^.

fulgida, Adams.
pulcherrima, Jeffr.

Species of Setia.

soluta, I'hil.

Genus CINGULA, Fleming.

Opercular lobe and caudal cirrhus indistinct or rudi-
mentary.

Operculum ovate, simple, subspiral.

Shell thin, elevately conical, smooth or transversely
striated, variegated or banded, whorls flat ; aperture pyri-
form or oval ; outer lip straight, thin, acute, not reflexed,
or furnished with a marginal varix.

Si/u. Sabinsea, Leach.

Ex. C. cingillus, Montagu, pi. 35, fig. 8. Operculum,
C. cingillus, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, C. cingillus, fig. 8, c.

Species of Gingula.

areuaria, Migh, and Adams.
cingillus, Mont.
concinna, C. B. Adams.
conica, C. B. Adams.
eburnea, Stimp.
incouspicua, C. B. Adams,
interrupta, Adams.
Isevis, Dekay.
latior, Migh. and Adams.
minuta, Gould.
inoclesta, H. C. Lea.
nigra, Krauss.

paupercula, C. B. Adams.
porifera, Loven.
punctura, Mont.
Sarsii, Loven.
saxicola, C. B. Adams.
semicostata, Migh. and

Adams.
semistriata, Mont.
solida, C. B. Adams.
terebellum, C. B. Adams.
turrita, C. B. Adams.
vuiifasciata, Mont.

HYDEOBIA. 335

Genus SKENEA, Fleming.

Operculigerous lobe with small lateral wings and a
rudimentary posterior cirrhus.

Operculum of few whorls, nucleus central.

Shell orbicular, spiral, depressed and discoidal, deeply
urabilicated, few-whorled ; peritreme circular, continuous,
entire.

Ex. S. planorbis, O. Fabricins, pi. 35, fig. 9. Oper-
culum, S. planorbis, fig. 9, a, 9, h. Shell, S. planorbis,
fig. 9, c, 9, d.

This small genus, known by its planorbular, depressed
shell, has the eyes on bulgings at the outer bases of the
tentacles, and the opercular lobe as in Rissoa ; the other
small, depressed British shells, usually associated with it,
appear to belong to the genus Cyclostrema of Marryatt,
not of Fleming, and constitute the Delphinoidea of Brown.

Genus HYDROBIA, Hartman.

Operculigerous lobe simple.

Operculum subspiral.

Shell elongately conical, thin, smooth, covered with an
olivaceous epidermis, axis imperforate ; aperture oval,
peritreme continuous, outer lip acute, simple.

Syn. Leachia, Risso, not Lesneur or JoJinst. Littori-
nella, Braun.

Ex. H. ulvPB, Pennant, pi. 35, fig. 10. Operculum,
H. ulvffi, fig. 10, a, 10, h. Shell, H. ulvae, fig. 10, c.

The species of this genus inhabit fresh or brackish
water and muddv estuaries ; the tentacles are subulate.

336

RISSOID.E.

with the eyes at their outer bases; the opereuligerous
lobe is simple, and the shells are thin and covered with an
epidermis.

Species of Hydrobia.

aculeus, Gould.
acuta, Drap.
anatina, Jeffr.
antbracina, Mir/h.
antipodarum, Gray.
badia, Gould.
castanea, Moll.
ciliata, Gould.
cincta, Gotdd.
cingulata, Midd.
corolla, Gould.
coronata, Pfeiff.
crystallina, Pfeiff.
Egena, Gould.
Ferussiua, Besm.

gracilis, Gould.
Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.
nigra, Quoy and Gaim.
parvula, Goidd.
pornicta, Migh.
Preissii, Phil.
saxatilis, Moll.
scrobiculata, Moll.
spinifera, C. B. Adams.
spinulosa, Goidd.
subumbilicata, Mont.
ulvse, Penn.
unicolor, Oliv.
ventricosa, Mont.
Zealandiae, Gray.

Genus AMNICOLA, Gould and Haldeman.

Shell thin, turbinate, covered with an epidermis, axis
perforated, whorls rounded ; aperture circular, peritreme
continuous ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. A. porata, Say, pi. 35, fig. 11. Operculum, A.
porata, fig. 11, a.

This genus comprises a suite of small fresh-water
Mollusks with thin, umbilicated shells having rounded
whorls ; the species appear to be most numerous in North
America ; the position of the eyes, which are stated to be
sessile at the outer bases of the tentacles, will distinguish
them from Paludinella, which they very much resemble
as regards the shell.

VIVIPARIDiE. 337

Species of Amnicola.

Cincinuatensis, Anthomj. marginata, Mich.

grana, Say. Nicliliniana, Lea.

isogona, Anton. obtusa, Whit.

limosa, Say. orbiculata, Lea.

lustrica, Say. porata, Say.

Fam. VIVIPARID^.

Tongue very short, armed with seven series of teeth
(3- 1-3) ; teeth laminar, longitudinal, ovate, apex recurved,
dentate on each side of the tips ; inner lateral tooth
broad. Hostrum moderate, entire ; tentacles tapering,
with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases. Mantle
simple in front ; gill comb-like, single.

Operculum annular, regular.

Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an epidermis ;
aperture simple in front.

The members of this family are fluviatile, inhabiting
lakes and streams ; the shells of most of them are dingy
brown, or covered with a green, horny epidermis ; they are
distributed nearly all over the world.

Genus VIVIPARA, Lamarck.

Animal with a small lobe on each side of the neck.

Operculum horny, annular, composed of concentric
elements around a central nucleus.

Shell thin, turbinated, umbilicated ; spire produced,
whorls round, smooth or carinated, covered with an oli-

VOL. I. XX

338

VIVIPARIDiE.

vaceous epidermis ; peristome thin, continuous, simple

anteriorly.

Syn. Viviparus, Montf. Paludina, Lam. Cyclo-
stoma, Oken, not Lam. Pleurocera, Blainv. Viviparella,
Omphemis, Oxytrema, Rajifi. Henterum, Huhn.

Ex. V. fasciata, Milller, pi. 36, fig. 1. Operculum,
V. fasciata, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, V. fasciata, fig. 1, c.

The ViviparcB inhabit the rivers and lakes throughout
the northern Hemisphere. The females are ovo-vivipa-
rous, and the young fry are not forsaken by their parent
until the end of the second month of their existence, by
which time the bands of cilia, which ornament their shells,
have disappeared.

Species of Vivipara.

angularis, Mull.
angulata, Lea.
atra, Villa.
Bengalensis, Lam.
bicarinata, Desm.
Boissieri, Cliarp.
Coosaensis, Lea.
costata, Quoy.
crassa, Nutt.
cyclostomatiformis, Lea.
dissimilis, Mull.
doliaris, Gould.
elongata, Swains.
fasciata, Miill.
gigantea, V. d. Busch.
Haleiana, Lea.
Hamiltoni, Metcalfe.

inflata, Bens.
iutertexta, Say.
Javanica, V. d. Busch.
lacustris, Beck.
lecythoides, Bejis.
melanostoma, Bens.
nucleus, Thomp.
pyramidata, V. d. Busch.
quadrata, Bens.
Remossii, Bens.
subpurpurea. Say.
Swainsonii, March.
tricarinata, Anton.
Troostiana, Lea.
unicolor, Oliv.
Warrenii, Shuttl.

PALUDOMUS. 339

Sub-gen. melantho, Bowdich.

Shell ovate, solid, axis imperforate, whorls simple ; aperture
oval ; inner lip thickened.

contorta, Shiittl. incrassata, Lea.

decisa. Say. integra, Saij.

decollata, Sewasch. obesa, Phil.

fontinalis, Phil. obtusa, Trosh.

genicula, Co7ir. patula, Brumati.

Georgiana, Lea. ponderosa. Say.

imperialis, Lea. subcarinata. Say.

Sub-gen. laguncula, Benson (Bensonia, Cantr.).

Shell turbinated, subglobose ; aperture large, oblong, entire,
peristome interrupted ; outer lip somewhat reflected ; umbilicus
deep and tortuous.

pulchella, Bens.

Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainson.

Animal with the mantle-margin fringed.

Operculum annular, nucleus subcentral.

Shell thick, subglobose or conical, solid, imperforate,
smooth or tubercular, covered with an olivaceous epider-
mis ; spire small, shorter than the aperture, apex often
eroded ; aperture ovate ; inner lip convex, thickened ;
outer lip acute, the margin slightly reflexed,

Syn. Hemimitra, Swains.

Ex. P. spurcus, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 36, fig. 2.
Operculum, P. conicus, Gray, fig. 2, a. Shell, P. glo-
bulosus. Gray, fig. 2, h.

The mantle-margin in this genus appears to be fringed

340

VIVIPARID^.

or festooned, as in Melania, and the operculum is com-
posed of concentric elements arranged around a subcen-
tral nucleus. The species, for the most part, come from
India and Ceylon.

Species of Paludomus.

abbreviatus, Reeve.
acutus, Reeve.
bacula, Reeve.
biciiictus, Reeve.
bifasciatus, Reeve.
cbilinoides, Reeve.
clavatus, Reeve.
conicus, Gray.
constrictus, Reeve.
decussatus, Reeve.
globulosus, Gray.
Gruneri, Jonas.
maurus, Reeve.

modicella, Lea.
nigricans, Reeve.
. olivaceus, Reeve.
ovatus, Gray.
paludinoitles, Reeve.
phasiaiiinus, Reeve.
puuctatus, Reeve.
sanschauricus, Gmel.
spiralis, Reeve.
spurcus, Eyd. and Soul.
Stephanas, Reeve.
Zeylanicus, Reeve.

Genus TAN ALIA, Gray.

Operculum lamellar, with the nucleus near the front of
the outer edge.

Shell turbinate, solid, imperforate, whorls transversely
striated, mvuicated, or grooved, covered with a black,
horny epidermis ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture semiovate;
inner lip usually flattened; outer lip with the mai'gin
crenulated.

Ex. T. aculeata, CJiemnitz, pi. 36, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. Gardneri, Reeve, fig. 3, a, S, b.

The operculum in this genus is remarkable for the
lateral arrangement of the elements, and the marginal

BYTHYNIA. 341

position of the nucleus. The species are from Ceylon,
where they inhabit ponds, mountain-streams, and water-
courses.

Species of Tanalia.

aculeata, Chem. neritoides, Reeve.

serens, Reeve. picta, Reeve.

crinacea, Reeve. rudis, Reeve.

dilatata, Reeve. sulcata, Reeve.

fuuiculata, Reeve. Tennautii, Reeve.

Gardneri, Reeve. undata, Reeve.
Layardi, Reeve.

Genus BITHYNIA, Leach.

Animal with a small lobe on one side of the neck.

Operculum shelly on the inner surface, nucleus sub-
central.

Shell turbinate, covered with a horny epidermis ; spire
produced, whorls rounded ; peristome continuous, thick-
ened internally.

Si/?i. Desmarestia, Hartm. ? Subulina, Schmidt, not
ScJium.

Ex. B. tentaculata, Linnaeus, pi. 36, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, B. tentaculata, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, B. tentaculata,
fig. 4, c.

The female is oviparous and deposits her eggs in a band,
attached to stones or the stems of aquatic plants ; when
she desires to deposit the ova, she seeks some smooth
place, and clears the surface with her mouth before com-
mencing ; the young are hatched in three or four weeks,
and attain their full growth in the second year.

342

VIVIPARIDiE.

Species of Bithynia.

balthica, Schmidt.
bulimoides, Oliv.
carinigera, Beck.
goniostoma, Nutt.
Michaudi, Duval.
Orcula, Bens.
Preissii, Phil.

pulchella, Hutton.
rubens, Mke.
tentaculata, Li7in.
thermalis, Linn.
ventricosa, Gray.
viridis, Poiret.

Genus NEMATURA, Benson.

Operculum annular, ovate, thick, shelly, nucleus sub-
central, margin grooved.

Shell oval, compressed ; apex of spire rather acuminate,
whorls few, the last large and ventricose ; aperture nearly
orbicular, small, oblique, contracted, peritreme conti-
nuous, entire.

Ea^. N. Deltae, Benson, pi. 36, fig. 5. Operculum, N.
polita. Cantor, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The species of Nematura are inhabitants of India and
the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, and are found
either attached to the under surface of floating leaves, or
crawling out of the water on the muddy margins of ponds,
leaving, as they progress, slender tracks behind them.

Sjoecies of Nematura.

coarctata, Lea.
Deltae, Bens.
glabrata, A. Adams.
minima, Bens.

olivacea, A. Adams.
polita, Cantor.
puncticulata, A. Adams.
ventricosa, Quoy and Gaim.

VALVATIDiE. 343

Fam. VALVATID.E.

Lingual membrane with the teeth in seven series
(3*1 "3), the central teeth broad, with a hooked and den-
ticulated apex, the lateral lanceolate, hooked, and den-
ticulated. Rostrum produced ; tentacles cylindrical ; the
eyes sessile at their external bases. Mantle simple in
front ; gill plumose, exposed, the lamina pinnate, spirally
twisted, protected by a long, slender, respiratory lobe.
Foot bilobed in front.

Operculum horny, orbicular, spiral, many-whorled,
whorls with a thin, elevated edge.

Shell spiral, turbinate or discoidal, covered with an
epidermis ; aperture with the peritreme entire.

The species of this family are distributed throughout
the temperate regions of the globe, living in slow-running
rivers, ditches, and lakes.

Genus VALVATA, O. F. Miiller.

Shell turbinate or discoidal, umbilicated, thin, whorls
round, simple or keeled, covered with a horny epidermis ;
aperture circular, peristome continuous.

8yn. Valvearius, Dtim. Concinna, Hubn.

Ex. V. cristata, Miiller, pi. 36, fig. 6. Operculum, V.
piscinalis, Miiller, fig. 6, a, 6, b. Shell, V. piscinalis,
fig. 6, c. V. (Tropidina) tricarinata, Lesueur, fig. 6, d.

The species of this small genus inhabit the ponds and
ditches of Europe and North America. When the
animal progresses, the delicate, retractile branchial plume
is projected over the neck. The female deposits her eggs

344 AMPULLARIIDJ^.

in a single, coriaceous, spherical capsule, which is affixed
to stones or the stems of aquatic plants.

Species of Valvata.

contorta, Midi. naticina, Mke.

Guatamalensis, Morel. piscinalis, Mull.

humerosa, Say. pupoidea, Gould.

inconspicua, Gould. Schmidtii, C. B. Adams.
mucronata, Mke.

Sub-gen. gykokbis, Fitzinger (Planella, Schliit).

Shell discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls rounded ; umbilicus
very wide aud deep.

annellata, Mke. minuta, Drap.

cristata, M'ull. pygmgea, C. B. Adams.

depressa, Pfeiff. spirorbis, Brap.
gemma, Ziegl.

Sub-gen. tbopidina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls rounded, carinated ;
aperture circular.

bicarinata, Lea. tricarinata, Lesueur.

Fam. AMPULLARIID^.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (S'TS),
central teeth acute, lateral, subulate. Rostrum divided
into tw^o long tentacular lobes in front ; tentacles long
and filiform ; eyes on peduncles at the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle with a more or less elongate siphon on

AMPULLARIA. 345

the left side in front ; left gill rudimentary ; mantle-
cavity with a large pulmonary sac on each side. Rectum
not traversing the heart. Foot simple.

Operculum annular, regular.

Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an olivaceous epi-
dermis; aperture simple in front.

The Ampullariid(B are fluviatile, and represent, in the
ponds and rivers of the tropics, the Viripandie of more
temperate climates. Although distinct gills exist, the
respiratory cavity is very large and partly closed, so as
to enable these animals to live a long time out of water;
in fact, they appear to be truly amphibious, and to be
enabled to survive a long drought, and have been known
to revive after having been kept several years out of
water. The long siphonal tube appears to be formed by
the left neck-lappet, which is seen in the Viviparidce in a
rudimentary state.

Genus AMPULLAEIA, Lamarck.

Respiratory siphon elongate.

Opei'culum horny, with an external shelly coat.

Shell globose, umbilicated; spire small, last whorl
ventricose ; aperture oblong, entire, peristome continuous,
slightly reflexed, with an internal thickened rim or ledge.

Syii. ? Pila, Bolt., not Klein. Ampullarius, Monlf.
Pomacea, Perry. Pachystoma, Guild., not Blnni. Pa-
chylabra, Swains.

E.v. A. fasciata, Gray, pi. 37, fig. 1. Operculum,
A. ampullacea, LinncB?is, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, A. am-
pullacea, fig. \, c.

In this genus the aperture of the shell has a thickened
callous ledge just within the peritreme to serve as a

VOL. I. Y Y

346 AMPULLARIID^.

support to the thick, shelly operculum. The species
appear to be most numerous in the rivers of Africa and
India. Their eggs are large, and are contained in cap-
sules, usually of a greenish colour, disposed in masses,
and attached to plants under the water.

Species of Ampullaria.

ampullacea, Linn. orbata, Perry.

aperta, Phil. orientalis, Phil.
Aulameri, Bev. and Hupp. . Orocconensis, Ziegl.

carinata, Swains. ovata, Oliv.

crassa, Sivaiiis. oviformis, Desh.

corrugata, Sivains, pallens, Phil.

dubia, Guild. polita, Desh.

eximia, Dkr. puncticulata, Swains.

fasciata, Gray. pygmaea, Becluz.

Gevesensis, Desh. Sinamarina, Brug.

lineata, Wagn. speciosa, Phil.

obloiiga, Swains. sulcata, Moms.

Genus rOMUS, Humphrey.

Siphon elongate.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell dextral, globose, widely umbilicated, last whorl
very large, ventricose ; spire short ; aperture entire, ob-
long, large, expanded, peritreme simple, always thin,
sometimes subreflexed.

Syn. Ampullaria, Guild., not Lam.

Ex. P. scalaris, D''Orhigtiy, pi. 37, fig. 2. Operculum,
P. urceus, Mailer, fig. 2, «, 2, b. Shell, P. urceus,
fig. 2, c.

The genus Pomus differs from Ampullaria in the ab-
sence of the thickened ledge within the peritreme for the

MARIS A. 347

operculum, which latter, moreover, is entirely horny.
The species inhabit the lakes and rivers of warm coun-
tries, more especially those of South America and the
West Indies. In the drj' season, they bury themselves
deeply in the mud, where they remain in a state of tor-
pidity, and on account of their possessing a pulmonary
cavity in addition to the gills, they are enabled some-
times to survive a considerable period after having been
removed from the water. The South American Indians
term them " Idol shells," and are said to hold them in
great veneration.

Species of Pomus.

angulata, Jonas. Largillierti, Phil.

balauoidea, Gould. malleata, Jonas.

canaliculata, Lam. margiuata, Jonas.

Cecillii, Phil. papjracea, Sjjix.

conica, Wood. Rossii, D'Orb.

c^'clostoma, Spix. scalaris, D'Orb.

decussata, Moric. teres, Phil.

insularura, D'Orb. urceus, Midi.

intermedia, Feruss. zonata, Wagn.

Genus MARISA, Gray.

Siphon elongate.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell dextral, depressed, discoidal, deeply and widely
umbilicated ; spire very short, whorls rounded ; aperture
suborbicular, entire, peristome thin, simple.

Syn. Ceratodes, Guild. Marissa, Menke.

Ex. M. cornu-arietis, Linncsus, pi. 37, fig. 3. Oper-

348 AMPULLARIIDiE.

culum, M. cornu-arietis, fig. 3, a. 3, h. Shell, M. cornu-
arietis, fig. 3, c.

The shells of this genus are more or less discoidal,
and, until the animal was made known by Guilding, were
often regarded as species of Planorhis.

Species oj Marisa.

castanea, Desk. fasciata, Guild.

cornu-arietis, Linn. luteostoma, Swains.

effusa, MiilL ' pachystoma, Phil.

Genus POMELLA, Gray.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell solid; spire short, whorls transversely striated,
the last very large; aperture semi-ovate; inner lip con-
cave, broad, flattened, peritreme simple, acute.

Ea;. P. megastoma, Sowerhy, pi. 37, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, P. megastoma, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The animal of this genus, of which but a single species
is known, has not hitherto been observed. The shell is
transversely grooved, of dense structure, and the colu-
mellar lip is peculiarly flattened. It is an inhabitant of
the rivers of South America.

Genus LANISTES, Montfort.

Operculum horny, sinistral, or with the nucleus on the
left margin.

Shell depressed, thin, sinistral, deeply and widely um-
bilicated ; spire short ; aperture oblong, entire ; inner lip
expanded over the last whorl, peristome simple, acute.

ASOLENE. 349

Syn. Lanites, Swains.

Ex. L. Bolteuiana, Chemnitz, pi. 37, fig. 5. Opercu-
lum, L, Bolteniana, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The species of this genus are from the river Nile,
Zanzibar, and West Africa. The shell and operculum
only are known ; the latter is horny and nearly trans-
parent.

Species of Lanistes.

Bolteniaua, Chetn. intorta, Lam.

Guineensis, Chem. Lybica, Morel.

Genus MELADOMUS, Swaiuson.

Operculum horny, sinistral.

Shell sinistral, thin, imperforate, covered with a dark
olivaceous epidermis; spire produced, acuminated ; aper--
ture oval, reversed, contracted and acute posteriorly,
entire in front, peristome thin, simple.

Ex. M. olivaceus, Sowerhy, pi. 37, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. olivaceus, fig. 6, a, 6, h.

This genus, the animal of which is at present unknown,
differs from Pomus and Ampullaria in being sinistral
and turreted. It is an inhabitant of the rivers of Africa.

Genus ASOLENE, D'Orbigny.

Siphon not exposed.

Operculum horny, with an internal shelly coat.

Shell globose, solid ; spire small, whorls rounded ;
aperture oval, entire ; inner lip slightly thickened, peri-
treme simple, acute.

350 TUPvRITELLID^.

Syn. Ampulloidea, TJOrh. Ampullaroides, Gray.
Asolen, Agass. Asolena, Herm.

Ex. A. Platee, Matou, pi. 37, fig. 7. Shell, A. Plata?,
fig. 7, a.

The animal of this genus appears to be without the
respiratory siphon so conspicuous in the other genera of
the family. It is an inhabitant of the rivers of South
America.

Fam. TURRITELLID^.

Lingual membrane minute, very short, teeth in seven
series (3' 1*3), each series consisting of a subquadrate
median tooth, with an incurved denticulated apex, and of
three similar, ligulate uncini on each side, all with
hamate, serrulated summits. Rostrum short, broad ; ten-
tacles long and subulate, the eyes slightly prominent on
their external bases. Mantle with a fringed margin,
obscurely siphonated at the right side ; branchial plume
single, very long. Foot very short, truncate in front,
rounded behind, grooved beneath ; operculigerous lobe
simple.

Operculum horny, circular, multispiral, edge of the
whorls fimbriated.

Shell spiral, many-whorled ; aperture simple in front.

This is strictly a marine group, the species ranging
from low-water mark to the depth of 100 fathoms; their
geographical distribution extends over most of the coun-
tries of the globe, one species being an inhabitant of
the British seas. In familiar language they are usually
termed " Screw-shells," on account of their peculiar
form; in organisation, they appear closely to resemble
Melania and Cerithium. As many as 170 species occur

TURRITELLA. 351

in a fossil state in the Neocomian formation of Britain,
South America, and Australia, and one genus (Proto) is
altogether extinct.

'O^

Genus TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, subulate, many-whorled, imperforate,
whorls rounded, spirally grooved, the suture deep ; aper-
ture orbicular, entire in front ; outer lip simple, acute.

Si/n. Monoceros, Meusch., not Block or Lam. Xy-
lohelix, Chem. Terebellum, Brown, not Klein. Turris,
Humph., not Bolt. Terebra, Fahr., not Aclans, Epi-
tonium. Link., not Bolt. Aculea, Pent/. Turritellus,
Mont/.

Ex. T. communis, Eisso, pi. 38, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. terebra, Liimcens, fig. 1, a, \, b. Shell, T. terebra,
fi f 1 ^

The shells in this genus are spotted and variegated,
generally with red brown ; the species inhabit all parts of
the world, being, however, most numerous in tropical
countries.

Species of Turritella.

annulata, Kien. lentiginosa, Eeeve.

aquila, Adams and Reeve. maculata, Reeve.

bicingulata, La^n. nivea, Gray.

cerea, Reeve. polaris, Beck.

cingulifera, Soiv. punctata, Kien.

communis, Risso. sanguinea, Reeve.

cornea, Lam. spectrum. Reeve.

crocea, Kien. terebra, Linn.

Eschrichtii, Midd. torulosa, Kieii.

ferrugiuea, Reeve. ungulina, Linn.
flammulata, Kien.

352

TURRITELLID^.

Sub-gen. hatjstator, Montfort.

Aperture sub-quadrangular ; whorls with a broad groove in the
middle ; outer lip sinuated.

Banksii, Gray.
bicolor, Adams and Reeve.
Broderipiana, D'Orb.
canaliculata, Adams and

Beeve.
Candida, Reeve.
columnalis, Kien.
conspersa, Adams and Reeve.
Cunaingii, Reeve.
goniostoma, Valenc.
Gunuii, Reeve.
Hanleyana, Reeve.
imbricata, Linn.

incisa, Reeve.
leucostoma, Valenc.
moniW^eva, Adams andPieeve.
multilirata, Adams and

Reeve.
nodulosa, King.
pagodus, Reeve.
radula, Kien.
rosea, Quoy and Gaim.
rubescens, Reeve.
siuuata, Reeve.
tigrina, Kien.
variegata, Linn.

Genus TORCliLA, Gray.

Shell turreted, subulate, axis imperforate, many-whorled,
whorls transversely spirally grooved, the last angulated at
the periphery ; aperture sub-quadrate, entire and simple
anteriorly ; outer lip acute, sinuated in the middle.

Si/7i. Haustator, Gray, not Montf.

Ex. T. exoleta, Limiaus, pi. 35, fig. 2.

In this genus the last whorl is angulated at the base,
the form of the mouth of the shell is more or less square,
and the whorls are furnished with spiral grooves ; many
of the species exhibit a peculiar eroded appearance, and
are generally devoid of colour.

I

MESALIA. 353

Species of Torcula.

carinifera, Lam. declivis, Adams and Reeve.

clathrata, Kien. exoleta, Lin7i.

cochlea, Reeve. gemmata, Reeve.

cougelata, Adams and Reeve. Hookeri, Reeve.

coustricta, Reeve. vittulata, Jdams and Reeve.

Genus ZARIA, Gray.

Shell imperforate, turreted, elongated, many-whorled,
solid, whorls keeled; aperture ovate, produced in front;
inner lip with a thin, spreading callus ; outer lip acute,
sinuated in the middle, produced anteriorly.

Syn. Turritella, a, Sclium.

Ex. Z. duplicata, LiurKBus, pi. 38, fig. 3. Shell, Z.
duplicata, fig. 3, a.

The form of the mouth of the shell and the carinated
whorls serve chiefly to distinguish this genus, which
somewhat resembles Mesalia in the texture of the shell ;
the species are not spotted like those of Turritella.

Species of Zaria.

bacillum, Kien. Kaysnaensis, Krauss.

duplicata, Linn. replicata, Linn.

fascialis, Mke. triplicata, Stud.

fastigiata, Adatns and Reeve.

Genus MESALIA, Gray.

Shell acuminately turreted, many-whorled, whorls con-
vex, transversely striated, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture orbicular, produced anteriorly into a

VOL. I. z z

354 TURRITELLID^.

slight canal, the margin sinuated and reflexed ; inner lip
somewhat twisted and flattened j outer lip thin, sinuated
posteriorly.

Ex. M. brevialis, Lamarck, pi. 38, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, M. brevialis, fig. 4, a, 4, h.

This genus, founded on the CerUJiium Mesal of Adan-
son, most nearly resembles the fossil Proio of M. De-
france, but the fore part of the aperture is not so de-
cidedly notched, and the last whorl is rounded ; the
outer lip, moreover, is posteriorly sinuated in Mesalia.

Species of Mesalia.

brevialis, Lam. melanoides, Reeve.

decussata, A. Adams. opalina, Adams and Reeve.

lactea, Moll. striata, A. Adams.

Genus EGLISIA, Gray.

Shell elongately turreted, whorls numerous, rounded,
with obsolete longitudinal varices, suture depressed ; aper-
ture orbicular, small; inner lip flattened, incrassated,
angulated at the fore part, not reflexed anteriorly ; outer
lip thickened internally.

Ex. E. spirata, Sowerby, pi. 38, fig. 5.

The animal of this genus is not known ; the shells
somewhat resemble acuminated species of Scala, to which
resemblance the rudimentary varices and cancellated
whorls contribute ; the species are few in number, and
are natives of Japan and the Indian Seas.

CiECID.E. 355

S2)ecies of Eylisia.

Cumiugii, A. Adams. spirata, Sow.

lanceolata, Reeve. iY\GSiV\n&X&., Adams and Reeve.

Fam. C^CID.E.

Lingual membrane short ; teeth in two series (2"0"2),
central denticles none, the lateral uncini with the inner
one broad and serrulated. Rostrum long and flat ; ten-
tacles short, subclavate at the tips ; eyes sessile behind
the bases of the tentacles. Mantle thick, fleshy, circular,
closely embracing the neck ; a single branchial plume.
Foot short, narrow, truncate in front, obtuse behind.

Operculum horny, circular, multispiral, concave, or
externally conical, edges simple.

The discoverer of the animal of this family, William
Clark, observes ihat it is not at all shy, but shows itself
in all its points, marching with great vivacity ; it appears
to have the greatest affinity with the Vermetidce.

Genus CJICUM, Fleming.

Shell, when young, discoidal, when adult, decollated,
tubular, cylindrical, arcuated; aperture round, entire;
apex closed by a mamillated septum, marking the point
at which the original spire has been cast off.

%w. Brochus, Broicn. Odontidium, Phil Denta-
liopsis, Clark. Corniculina, Munster. Csecalium, Macgill.
Odontina, Zborz. Odontostoma, Cantr., not UOrh.

Ex. C. trachea, Montagu, pi. 38, fig. 6. Shell, C.
trachea, fig. (>, a.

356 VERMETIDiE.

As may be inferred from the synonymy, this curious
little genus has puzzled many Zoologists ; among other
genera it has been referred to the Pteropodous Styliola,
and to the extinct, Cephalopodous Orthoceras ; there are
two British species, living in about ten fathoms water.

Species of C cecum.

diminutiim, C. B. Adams. monstrosum, C. B. Adams.

eburneum, C. B. Adam.s. parvum, C. B. Adams.

firmatum, C. B. Adams. pulchellum, Stimp.

glabrum, Mont. pygmseum, C. B. Adams.

laeve, C. B. Adams. trachea, Mont.
laqueatum, C. B. Adams.

Fam. VERMETIDiE.

Lingual dentition — ? Rostrum produced; tentacles
short, triangular, eyes small, at their external bases.
Mantle with the margin entire, embracing the neck ; gills
enclosed in a line on the left side of the mantle-cavity.
Foot cylindrical, not serving for locomotion, dilated, sub-
clavate, or truncated in front.

Operculum horny, circular, many-whorled, or wanting.

Shell irregularly twisted, tubular, attached, often regu-
larly spiral when young ; aperture round.

The Operculum is very large in Vermetus, wanting in
Serpulorbis, very small in Bivonia, and singularly deve-
loped in Tenagoda.

Genus SIPHONIUM, Browne.

Operculum large, smooth, circular, concave j scar cen-
tral, circular, rugose.

VERMETUS. 357

Shell usually fixed, tubular, whorls often carinated, ir-
regular and tortuous ; aperture round, peritrerae acute,
continuous.

Syti. Vermetus, part, Aitct.

Ex. S. giganteum, Quoy and Gaimnrd, pi. 38, fig. 7.
Shell, S. carinatum, Quoy and Gaimard, fig. 7, a.

Like other members of this family, the animal of this
genus is unable to crawl or glide, on account of the shell
being fixed, and the foot, not being necessary for locomo-
tion, is, in consequence, rudimentary and obsolete.

Species of Siphonium.

carinatum, Quoy and Gabn. reticulatvim, Quoy and Gaivi.

giganteum, Quoy and Oaini. Tonganum, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus VERMETUS, Adanson.

Operculum lai-ge, rather concave, whorls very thin,
with the external edge produced ; scar central, circular,
with close, regular, concentric grooves.

Shell tubular, conical, when young, usually spiral, when
adult, the whorls more or less disunited, the last pro-
longed and irregularly twisted ; aperture circular, peri-
treme continuous, acute.

Syn. Serpula, Scop., not Linn. Tulaxodes, Guett.
Scolissedium, Rein, Vermicularia, Lam. Vermicularius,
Monif. Conchoserpula, Blainv.

Ex. V. lumbricalis, Linnaus, pi. 38, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, V. Hindsii, Gray, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

The genus Vermetus was first made known as a Gas-
teropodous Mollusk by the researches of the illustrious

358 VERMETIDiE.

Adanson ; the species are inhabitants of tropical seas,
but at present are but imperfectly known.

Species of Vermetus.

annulus, Rouss. quadrangulus, PJiil.

bicarinatus, Desk. radicula, Stimj).

Hindsii, Gray. spiratus, Phil.

lumbricalis, Linn. tenuis, Rouss.

Novae Hollandiae, Rouss. tulipa, Rouss.
Panamensis, Rouss.

Genus BIVONIA, Gray.

Operculum rudimentary, small, ? spiral.

Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, usually adhering in
masses ; ajjerture round, peritreme acute, continuous.

Si/n. Vermicularia, b, Schtim.

Ex. B. glomerata, Bivona, pi. 39, fig. 1. Operculum,
B. glomerata, fig. \,o, 1, h. Shell, B. glomerata, fig. 1, c.

The operculum is red, convex in the middle, with a
thin, flat margin, and a central muscular scar; the shells
resemble Serpula-, are irregularly twisted and entwined
together in masses, often of considerable size ; there are
several species, inhabiting the Mediterranean.

Species of Bivonia.

decvissata, Gmel. subcancellata, Phil.

glomerata, Bivon. triquetra, Phil.

semisurrecta, Phil.

CLADOPODA. 359

Genus SERPULORBis, Sassi.

Foot truncate, radiated at the end, the front part pro-
duced into tentacular processes.

Operculum none.

Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, attached ; aperture
circidar, peritreme acute, continuous.

Si/n. ? Lementina, Risso. Serpuloides, Gray. Ha-
tina. Gray.

Ex. S. gigas, P/nlippi, pi. 39, fig. 2. Shell, S. gigas,
fig. 2, a.

The genus Lementina of Risso is most probably a
badly-observed and incorrectly-figured S. arenaria, an
inhabitant of the Mediterranean.

Species of Serpulorbis.

arenaria, Chiaje. iuoperculata, Riipp.

dentifera, Quay and Gaim. varians, D'Orb.

gigas, Phil.

Genus CLADOPODA, Gray.

Foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extremity ob-
long, clavate, or subtruncate.

Operculum none.

Shell tubular, irregularly subspirally twisted, whorls dis-
united ; aperture round, peritreme acute, continuous.

Syn. Vermetus, sp. Quoy and Gaimard.

Ex. C. arenaria, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 39, fig. 3.
Shell, C. Quoyi, H. and A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

In this genus, the species of which are chiefly from

360 VERMET1D.E.

New Zealand, the operculum is wanting, and the foot is
produced and club-shaped, with the front part simple.

Species of Cladopoda.

areuaria, Qiioy and Gaim. Novae Zealandiae, Quoi/ and

elegans, Quon and Gaim. Gaim.

graudis, Quoy and Gaim. Quoyi, H. and A. Adams.

Genus spiroglyphus, Daudin.

Animal forming a groove on the surface of other shells
or stones, covering it over with shelly matter, and forming
a tubular case.

Shell tubular; apex subspiral, whorls disunited and
irregularly contorted, partly imbedded in stones or shells.

Ex. S. spirorbis, Dillwyn, pi. 39, fig. 4.

Many Zoologists consider the Spiroglyphus to be an
Annulose animal allied to Serpiila, but of this there is no
positive proof. The young animal, when first hatched, is
covered with an ovate, regular shell, consisting of a whorl
and a half; it soon attaches itself to the surface of some
stone or other shell, in which it forms a canal, at first
shallow, but afterwards deeper.

Genus TENAGODA, Guettard.

Foot with the end truncate and circular.

Operculum cyrindrical, formed of a horny lamina,
rolled spirally, about five times, on its axis.

Shell tubular, cylindrical, irregularly twisted ; apex
subspiral, whorls with an articulated fissure extending
along the upper part ; aperture circular.

ONUSTID.'E. 361

Syn. Siliquaria, Brug., not Forsk. or Gray. Siliqua-
rius, Montf. Agathirses, Montf.

Ex. T. anguina, Linnccus, pi. 39, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. anguina, fig. 5, a, 5, h, 5, c. Shell, T. anguina, fig. 5, d.

This genus was formerly regarded as an Annelid ; its
Molluscous nature was first demonstrated by M. Audouin.
The typical species is found in the Mediterranean, im-
bedded in the Sponges with silicious spicula.

Species of Tenagoda.

anguina, Linn. muricata, Born.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. poljgona, Blainv.

lactea, Lam. rosea, Quoy and Gaim.

laevigata, Lam. squamata, Blainv.

Fam. ONUSTID.E.

Lingual dentition — ? Rostrum elongated, subcylin-
drical, tapering ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes sessile
on their outer bases. Mantle-margin simple in front ;
branchial plume single. Foot small, cylindrical, used for
jumping, not walking, divided into a front expanded, and
a hind tapering portion.

Operculum large, horny, subannular, right half free,
nucleus lateral, dextral ; muscular impression sinistral,
semilunar, extending the whole length.

Shell trochiform ; aperture simple in front.

When these animals progress, they scramble along like
the Strombs, and often extending and fixing the front
dilated part of the foot, draw the hind lobe up to it, and
then make another step, throwing forwards the shell at
every movement; they cannot glide like most other

VOL. I. 3 a

362 ONUSTIDiE.

MoUusks, but the form of their foot is admirably adapted
to the nature of the floor on which they live, which is
usually composed of the debris of dead shells.

Genus ONUSTUS, Humphrey.

Operculum sub-quadrate, elements elevated on the
upper surface at regular intervals, forming continuous
ridges radiating li'om the lateral nucleus.

Shell trochiform, depressed, whorls flat, with foliaceous
or stellated margins, covered with fragments of shells and
stones near the sutures and apex, periphery surrounded
wdth tubulai* spines or radiating processes ; umbilicus
wide and deep ; outer lip much produced above, receding
far beneath.

Ex. O. exutus. Reeve, pi. 40, fig. 1. Operculum, O.
exutus, fig. 1, rt, 1, b. Shell, O. Solaris, Linnceus,fig. 1, c.

The thin, produced margins of the whorls, the wide
and deep umbilicus, and the very peculiar operculum,
serve to distinguish this genus.

Species of Onustus.

calculiferus, Reeve. Indicus, Mart.

exutus, Reeve. Solaris, Lmn.

Genus XENOPHORA, Fischer.

' Operculum thin, ovate, elements simple, subannular,
nucleus lateral.

Shell trochiform, concave beneath, irregular, whorls
fiat, more or less concealed by fragments of shells and
stones; spire depressed; aperture wide ; umbilicus small.

CALYPTRIDJi. 363

Syn. Phonis, Montf. Xenophorus, Phil.

Ex. X. solarioides, Reeve, pi. 40, fig. 2. Operculum,
X. solarioides, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, X. trochiformis, Born,
fig. 2, c.

The " Carriers" inhabit deep water, and are most
numerous in the Java and China Seas. Each species
appears to have its own peculiar method of collecting the
fragments of shells and stones which cover the ground
where it lives, and each cements to the outside of the
shell its particular kind of materials. The adventitious
pieces of shell are so disposed as not to curve downwards
beyond the edge of the shell so as to impede the progress
of the animal, but are usually placed with their concave
sides uppermost.

Species of Xenophora.

cerea, Reeve. solarioides, Reeve.

corrugata, Reeve. trochiformis, Born.

pallidula. Reeve.

Fam. CALYPTRID^.

Lingual dentition as in CapulidcB. Head large, trans-
verse ; muzzle slightly produced, furnished anteriorly
with buccal appendages ; tentacles short, subulate, eyes
small, on bulgings at their external bases. Mantle con-
siderably developed, lining the shell, simple-edged in
front ; branchial plume single, placed obliquely across
the mantle-cavity. Foot flat, expanded.

Operculum none.

Shell patelliform; apex more or less spiral (in the

364 CALYPTRIDiE.

young regularly spiral) ; aperture wide, with an internal
testaceous appendage.

Like the animals of Capulida, the members of this
family carry and hatch their spawn under the neck, in
front of the foot. The simple nature of their pedal disk,
and the internal testaceous appendage of the shell, tend
to preserve them as a distinct group. The use of the
calcareous lamina, which is the first stage in the forma-
tion of a columella, is to support the viscera and separate
them from the foot or locomotive organ, as the Calyp-
tridce have greater powers of locomotion than the Capu-
lidcB or the PatellidcB (Owen).

Genus CALYPTRA, Humphrey.

Foot large, sub-triangular.

Shell conical, sub-acuminated, supported upon a solid,
calcareous, basal plate ; apex subcentral, a little posterior,
with a minute, spiral nucleus ; aperture with the internal
appendage half-cup-shaped, open in front, on the posterior
side, attached to the apex.

Syn. Calyptrgea, Lam. Calyptrus, Montf. Calyp-
tria, Owen. Mitrularia, Schum. Lithedaphus, Litho-
lepas, Owen.

Ex. C. equestris, Linnmus^ pi. 40, fig. 3, 3, a.

Calyptra^ like Cochlolepas, is furnished with a cal-
careous plate, secreted by the foot, by means of which it
is fixed to I'ocks and the under surface of stones, a dis-
covery made by Mr. Cuming, who found, on turning over
some large stones partly buried in the sand, several living
individuals affixed to the under side ; these specimens
were described as a new genus by Professor Owen under

CRUCIBULUM.

365

the name of Lithedaphus. The form of the internal tes-
taceous appendage, adhering at the base, with the sides
free, and seraiconical, as if longitudinally divided, will
at once distinguish the genus from all the others of the
family; the surface of the shell is rugose or cancellated
the species are found in all parts of the world.

Species of Calyptra.

cepacea, Brod.

chlorina, Gould.

cornea, Brod.

corrugata, Brod.

depressa, Adams and Reeve.

equestris, Linn.
planulata, C. B. Adams.
tectum-Sinense, Chem.
varia, Brod.

Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schumacher.

Buccal appendages obtuse and truncate; foot circular.

Shell subconic ; apex subcentral ; aperture wide, with
the internal appendage entire and cup-shaped, attached
by one of its sides.

Syn. Biconia, Sivains. Bicatillus, Swains. Caly-
peopsis, Brod., not Less.

Ex. C. rugosum, Deshayes, pi. 40, fig. 4. Shell, C.
extiuctorum, Sowerby, fig. 4, a.

The species of this genus, which is distinguished from
Calyptra by the entire, cup-like inner appendage, are
generally found attached to other shells ; they are chiefly
natives of Western America and the West Indian Islands.

360 ' CALYPTRID^.

Species of Crucihulum.

auriculatum, Sow. radiatum, Brod.

extinctorutn, Sow. rugosum, Desk.

fastigiatum, Gould. spinosura, Soxv.

hispidum, Brod. Tonganum, Quoy and Gaim.

imbricatum, Brod. trigonale, Adams and Reeve.

maculatum, Brod. umbrella, Desh.

peziza, Gray. undulatum, Mart.

pileolus, VOrb. Vanicorense, Quoy and
pileopsis, Quoy and Gaim. Gaim.

Sub-gen. dispot^a, Say (Calypeopsis, Less).
Internal appendage entire, cup-shaped, laterally adherent,
cancellata, Adams and Reeve. striata, Say.

Genus TROCHITA, Schumacher.

Foot transversely oblong, bilobed at the middle in
front.

Shell orbicular, trochiform, more or less spiral ; apex
central, whorls convex, radiately rugosely plicate, axis
imperforate ; aperture wide, with an oblique, transverse,
subspiral lamina, simple on the columellar margin.

Sijn. ? Luna, Klein. Infundibulum, UOrh., not
Monif. Trochatella, Lesa., not Swains.

Ex. T. occidentalis, Gray^ pi. 40, fig. 5. Shell, T.
radians, Lamarck, fig. 5, a.

The apex of the cone in this genus assumes a more or
less spiral form, and the internal lamina of the aperture
is partly twisted, and partakes of the character of a rudi-

GALERUS. 3G7

mentary columella. The species are principally natives
of the shores of South America.

Species of Trochita.

Lamarckii, Desh. radians, Lam.

occideutalis, Gray. spirata, Forbes.

Sub-gen. haltottdea, Swainson (not Humphrey).

Shell umbilicated ; spire excentric, usually of two whorls, and
placed latero-posteriorly, whorls rounded, simple, not radiately
plicate.

comma-notata, Sorv. dilatata, Soiv.

Genus GALERUS, Humphrey.

Muzzle bilabiate, buccal appendages short, rounded ; a
slightly-developed plain-edged neck-lobe ; foot auriculate
in front.

Shell depressly conical ; apex vertical, produced, sub-
spiral, nearly central, whorls flattened, smooth, ribbed or
spinose; aperture deep, with the internal appendage entire,
subspiral, lateral, and adherent ; the columellar edge folded
back on itself, forming a false umbilicus ; the front edge
produced.

Si/n. ? Ancile, Meusch. Mitella, D'Ai'genville, Leacli^
not Oken. Mitrula, Gray. Trochilla, Swains. Infundi-
bulum, J. Soiv.y not D^Orb. or Montf. Sigapatella, Less.
Siphopatella, Less.

Ex. G. Chinensis, Linnaus, pi. 40, fig. 6. Shell,
G. Chinensis, fig. 6, a.

368 CALYPTRIDii-:.

The inner testaceous lamina is fixed at the outer mar-
gin, and free and recurved at its inner edge, where it
often is folded back and forms a false umbilicus, or it is
thickened, and forms a rudimentary columella.

Species of Galerus.

aberraus, C. B. Adams. raamillaris, Brod.

apertus, Brand. regularis, C. B. Adams.

aspersus, C. B. Adams. serratus, Brod.

Chineusis, Ldnn. sordidus, Brod.

coiichaguus, C. B. Adams. striatus, Brod.

conicus, Brod. unguis, Brod.
lichen, Brod.

Genus CRYPTA, Humphrey.

Head large, transverse, depressed; foot rounded, slightly
truncate in front.

Shell ovate or oblong; apex posterior, oblique, sub-
marginal ; aperture elongated, polished within, the pos-
terior half covered by a horizontal testaceous lamina,
edge of lamina rather straight.

Syn. Crepidula. Lam. Crepidulus, Montf. Sanda-
lium, Schum. Proxenula, Perry. Lephyrobolus, ScJilut.

Ex. C. aculeata, Chemnitz, pi. 40, fig. 7. Shell,
C. fornicata, Liiwaus, fig. 7, a.

The chief locality for Crypta is South America, but they
also inhabit the West Indies, Australia, China, Senegal,
and the Mediterranean ; they are found adhering to the
rocks, and, according to Adanson, seem to prefer those
places where the sea beats with the greatest violence ;
some species, according to the same observer, adhere to

CRYPTA.

369

the shells which remain concealed in the sand ; they
often live in groups, attaching themselves to the outside
of each other's shells.

Species of

adspersa, Dkr.
adunca, Say.
arenata, Brod.
calyptraeiformis, Desk. '
Capensis, Quoy.
cerithicola, C. B. Adams.
contorta, Quoy and Gaim.
convexa, Say.
costata, Soiv.
costellata, Dkr.
excavata, Brod.
fornicata, Linn.
Goreeusis, Gmel.
grandis, Midd.
incurva, Brod.
lineolata, Desh.

Crypt a.

lingulata, Gould.
margiualis, Brod.
minuta, Midd.
Moulin sii, Mich.
nivea, C.B. Adams.
onyx, Soiv.

osculans, C. B. Adams
patula, Desh.
porcellana, Linn.
Peruviana, Lam.
rostrata, C. B. Adams.
rugosa, Nutt.
Rusei, Dkr.
Sitchana, Midd
solida, Hinds.
strigellata, Dkr.

Sub-geu. CREPIPATELLA, Lesson.

Internal lamina rounded, produced ; apex of shell lateral,
incurved, sub-terminal.

aculeata, Chem.
Adolphei, Less.
dilatata, La?n.
dorsata, Brod.
echinus, Brod.

hepatica, Desh.
hystrix, Brod.
pallida, Brod.
rugulosa, Dkr.
strigata, Brod.

Sub-gen. ianacus, Morch (not Inachus, Rising, or Fahr.).
Shell depressed ; apex postical, laterally inclined ; internal

VOL. I. 3 B

370 cAVVLiJyjp..

septum with an impressed groove at the columellar margin,
edge of septum incised internally.

excisa, Phil. plana, Say.

exuviata, Nutt. squama, Brod.

glauca, Brod. uncata, Mke.

Lessonii, Brod. unguiculus, Sow.

pedum, M'orch. unguiformis, Lam.

o

Sub-gen. ergjua, H. and A. Adams.

Shell depressed ; apex lateral ; internal lamina flat, produced
anteriorly, with a tubular rib at the columellar margin.

plana, Adams and Reeve. Walshi, Herm.

Fam. CAPULIDvE.

Tongue-membrane winged on each side in front, teeth
arranged in seven series (3*r3), central teeth small and
broad, with the apex hooked, the lateral teeth long and
hamate. Rostrum lengthened ; tentacles subulate, with
the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases. Mantle simple
in front ; gill forming a single plume placed obliquely
across the mantle-cavity, laminae elongate, linear, partly
exposed. Foot folded on itself, the sides simple, ante-
riorly thin and strap-shaped, posteriorly thick, orbicular,
and concave.

Operculum none.

Shell limpet-like ; apex sub.spiral, in the young, re-
gularly spiral ; aperture with the interior simple ; mus-
cular impression horse-shoe shaped.

These animals are said to feed on the sea-weed that

CAPULUS. 371

grows around them, and on small marine organisms ; they
are inhabitants of nearly all the countries of the world,
and appear to be possessed of but limited locomotion,
being generally observed adhering to stones and to other
shells, the margins of the aperture becoming modified ac-
cording to the surface on which they live, as in the genus
Capiilus ; sometimes, however, they wear away the space
beneath their foot, forming shallow excavations, as in
Amalthea ; or they secrete a shelly base by means of the
same organ, as in Cochlolepas. The egg-cases in this
family are membranous, and are attached in a tuft at the
front of the foot under the neck.

Genus CAPULUS, Montfort.

Mantle fringed at the margin; foot strong, orbicular,
sides plain.

Shell conical ; surface striated, usually covered with a
horny epidermis; apex inclined posteriorly, recurved,
sub-spiral ; aperture dilated.

Syn. Pileopsis, iawi. Galerita, ^row(/w. Actita, FwcA.
Spiracella, Rang (young). Acroculia, Phillips.

Ex. C. Ungaricus, Linnmis, pi. 41, fig. 1. Shell,
C. Ungaricus, fig. 1, a.

In Capulus the mantle-margin is fringed, and the foot
is circular ; the animal is rather sluggish and sedentary,
and sometimes secretes an imperfect shelly disk from its
foot, showing its affinity to Cochlolepaa. The name Ga-
lerita has priority over that of Capulus, but had been
previously applied by Fabricius to a genus of Beetles.

i372 CAruLiD^].

Species of Capidus.

railitaris, Linn. radiatus, Bars.

paleaceus, Mke. sagittiferus, Gould.

pilosus, Desk. Uiigaricus, Linn.

Sub-gen. thyca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell crystalline, acutely conical, slightly curved, longitudi-
nally grooved ; parasitic on star-fishes.

astericola, Adams and Reeve. crystallinus, Gould.

Genus AMATHINA, Gray.

Head elongated ; eyes sessile on the posterior lateral
margins behind the tentacles ; tentacles short, obtuse ;
mantle-margin entire, a tentacular median filament at the
hind part.

Shell somewhat depressed, surface with prominent, di-
verging, longitudinal ribs ; apex recurved posteriorly and
contorted ; aperture large, expanded, oblong, emarginate
anteriorly.

Erv. A. tricarinata, Chemnilz, pi. 41, fig. 2, 2, a.
Shell, A. tricarinata, fig. 2, h.

Amathina differs from Capidus in having prominent
longitudinal ridges in front of the shell, which is never
covered with epidermis. The animal, which we have
examined from a specimen in spirits, in Mr. Cuming's
collection, has a very long head, with the eyes sessile at
the sides behind the base of the tentacles, and there is a
peculiar tapering filament, situated centrally, at the pos-
terior extremity of the mantle.

AMALTHEA. 373

Genus COCHLOLEPAS, Klein.

Sole of foot with a crescentic muscular impression.

Shell thick, obliquely conical ; apex posterior, non-
spiral ; muscular impression of the foot on a shelly plate
distinct from the substratum.

Syn. Hipponyx, Defr. Cochlearia, Klein., not Linn.
or Munst.

Ex. C. radiata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 3.
Shell, C. antiquata, Linnceiis, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

This genus is known from Amalthea of Schumacher by
the distinct shelly base formed by the foot of the animal,
which leaves an impression of a horse-shoe shape, similar
to that of the mantle on the shell. The .species occur,
usually attached to living shells, in the Eastern Seas and
in Western America.

Species of Cochlolepas.

acuta, Quoy and Gaim. imbricata, Gould.

antiquata, Linn. radiata, Quoy and Gaim.

barbata, Sow. subrufa. Mart.

foliacea, Quoy and Gaim. Ticaonica, Soiv.

granulosa, A Adams. trigoua, Gmel.

Genus amalthea, Schumacher.

Buccal appendages moderate, slightly exserted ; sole of
foot with a crescentic muscular impression.

Shell pointed, conical ; apex posterior, non-spiral ;
aperture wide, oval ; muscular impression of foot on the
substratum itself.

Syn. Sabia, Gray.

Ex\ A. australis, Quoy mid Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 4.

'374 VANIKORID^.

A. conica, Schumacher^ fig. 4, a. Shell, A, conica, fig.
4, h, 4, c.

This genus is like Cochlolepas, but it simply excavates
with its foot a superficial cavity in the surface of the shell
or stone on which it fixes itself, not forming a shelly
plate distinct from the substratum.

Species of Amalthea.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. Panamensis, C. B. Adams.

conica, Schum.

Fam. VANIKORID.^.

Lingual dentition — ^. Rostrum moderate ; tentacles
elongate, subulate, dilated in the middle ; eyes sessile on
the outer bases of the tentacles. Mantle-margin included,
simple in front. Foot small, circular, with a dilated,
membranous, wing-like expansion on each side, and pro-
duced in front into a narrow, strap-shaped, truncated
lobe.

Operculum thin, horny, ovate, nonspiral.

Shell white, spiral, last whorl large ; aperture entire in
front.

These animals are littoral in their habits, being found
adhering to stones at low-water. (Cuming.) In their
general appearance the shells resemble those of the Ve-
lutinidcB, but the animal is very different.

Genus VANIKOIIO, Quoy and Gaimard.

Shell thin, white, spiral, often covered with a velvety
epidermis; spire short, whorls few, rounded, irregularly

VANIKORO. 375

ribbed, cancellated or spirally striated j axis perforated,
umbilicus ending in a distinct, arched canal behind the
inner lip ; inner lip simple ; aperture semilunar, more or
less modified by the last whorl.

Si/n. Merria, Gray. Narica, Recluz. Nioma, Gray.
Leucotis, Swains. Yanicoro, Gray.

Ex. V. cancellata, Qnoy and Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 5,
5, a. Operculum, V. cancellata, fig. 5, b, 5, c. Shell,
V. cancellata, fig. 5, d.

This genus was named by the Naturalists of the " Astro-
labe" after Vanikoro, one of the Pacific Islands, where
they first discovered it ; afterwards, however, they errone-
ously regarded it as a Sigaretus.

Species of Vanikoro.

acuta, Eechiz. lamellosa, D'Orh.

Blainvilliana, Recluz. ligata, Recluz.

cancellata, Chem. Mauritiae, Recluz.

cidaris, Recluz. Orbignyana, Recluz.

clathrata, Recluz. Petitiaoa, Recluz.

Cumingiaiia, Recluz. plicata, Recluz.

Cuvieriana, Recluz. Quoyi, Recluz.

Deshaj'esiaim, Recluz. rosea, Recluz.

distaus, Recluz. rugata, A. Adams.

Gaimardi, H. and A. Adams sigaretiformis, Potiez.

(Quoyi, A. Adams). Souleytiana, Recluz.

granulosa, Recluz. striata, D'Orb.

Gueriniana, Recluz. sulcata, D'Orb.
helicoidea, Le Guillou.

376 SCUTIBRAKCIIIATA.

Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloupe.

Shell spiral, ob ovate, white, solid; spire short, whorls
rounded, cancellated ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip thick,
rather flat, with a large, square notch in the middle ; outer
lip internally thickened and grooved.

Syn. Radula, Gray, not Klein.

Ex. N. radula, Linnaeus, pi. 41, fig. 6.

The animal of this genus is not known, but from the
peculiar white appearance and sculpture of the shell it
appears to belong to this family ; from the operculum
never having been met with, it is probably very thin, and
has escaped the notice of collectors. The recent species
is from the Pacific, and there are about twenty fossil
species.

Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Gill consisting of two series of lamell8e, forming one or
two series over the back of the neck, or on the under edge
of the mantle, round the foot. Animal hermaphrodite.
Shell spiral, or symmetrical and conical.

The Scutibranchiate Gasteropods comprise a vast as-
semblage of Mollusks, all marine, and chiefly littoral in
their habits, living upon the sea-weed covering the rocks
along the shore. They are hermaphrodite and self-im-
pregnating, the sexes not being separate in different in-
dividuals, as in the Pectinibranchs. In the Neritidce,
TrochidcB, and Fissurellidce the heart is traversed by the
rectum, while in the Tecturidae, Gadiniidm, Patellidm,
and ChUonidce, the heart is separate from the rectum.

PODOPHTHALMA. 377

Some of the families have the eyes on peduncles separate
from the tentacles, and the sides of the foot furnished
with a continuous fringe bearing tentacular filaments, as
the TrocJiidce ; the Neritidce have pedunculated eyes,
but want the lateral fringe ; while in the Fissurellidce the
eyes are sessile, and the lateral fringe is rudimentary.
The gills are usually in one or two series over the back
of the neck, but in the PatelUda and ChitonidcB they
are under the edge of the mantle round the foot. The
shell is spiral in the Nerltidce and Trodiidce ; patelliform
in the Fissurellidie, Gadiniidm, Tecturidce, and Patel-
lidcp; and composed of several pieces in the ChitonidcE.

Sub-order PODOPHTHALMA.

Eyes pedicelled, pedicels separate from the tentacles ;
teeth numerous, the lateral uniform, very numerous,
crowded. Shell and operculum spiral.

Fam. NERITID^.

Lingual dentition very similar to that of the Trochidce,
the central teeth few, the lateral hooks, or uncini, very
numerous. Head with a broad, short muzzle ; tentacles
slender and subulate, with the eyes on stout peduncles
at their outer bases ; no head-lobes or neck-lappets.
Foot oblong, triangular, the sides simple, without fila-
ments or lateral membrane.

Operculum articulated, shelly, sub-spiral.

Shell depressed or oval, not umbilicated ; spire very
short, cavity simple, from the absorption of the inter-

VOL. I. -3 c

378 NERITIDiE.

iial portions of the whorls ; aperture semi-ovate, not
pearly within.

In this tribe of Scutibranchiate Mollusks the sides
of the foot are without membranous fringes and tenta-
cular filaments, the animal is not voluminous, and the
foot is small and never envelopes the shell ; in their
dental system they resemble the Trochid(e^ as also in
their muzzle-shaped heads and pedunculated eyes.
They are littoral animals, inhabiting the stones and
rocks along the shore, feeding on the algae that abound
in that situation. They appear to be more active during
the night, resembling, in this respect, the Palellidre,
which are said to enjoy considerable locomotive powers
at that time.

Genus NERITA, Linnaeus.

Animal with the mantle-margin festooned.

Operculum horny, solid, with a shelly coat on each
side, the outer surface usually granular, when smooth,
with circular grooves, the edge channelled.

Shell generally solid, thick, semi-globose, smooth or
spirally grooved, often covered with a horny epidermis;
aperture semilunar; inner lip broad, flattened, the front
edge straight, with a few very prominent teeth ; outer
lip thickened, dentate, crenulate or grooved internally.

Sy7i. Odontostoma, Klein, not D'Orh. Neritarius,
Dum.

Ex. N. polita, Linnaiis, pi. 42, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. polita, fig. 1, «, 1, h. Shell, N. polita, fig. 1, c.

The Nerites proper may be known at once from the
sub-genera by the septiform plane of the inner lip
being smooth or nearly smooth. All the species are

NERITA.

379

marine, and they are principally inhabitants of warm
and tropical countries; they are littoral in their habits,
living on the rocks and stones, and are said to be
most active during the night, when they roam about,
feeding on the algae ; their eggs are ovate, covered with
a horny skin, and attached to other shells.

SjJecies of Nerita.

Aurora, Dkr.
australis, Gray.
Chemnitzii, Recluz.
clens-sanguineus, Chem.
Doreyaua, Quoij and Gaim.
fasciata, Meusch.
flava, Meusch.
flavescens, Chem.
Forskaalii, Recluz.
Georgina, Recluz.
Guamensis, Qaoy and Gaim.
liieroglypbica, Chem.
histrio, Linn.

incerta, V. d. Busch.
insculpta, Recluz.
Kiset, Adanson.
liueata, Linn.
olivaria, Le Guillou.
Orbignyaua, Recluz.
Pacifica, Recluz.
Peruviana, Phil.
polita, Linn.
radiata, Recluz.
Rumphii, Recluz.
tenebrosa, Recluz.
Umlaasia, Krauss.

Sub-gen. pila, Klein (Peloronta, Oken).

Septiform plane of inner lip rugose ; outer lip internally
dentate.

antiquata, Recluz.
aurantia, Recluz.
chrysostoma, Recluz.
corrosula, Recluz.
costata, Gmel.
costulata, F. d. Busch.
crassa, Gould.
Essingtoni, Recluz.
flammulata, Recluz.

grossa, Linn.
Lagar, Adanson.
Le Guillouana, Recluz.
maculifera, Le Guillou.
maxima, Chem.
multijugis, Mke.
musiva, Gould.
Novse Guinese, Less.
Novse Hiberniae, Less.

380

NERITIDyE.

ornata, Sow.
Papuana, Recluz.
peloroiita, Linn.
plicata, Linn.
scabricosta, Lam.
Selot, Adanson.

striata, Martyn.
trifasciata, Le Guillou.
uiidulata, Gmel.
variegata, Chem.
venusta, Dkr.
Winteri, Phil.

Sub-gen. theliostyla, Morch.
Septiform plane of inner lip granular or tubercular.

albicella, Linn.
anthracina, F. d. Busch.
Argus, Tiecluz.
atrata, Chem.
Bernliardi, Recluz.
bizonalis, Lam.
Charufeleon, Linn.
chlorostoma, Lam.
diversicolor, Martyn.
Dombeji, Becluz.
Dumar, Adanson.
exuvia, Linn.
fulgurans, Gmel.
Largillierti, PhiL
Longii, Recluz.

marginata, Gmel.
morio, Sow.
nigerrima, Chem.
ocellata, Le Guillou.
oryzarum, Recluz.
petechialis, Meusch.
picea, Recluz.
plauospira, Anton.
plexa, Chem.
reticulata, Karsten.
squammulata, Le Guillou.
Tadin, Adanson.
varia, Meusch.
Yoldii, Recluz.

Genus NERITELLA, Humphrey.

Operculum testaceous, the outer surface smooth, with
two apophyses, the upper shorter, sometimes dilated
and crested, the lateral in the form of an arched rib.

Shell globose, oval, turriculated or conical, thin, often
depressed, covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture
semilunar; inner lip straight, flattened, the margin
smooth or denticulated ; outer lip simple internally.

NERITELLA. 381

Syn. Neritina, Lam. Clypeolum, Recliiz. Nereina,
Crist, and Jan. Lainprostoma, Rqfi^i., not Swains.
Chernites, Gistel.

Ex. N. pulligera, Linnceus, pi. 42, fig. 2. Operculum,
N. pulligera, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, N. pulligera, fig.
2, c.

The Neritell(B are tolerably numerous in species ;
they are inhabitants of fresh water, and are usually
covered with an epidermis ; some among them are
found crawling on the stones in shallow water, others
live in deeper water, half buried in the mud, some in
brackish, and others even in salt water; some are
amphibious, clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and
other trees on the margins of rivers, while a few in-
habit the foliage of tall trees that overhang ponds
and rivulets. The genus Neritella, as restricted, is
characterised by the shell being transverse, elliptical,
or hemispherical ; the spire lateral or none ; the inner
lip septiform, flattened, and striolate, with the margin
finely denticulate : with one or two exceptions, they
are not found in the frigid or temperate zones, but are
extensively distributed in every other part of the world.

Species of NeriteUa. .

asperulata, Recluz. porcata, Gould.

Beckii, Becluz. Powisiana, Recluz.

bicanalis, Phil. pulligera, Lirm.

canalis, Soiv. punctulata, Lam.

cliolerica, Gould. Rossmassleriana, Recluz.

Knorri, Recluz. rubella, Milll.

labiosa, Sow. sanguinea, Soiv.

pennata. Born. squamsepicta, Recluz.
Petitii, Recluz.

382

NERITIDJi;.

Sub-gen. neritina, Swainson (Clithon, Becluz).

Shell globular, oval or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned with vivid and varied colours ; inner lip septiform,
crenulated, rarely simple.

Adansoniana, Recluz.
affinis, Becluz.
apiata, Becluz.
arctilineata. Sow.
aterrima, Phil.
bella, Phil.
cassiculum, Sow.
chrysocolla, Gould.
Cochiusinae, Becluz.
communis, Quoy.
cornea, Linn.
Cumingiana, Becluz.
Cuvieriana, Becluz.
Desmoulinsiana, Becluz.
dubia, Chem.

elegantissima, V. d. Busch.
Gaimardii, Souleyet.
gagates, Lam.
granis. Morel.
Guerinii, Becluz.
Jovis, Becluz.
Listeri, Pfeiff.
litturata, Becluz.
lugubris. Lam.
microstoma, D'Orb.
Moquiniana, Becluz.
nebulata, Becluz.

nux, Brod.
Oualaniensis, Less.
Pfeifferi, Becluz.
pbasiana, Becluz.
plumbea, Becluz.
ramosa, Meusch
reclinata, Say.
Royssii, Bechiz.
Sayaua, Becluz.
semiconica. Lam.
serrulata, Recluz.
Smithii, Gray.
sobrina, Becluz.
strigillata, Becluz.
striolata, Becluz.
triangularis, Meusch.
tristis, D'Orb.
turbida. Morel.
turrita, Chem.
variegata. Less.
vestita, Souleyet.
Waigiensis, Less.
Wallisiarum, Becluz.
Webbei, Becluz.
Zealandica, Becluz.
zebra, Brug.

Sub-gen. vitta, Klein (Theodoxus, Montf. Elea, Ziegl.).

Shell transverse, smooth or nearly smooth ; spire lateral, in-
clined over the aperture, more or less prominent; inner lip

NERITELLA.

383

usually flat, with the margin simple or denticulated ; operculum
uniform, without coloured zones.

Anatensis, Eecluz.
Beusoni, Recluz.
Bcetica, Lam.
Bourguiguati, Reclnz.
callosa, Desh.
Ceylanensis, Eecluz.
chlorina. Link.
Colombana, Recluz.
cornucopia, Bens.
Danubialis, Linn.
elliptica, Le Guillou.
elongatula, Morel.
fluviatilis, Linn.
intexta, Villa.
inquinata, Morel.
Jayana, Eecluz.
Matoniana, Eisso.
meridionalis, Phil.
minima, Le Guillou.
Mittreana, Eecluz.
nigrita, Ziegl.
Numidica, Eecluz.
obtusa, Bens.

Panayana, Recluz.
Peloponensis, Eecluz.
Perotitiana, Eecluz.
picta, Sow.
Prevostiana, Ferus.
pulchella, Wood.
pupa, Liiin.
Eaugiana, Eecluz.
reticularis, Sow.
serratilinea, Soiv.
siderea, Gould.
Siquijorensis, Eecluz.
strangulata, Miihlf.
succinea, Eecluz.
thermalis, Boube.
trabalis, Meusch.
transversalis, Ziegl.
trifasciata, Mke.
turricula, Mke.
virginea, Linn.
viridis, Linn.
zebriua, Eecluz.

Sub-gen. dostia, Gray (Sandaliformes, Mitrula, Mke.).

Shell slipper-shaped, solid ; apex entirely posterior, rolled in a
half-turn on the side ; peritreme continuous and free ; inner lip
septiform, the margin united to the inner portion of the peri-
treme, slightly arched in the centre, and denticulated.

crepidularia, Lam.
depressa, Beiis.
exaltata, Eecluz.
melanostoma, Trosch.

ovalis, Sow.
Phrygia, Meusch.
pileolus, Recluz.
Touraunensis, Souleyet.

\

384

NERITIDyE.

Sub-gen. altma, Recluz.

Shell depressed, sub-orbicular, with the upper extremity of
the outer margin prolonged into a lateral wing; spire sub-
posterior and lateral ; inner lip septiform, margin finely
denticulate.

fequinoctialis, Morel.
Eahiensis, Phil.
globosa. Sow.
granosa, Soiv.
intermedia, Soiv.

Jordani, Soic.
latissiraa, Brocl.
Nuttallii, Hecluz.
Oweniana, Gray.

Sub-gen. neriptekon, Lesson.

Shell catilliform, with the two extremities of the outer margin
prolonged into lateral auricles ; spire sub-posterior and lateral ;
inner lip septiform ; margin finely denticulate.

auriculata, Lam.
biauriculata, Recluz.
dilatata, Brod.
florida, Recluz.
Lamarckii, Desh.

Mauritise, Less.
navicularis, Morch.
subauriculata, Recluz.
Tahitensis, Less.

Genus CLITHON, Montfort.

Shell sub-globose or sub-orbicular, whorls usually
crowned with spines ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip
septiform and denticulate, one of the median teeth
always stronger and more prominent than the others,
obtuse, and forming a spiral internal ridge ; outer lip
more or less emarginate in the middle.

Syn. Cliton, Less. Corona, Recluz,

CLiTiio>\ 385

Ex. C. diadema, Recluz, pi. 42, fig. 3. Operculum,
C. diadema, fig. 3, «, 3, b. Shell, C. coronata. Leach,
fig. 3, c.

The spines that usually ornament the whorls are
tubular, and sometimes very long; the Clithons inhabit
tropical countries ; they crawl slowly, and only show,
during locomotion, the tentacles and the tip of the muz-
zle ; they prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from
weeds, where the water is tolerably quiet.

Species of Clithon.

aculeata, Chem.
angulosa, Recluz.
aspersa, Recluz.
australis, Chem.
avellaua, Recluz.
Bengalensis, Chem.
bicolor, Recluz.
Bourgainvillei, Recluz.
brevispiua, Lam.
cselata, Recluz.
chlorostoma, Brod.
cincta, Recluz.
circumvoluta, Recluz.
corona, Linn.
coronata, Leach.
coronoides. Less.
Da Costae, Recluz.
diadema, Recluz.
Dominigensis, Linn.
Douovani, Recluz.
Dringii, Recluz.
faba, Sow.
flavovirens, Phil.
fuliginosa, Vhil.

VOL. I.

guttata, Recluz.
inconspicua, Phil.
iiiterrupta, Recluz.
Keraudreuii, Le Guillou.
Leacbii, Recluz.
Lessonii, Recluz.
luctuosa, Recluz.
Menkeana, Recluz.
Michaudiana, Recluz.
obscurata, Recluz.
olivacea, Recluz.
parvula, Le Guillou.
pulchella, Recluz.
rarispina, Mouss.
Reckiziana, Le Guillou.
rugata, Recluz.
ruginosa, Recluz.
sandalina, Recluz.
Sardoa, Mke.
solium, Recluz.
Souleyetiana, Recluz.
Sowerbyana, Recluz.
spinifera, Recluz.
spinosa, Budgin.

3 D

380

NERITIDiE.

squarrosa, Recluz.
subgranosa, Soiv.
subpunctata, Recluz.
triserialis, Sow.

Tritoniensis, Le Guillou.
Troschelii, Recluz.
unidentata, Recluz.

Genus CATILLUS, Humphrey.

Head large ; foot attached on each side to the
visceral mass, forming a cavity open behind.

Operculum small, thin, rudimentary, calcareous, qua-
drilateral, surface radiated, with a subulate tooth at the
hinder edge, the other edges sharp and thin.

Shell ovate, depressed, patelloid, covered with an
epidermis; apex nonspiral, nearly symmetrical, re-
flexed posteriorly ; aperture very large ; inner lip sep-
tiform, margin simple, sharp, edentulate.

S?/n. Cimber, Mont/. Navicella, Lam. Cibota,
Brown.

Ex. C. lineatus, Lamarck, pi. 42, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, C. porcellanus, Linnaeus, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell,
C. porcellanus, fig. 4, c.

The operculum in this genus is applied to the dorsal
surface of the foot, and is concealed in the cavity
which it forms with the visceral mass. In Catillus
proper the apex is entirely posterior, often eroded,
and distinct from the hind margin. The species are
usually found on the banks of rivers adhering to floating
sticks and to the petioles and roots of the Nipah palms
and other plants that live near rivers ; they are also
found attached to smooth stones. Their principal loca-
lities are the Philippines, New Holland, New Guinea,
the Feejees, New Ireland, and the Mauritius and adjacent

h

TROCHID^. 387

islands ; they are not found in Europe and the Western
Hemisphere.

Species of Catillus.

apiatus, Le Guillou. Luzonicus, Souleyet.

Borbonicus, Bory. macrocephalus, Le Guillou.

Bourgainvillei, Recluz. parvus, Mouss.

Cumingianus, Recluz. porcellanus, Liim.

depressus, Less. Sufreni, Recluz.

Freycineti, Recluz. variabilis, Recluz.
Janellei, Recluz.

Sub-gen. septabia, Ferussac.

Apex sub-marginal, entire.

aponogetonis, Vahl. Entrecastreauxi, Recluz.

Cookii, Recluz. lineatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. elaea, H. and A. Adams.

Apex a little in front of the hind margin, entire, laterally
recurved.

ambiguus, Recluz. Durvillei, Recluz.

cserulescens, Recluz. Laperousei, Recluz.

clypeolum, Recluz. maculiferus, Mouss.

compressus, Bens. suborbicularis. Sow.

Fam. TROCHID^.

Tongue elongate, median teeth broad, laterals five,
denticulated, uncini very numerous, slender, with hooked
points. Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, some-

388 TRocriiDit:.

times ciliated; eyes on free peduncles at their outer
bases ; two more or less developed head-lobes between
the tentacles. Gill single, long, and linear. Sides of
the foot with a large neck-lappet near the eye-peduncle,
continuous with a conspicuous side-membrane bearing
on its free margin from three to five tapering filaments ;
operculigerous lobe often ornamented with cirrhi.

Operculum hornj^, spiral, often with a solid, convex,
calcareous coat, rarely wanting.

Shell pyramidal, turbinate, or ear-shaped ; aperture
pearly within.

The Trochoid Scutibranchs embrace an extensive
series of herbivorous, littoral Mollusks, characterised by
the fringed lobes and tentacular cirrhi of the head and
sides, their pedunculated eyes, and by the pearly nature
of their shells, which exhibit a brilliant nacre when the
epidermis and outer coat are removed. They are in-
variably marine, feeding on the sea-weeds which abound
along the shore and are distributed universally in all
parts of the globe, being most numerous, and of larger
growth and more beautiful colours in tropical seas. The
shells of the TrocliiiJcB, though formed on one type,
assume great variety of contour and sculpture, being
turbinate and provided with stony opercula in the Eic-
tropibnc and Ti(rhmin(e ; cancellated and discoidal, with
corneo-calcareous opercula in the LiotiiiKe ; conical or
pyramidal, with horny, multispiral opercula in the Tro-
chince; and ear-shaped, with the opercula rudimentary or
wanting in the 8tomateUin(B, which section gradually
leads to the family of Haliotidie, in which the branchial
plumes are symmetrical, the muscle of attachment is
central, and the mantle is fissured in front.

EUTROPIL\^. 389

Sub-fam. EUTROPIIN.E.

Operculum ovate, with a thick, solid, smooth, cal-
careous coat.

Shell ovately-oblong, porcellanous, polished, the last
whorl rounded and produced at the base ; aperture ovate.

Genus EUTROPIA, Humphrey.

Operculum stony, thick, ovate, smooth.

Shell ovately-oblong ; spire elevated, whorls smooth,
poHshed ; aperture oval ; columella smooth, flattened ;
outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Syn. Phasianus, Montf. Phasianella, Lam. Ortho-
pncea, Gistel.

Ex. E. Tritonis, Chemnitz, pi. 42, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, E. Tritonis, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, E. Tritonis,
fig. 5, c.

When the animals of this genus crawl, the foot
appears to be divided longitudinally into halves which
advance alternately; when the right side moves, the
left remains stationary, and when this in turn is carried
forward, the other half serves as a point of support.
MM. Audouin and Milne Edwards have observed that
E. pullus eyihxhit?, the same mode of progression, which
they compare to the amble or canter of a horse. In
Eutropia proper the tentacles are ciliated, the head-
lobes fringed, and the sides of the foot furnished with
three cirrhi. In the smaller species, forming the Tri-
coUa of Ivisso, the head-lobes appear to be wanting.

390

EUTROPIIiXyE.

The larger species, all of which have beautifully varie-
gated shells, are principally from Australia and the
Islands in the Pacific, and the smaller species are from
the West Indies and the Mediterranean.

Species of Eutropia.

iEthiopica, Pfeiff.
grata, Phil.
lineolata, Wood.
perdix, Gray.
rubens, Lam.

solida, Born.
Tritonis, Chem.
turgida, Phil.
variegata, Lam.

Sub-gen. tkicolia, Kisso.
Head-lobes not developed ; shell small, polished.

amcenula, Phil.
articulata, Anton.
bicarinata, Dkr.
brevis, C. B. Adams.
Capensis, Dkr.
concinna, C. B. Adams.
concolor, C. B. Adams.
coturnix, Koch.
elongata, Krauss.
flammulata, Phil.
fiava, Anton.
fulgens, Koch.
guttata, Phil.
iuconspicua, Phil.
intermedia, Scacchi.
Kochi, Phil.

marmorata, Dufr.
meleagris. Beck.
perfoi'ata, Phil.
pulchella, Recluz.
pulchra, Gray.
pullus, Linn.
pygmsea, Phil.
speciosa, Miihlf.
splendida, Phil.
strigata, Phil.
tenuis, Mich.
tessellata. Beck.
umbilicata, D'Orh.
unifascialis, Kien.
ventricosa, Quoy and Gaim.

I

TlTRBININyE. 391

Sub-fam. TURBININ.^.

Operculum orbicular, horny, with a solid, convex,
calcareous coat.

Shell turbinate, the last whorl rounded and ventricose ;
aperture sub-circular ; inner lip smooth, simple.

Genus TURBO, Linnaeus.

Operculum without spiral ridges, externally convex,
smooth or granular.

Shell turbinate, light, rather thin, covered with an
epidermis, axis imperforate ; spire elevated, whorls no-
dose, or with hollow spines ; aperture sub-circular, longer
than wide ; inner lip flattened, produced anteriorly ;
outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Fornax, Klein, not Laporte. Olearia, Klein.
Saccus, Klein. Lunaria, Fabr. Lunaris, Link. Cidaris,
Chem., not Bolt.

Ex. T. smaragdus, Martyn, pi. 43, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, T. smaragdus, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, T. mar-
moratus, Linn(Bus, fig. 1, c.

The species of Tarho are principally inhabitants of
the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, Australia, and
New Zealand.

Species of Turbo.

cornutus, Cheni. militaris, Reeve.

imperialis, Gmel. petholatus, Linn.

Jourdeni, Kien. smaragdus, Martyn.

magaificus, Jonas. variabilis, Reeve.
marmoratus, Linn.

392

TURBININiE.

Genus SENECTUS, Humphrey.

Operculum without spiral ridges, externally convex
and granular.

Shell turbinate, solid, axis usually perforate ; spire
elevated, whorls with transverse, granular, scaly, or spi-
nose ribs ; aperture ovate, longer than wide, produced
anteriorly ; columella narrow, rounded, circumscribed
by the umbilicus, the fore part produced into a broad,
channelled lobe.

8i/n. Lunatica, Bolt. Batillus, Sckum,

EoD. S. spinosus, Chemnitz, pi. 4.3, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, S. argyrostoma, Linnceus, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell,
S. chrysostoma, Linnceus, fig. 2, c.

The " Snake Shells," as these species of Turho are
called, may be readily distinguished by their variegated
colours, ribbed whorls, and the peculiar character of
the inner lip.

Species of Senectus.

argyrostoma, Linn.
articulatus, Reeve.
Chemnitzianus, Reeve.
chrysostoma, Linn.
circularis. Reeve.
crassus. Gray.
crenulatus, Chem.
gemmatus. Reeve.
histrio. Reeve.
Japonicus, Reeve.
Lajonkairii, Desh.
laminiferus. Reeve.
margaritaceus, Linn.
nivosus, Reeve.

Novse Zealaudiae, Chem.
pulcher, Reeve.
pustulatus, Reeve.
radiatus, Gmel.
setosus, Gmel.
sparverius, Gmel.
speciosus, Reeve.
Spenglerianus, Chem.
spinosus, Chem.
squamiger, Reeve.
Ticaoiiicus, Reeve.
trochoides, Reeve.
tumidulus, Reeve.
turcicus, Reeve.

L UN ELLA. 393

Genus SARMATICUS, Gra}'.

Operculum without spiral ridges, covered externally
with numerous, separate, flat-topped tubercles.

Shell turbinate, nodulous, axis imperforate ; sjDire de-
pressed ; aperture expanded, wider than long ; inner
lip flattened, excavated, with an elevated, curved line ;
outer lip with an intra-raarginal line of black animal
matter.

Syn. Cidaris, Swains., not Klein or Bolt.

Ex. S. classicarius. Gray, pi. 43, fig. 3. Operculum,
S. classicarius, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

Sarmaticus is peculiar from having a layer of blackish
animal matter between the outer opaque, and the inner
pearly, coat of the shell, which forms a dark zone be-
tween the edges of the two coats, just within the aper-
tui'e. The name of Swainson {Cidaris) is ah'eady in
use for a genus of Echinodermata.

Species of Sarmaticus.

classicarius, Grarj. Natalensis, Krauss.

helicinus, Born.

Genus lunella, Bolten.

Opei'culum with an indistinct, sub-central rib, sur-
rounded by a broad, flat margin.

Shell turbinate, solid, axis deeply and widely perfo-
rated ; spire depressed, whorls flat, smooth ; aperture
circular; inner lip flattened and produced anteriorly.

Syn. Marmorostoma, Swains.
VOL. I. 3 E

394 TURBININ.E.

Ex. ]j. undulata, Chemnitz, pi. 43, fig. 4. Opercu-
luin, L. complanata, Cliemnitz, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell,
L. complanata, fig. 4, c.

The shells of this group may be readily distinguished
by their smooth whorls, depressed spire, deep umbilicus,
and produced and flattened columella.

Species of Lunella.

complanata, Chem. mespilus, Cheni.

crenifera, Kien. porcata, Reeve.

granulata, Chem. porphyrites, Martijn.

lugubris, Reeve. undulata, Chem.

Genus MODELIA, Gray.

Operculum with a convex, sub-central, granular rib, and
a sharp-edged, sub-marginal keel.

Shell turbinate, thin, granular ; spire rather elevated ;
aperture sub-circular, wider than long; inner lip exca-
vated, with an extended, thin callus.

Ex. M. granosa, Martyn, pi. 43, fig. 5. Operculum,
M. granosa, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The Turbo rubicimdus of Chemnitz is another species
of this genus, which, besides the peculiarities of the oper-
culum, is remarkably thin and granular on the surface, re-
minding one very much of Zizipltiuus among the Tro-
chinee. The species are from the shores of New Zealand.

Species of Modelia.
granosa, Marty n. rubicunda, Chem.

CALLOrOMA. 395

Geuus PRISOGASTER, Morch.

Operculum ovate, convex, granular, with an elevated,
grooved rib extending from the nucleus to the hinder
margin, nearly parallel to the straight or inner edge.

Shell solid, turbinate, axis imperforate ; spire elevated,
whorls transversely grooved ; aperture ovate, longer than
wide ; columella with a parallel groove ; outer lip margined
with white, lirate internally.

Ex. P. niger, Gray, pi. 43, fig. 6. Operculum, P.
niger, fig. 6, a, G, h. Shell, P. niger, fig. 6, c.

The animal of this genus, figured by M. D'Orbigny,
appears to be furnished with a single, elongated, posterior
filament, numerous shorter, anterior, tentacular filaments
on the lateral membrane of the foot, and two conspicuous.
cirrhi on the sides of the opercular lobe.

Genus CALLOPOMA, Gray.

Operculum with a broad central, and three or five sub-
marginal, spiral ribs, outer ribs toothed.

Shell turbinate, thick, axis imperforate ; spire elevated,
whorls smooth, or with transverse nodulose or squamose
ridges ; aperture circular, expanded ; inner lip broad, flat-
tened, excavated, produced anteriorly, and furnished with
a parallel, curved groove.

Ex. C. fluctuatum. Gray, pi. 43, fig. 7. Operculum,
C. fluctuatum, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

This genus somewhat resembles Lunella, but the axis
is imperforate the aperture is dilated, and the operculum

396 TURBININifl.

is characterised by an extreme beauty and complexity of
structure.

Sijecies of Callopoma.

fluctuatum, Gray. tessellatum, Kien.

saxosum, Wood.

Genus NINELLA, Gray.

Operculum concave externally, with two marginal,
raised, spiral ribs, and a thin edge.

Shell turbinate, depressed, rugose, axis widely umbili-
cated, umbilicus perspective; aperture circular; inner
lip broad, excavated, with a pearly, spoon-shaped pit near
the columella, and a deep, longitudinal groove externally.

Ex. N. staminea, Martyn, pi. 44, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. staminea, fig. 1, rt, 1, 6. Shell, N. staminea, fig. 1, c.

There are two species at present known of this curious
genus, which seems to be intermediate between AstraUum
and Turbo; the form of the aperture and operculum,
however, would refer it to this division.

Sjjecies of JSinella.
lamellosa, Brod. staminea, Mart.

Genus COLLONIA, Gray.

Operculum circular, with many gradually-enlarging
whorls, a convex external rib, and a central pit.

Shell small, solid, turbinate, smooth, transversely
striated, axis imperforate ; aperture circular, contracted at

ASTRALIIN^. 397

the peritreme ; inner lip moderate, with a thickened
callosity.

E.V. C. marginata, Nuttall, pi. 44, fig. 2. Operculum.
C. marginata, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

This genus comprehends several species of small turbo-
like shells, mostly African ; the fossil species of the Paris
Eocine are larger and tolerably numerous; the genus is
peculiar in the operculum and in the contraction of the
aperture at the peritreme.

Species of Collonia.

brevis, i>'(9/-i. (Phasianella). " phasianella, C. B. Adams.

cingulata,P/u^. (Delphinula). pyropus, Reeve.

coralliua, Reeve. rubrocincta, Migh.

granulata, Bkr. (Delphinula). sanguiuea, Linn.

marginata, Nutt. verruca, Gould.

murrea, Reeve. violacea, Gould.
neritina, Dkr.

Sub-fam. ASTRALIIN^.

Operculum oblong or ovate, with an external, solid,
calcareous coat.

Shell solid, trochiform, flat or concave at the base,
whorls rugose or spinose, the last often stellate or
keeled ; aperture usually sub-quadrate.

Genus ASTRALIUM, Link.

Operculum ovate, flat, rather thinner at the edge, with
a sub-central tubercle over the axis, and abroad, sub-mar-
ginal, spiral rib.

398 ASTRALIIiN^.

Shell Irochiform, depressed ; whorls convex, rugose, la-
mellated, the last often angulated and with hollow sphiose
scales round the periphery; axis perforated, sometimes
covered by a callous deposit; aperture sub-quadrate, ar-
cuated, sub-truncate anteriorly.

Si/n. Imperator, Mont/. Hercoles, Mont/. Can-
thorbis, Swams. Tubicanthus, Swains.

Ex. A. heliotropium, Martyn, pi. 44, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, A. calcar, Linncens, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, A.
solare, Chemnitz, fig. 3, c.

Species of Astralium.

aster, Phil. heliotropium, Martyn.

calcar, Li^in. Phcebia, Bolt.

cicatrosum, Jonas. planum, Gmel.

costulatum, Latn. solare, Chem.
heliacum, Phil.

Genus STELLA, Klein.

Operculum thick, with a slight convexity over the axis,
outer edge thin, axis perforated.

Shell trochiform ; spire elevated, whorls with radiating,
spiny scales, axis imperforate ; aperture sub-circular ; co-
lumella rather flattened, iucrassated, continuous anteriorly
with the outer lip.

Si/n. Cyclocantha, Sioains. Calcar, Mont/ Sol,
Klein. Stellaria, Schmidt.

Ex. S. Spengleriana, Chemnitz, pi. 44, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, S. stellata, Chemnitz, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, S.
Spengleriana, fig. 4, c.

The shells of this group are solid, spinose, and trochi-
form, with the axis imperforate. The species are chiefly

GUILDFORDIA. 399

Australian in their geographical range, a few, however,
also occurring in New Zealand.

Species of Stella.

armata, Phil. nobilis, Gray.

asperata, Lain. laciniata, Gould.

asteriscus, Reeve. papillata, Pot. and Mich.

auripigmentum, Jonas. rotularis, Lam.

bicrenata, Goidd. Spengleriana, Chem.

columellaris, Phil. stellaris, Gmel.

confragosa, Goidd. stellata, Chem.

Cubana, Phil. tuberosa, Phil.

Genus GUlLFORDIA, Gray.

Operculum flat, with a very slight ridge near the arched,
or outer margin.

Shell trochiform, depressed; whorls with an iridescent,
golden nacre, and with transverse rows of granules, the
last whorl angulated, the periphery surrounded by long,
tubular, radiating spines ; aperture trapeziform ; inner lip
sharp, incurved ; outer lip thin, irregular ; axis impressed,
not perforate, umbilical region surrounded by a smooth,
elevated callus.

Si/n. Astralium, Phil., not Link.

Ex. G. triumphans, Pliilippi, pi. 44, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, G. triumphans, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The shell in this genus has the same texture and
golden nacreous appearance that are to be found in
some of the species of Ziziphinus. The animal has
not been observed, and the only species at present
known is a beautiful shell from the shores of Japan.

400 ASTRALIIi\iE.

Genus UVANILLA, Gray.

Operculum flat, with two distinct, convex, radiating ribs,
the lower straight and nearly parallel to the edge, the
upper arched, sub-central, the axis imperforate and callous.

Shell trochiform, acuminate, whorls flattened, fimbri-
ated, axis imperforate, base excavated ; aperture sub-
quadrangular ; inner lip acute, arcuated, sub-truncate in
front.

Ex. U. finibriata, Lamarck, pi. 44, fig. 6. Opercu-
lum, U. olivacea. Wood, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, U. olivacea,
fig. 6, c.

Several species of this genus are known, the shells
being remarkable for their trochiform appearance and
the sharp keels or fimbriated edges of the whorls.

Species of Uvanilla.

acuta, Lam. latispina, Phil.

brevispina, Lmn. occidentalis, Ghem.

Buschii, Phil. olivacea, Wood.

erythrophtlialmus, Phil. orichalcea, Koch.

fimbriata. Lam. tentoriiformis, Jonas.

gibberosa, Chem. tentorium, Anton.

hexagona, Phil. ■ unguis, Wood.

Genus PACHYPOMA, Gray.

Operculum oblong, sub-quadrangular, very convex ex-
ternally.

Shell trochiform, elevated, axis imperforate, whorls with
spinulose scales ; aperture sub-circular ; inner lip with a
prominent, exterior, curved callus, anteriorly sub-truncate.

LITHOPOMA. 401

Ex. P. cffilatum, Chemnitz, pi. 44, fig. 7. Opercu-
lum, P. cselatum, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

In Pachyponia the last whorl is not acutely angulated,
and the aperture is somewhat circular; the prominent
callus of the inner lip is peculiar, and the operculum is
\exj thick and shelly.

Species of Pachyponia.

Americanum, Gmel. plicato-nodosutn, Cheyn.

Cfelatum, Chem. purpuratum, Gmel.

imbricatum, Gmel. rhodostoma, Phil.

inaequale, Martyn. sculptum, Phil.

inerme, Gmel. Sirius, Gould.

Genus LITHOPOMA, Grav.

Operculum ovate, thick, thicker at the end, with a
broad, thin margin at the outer edge.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls nodulous, axis
imperforate ; aperture sub-circular ; inner lip incurved,
longitudinally grooved, anteriorly sub-truncate.

Ex. L. tuber, Linnceus^ pi. 45, fig. 1. Operculum,
L. tuber, fig. 1, a, 1, J.

The absence of umbilicus and the nodulous nature of
the whorls, which are not acutely edged around the peri-
phery, will serve to distinguish this genus ; the shells
have more colour on the outer surface than in the other
members of this sub-family.

Species of Lithopoma.

Olfersii, Trosch. tuber, Linn.

saxosum, Phil. tuberosum, Phil.

VOL. I. -^ F

402 ASTRALIINJi:.

Genus POMAULAX, Gray.

Operculum flat, with three convex, radiating ribs, the
upper sub-marginal ; axis perforated.

Shell trochiform ; whorls nodulous, fimbriated at the
sutures ; axis imperforate, impressed, umbilical region
with a curved, elevated callus ending in a sharp point at
the columella ; columella rounded, arched, anteriorly sub-
truncate.

Ex. P. undosus. Wood, pi. 45, fig. 2. Operculum,
P. undosus, 2, a, 2, b.

In this genus, which, on account of its trochus-like
form, has often been placed with the TrochinxB, there is a
peculiar circular callus round the columella ending in a
point, as in the genera Chlorostoma and Oxystele.

Species of Pomaulax.
Japonicus, Dkr. undosus, Wood.

Genus COOKIA, Lesson.

Operculum ovate, smooth, flat, with a broad, spiral,
sub-marginal rib.

Shell depressly turbinate ; whorls rugose, scaly, the
last with short, scaly spines at the periphery ; axis imper-
forate, the umbilical region concavely depressed and
surrounded by a spiral callus terminating in a point at
the end of the columella.

Syn. Tubicanthus, Swains.

LIOTIINiE. 403

Ex. C. sulcata, Martyn, pi. 45, fig. 3. Operculum
C. sulcata, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, C. sulcata, fig. 3, c.

This genus appears to be intermediate between Astra-
Hum and Bolma, but does not quite accord with either.
M. Lesson founded it upon the Turbo Cookii of Gmelin,
so named after the great circumnavigator, but the specific
name of Martyn has priority ; the species comes from
New Zealand.

Genus BOLMA, Risso.

Operculum ovate, sub-orbicular, convex, with a sub-
central tubercle over the axis, and a broad, sub-marginal,
spiral rib.

Shell turbinately trochiform, elevated, rugose, axis im-
perforate ; aperture circular ; inner lip wide, flattened,
excavated, covered with a thickened callus.

Ex. B. rugosa, Linnmis, pi. 45, fig. 4. Operculum,
B. rugosa, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, B. rugosa, fig. 4, c.

In this form the periphery of the whorls is rounded,
and the aperture is circular ; the inner lip being covered
with a thick callosity is another peculiarity.

Species of Bolma.

aurea, Jonas. obtusa, Chem.

gibberosa, Gmel. rugosa, Linn.

modesta, Reeve.

Sub-fam. LIOTIIN^.

Operculum horny, with an external calcareous coat
formed of separate, pearl-like, shelly particles placed in
spiral lines.

404 LI0T1IN.E.

Shell more or less discoidal, white, transversely sulcate
or cancellated ; aperture orbicular, scarcely pearly within.

Genus LIOTIA, Gray.

Shell turbinate, globose, or discoidal ; whorls longitudi-
nally ribbed or cancellated ; axis perforated, umbilicus
usually wide and deep ; aperture circular, pearly within,
peristome thickened, with a regular, marginal callus.

Ex. L. Peronii, Kiener, pi. 45, fig. 5. Operculum,
L. Peronii, fig. 5, a, 5, b. Shell, L. scalarioides, Reeve,
fig. 5, c.

The species of this genus are never spiny or laciniated,
like those of Angaria, with which they have been con-
founded, and there is an expanded border round the aper-
ture. Many fossil species occur in the Eocene formation
of Britain and France ; the recent species inhabit the
Cape, the Philippines, and Australia.

Species of Liotia.

adamautiua, Duclos. Kieneri, Phil.

affiuis, A. Adams. nodulosa, A. Adams.

australis, Kien. Peronii, Kien.

cancellata, Oray. pulcherrima, A. Adams.

cidaris, Eeeve. scalarioides, Reeve.

claLhrata, Reeve. siderea, Reeve.

crcnata, Kien. tuberculosa, DVrh.

depressa, Reeve. varicosa, Reeve.
discoidea, Reeve.

Sub-gen. arene, H. and A. Adams.
Shell nidiatuly painted with red ; whorls muricated, the last

CYCLOSTREMA. 405

stellate at the periphery, or angulated and keeled ; peritreme
more or less varicose.

cruentata, Miihlf. Tamsiana, Dkr.

muricata, Humph.

Sub-gen. ilaira, H. and A. Adams.

Shell discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls angulated, detached,
the last entirely free ; aperture quadrate, peristome sub-acute.

evoluta, Reeve.

Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt.

Eye-peduncles very short, tentacles ciliated ; foot with
long, curved, linear auricles in front, the sides with three
ciliated filaments.

Shell orbicular, depressed, widely umbilicatcd ; spire
very short, whorls rounded, smooth, cancellated, trans-
versely striated, or grooved; aperture orbicular, not pearly
within, peristome continuous, acute.

St/n. Delphinoidea, Brown.

Ex. C. serpuloides, Montagu, pi. 45, fig. 6. Shell,
C. cancellata, Man-yatl, fig. 6, a.

The interior of the aperture in these shells is not
pearly as in Liotia. The animal of Skenea divlsa,
Fleming, which is the same as Cyclostrema serjniloides,
has been described by Mr. Clark, as well as that of C. ele-
gantula or Culleriana, and the existence of neck-lappets
and of filaments on each side of the foot show the posi-
tion of the genus to be among the Trochidce. Should
the smaller British species require to be separated from

1

406

LIOTim^.

the more typical forms they will take the name of Del-
phinoidea, Brown.

Species of Cyclostrema.

angulata, A. Adams.
cancellata, Marry att.
cingulifera, A. Adams.
costulata, Miill.
elegantula, Phil.
exigua, Phil.
exilis, Phil.
Isevis, Phil.
micaus, A. Adams.

nitens, Phil.
nitida, A. Adams.
nitidissima, Adavis.
nivea, Chem.
paulla, Phil.
Eeeveana, Hinds.
rota, Forbes and Hanley.
serpuloides, Mont.
sulcata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. ctnisca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell depresslj turbinate ; umbilicus wide and deep, perspec-
tive, surrounded by a spiral callus ; whorls with transverse,
granular ribs ; aperture circular ; inner lip straight ; outer lip
thickened, lirate within, continued posteriorly on the penultimate
whorl beyond the inner lip.

granulata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. serptjlaria, Romer (? Spira, Brown).

Shell orbicular, discoidal, evolute ; spire depressly concave,
whorls rounded, disunited ; aperture circular, peritreme con-
tinuous.

spirula, A. Adams.

UMBONIINiE. 407

Genus ADEOKBis, Searles Wood.

Shell depressly conical, orbicular, deeply umbilicated;
whorls few, not nacreous, flattened, smooth or striated,
the last more or less angulated at the periphery ; aper-
ture transversely oval, peristome interrupted ; inner lip
sinuated; outer lip arcuate, simple, acute.

Ex. A. subcarinata, Montagu^ pi. 45, fig. 7.

The principal difference between this genus and Cyclo-
strema consists in the more or less trochiform appearance
of the shell, and in the peritreme not being circular and
continuous. A few species were described by one of the
authors under the generic name of Cyclostrema.

Species of Adeorhis.

elegans, A. Adams. porcata, Phil.

plana, A. Adams. scabra, Phil.

planorbula, A. Adams. subcarinata, Mont.

Sub-fam. UMBONIIN^.

Rostrum rudimentary ; frontal lobes greatly developed.

Operculum horny, thin, of many gradually-enlarging
whorls finely ciliated on the outer edge.

Shell orbicular, depressed, polished, porcellanous, the
umbilical region often covered with a callous deposit.

Genus UMBONIUM, Link.

Shell orbicular, depressed, porcellanous; whorls
smooth, polished, umbilical region covered with a large

408

UMBONIINiE.

prominent callosity; aperture small, transverse; inner lip
ending in a simple point ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Globulus, Schum., not J. Sow. Helicina, Gray,
not Lam. Rotella, Lam. Pitonnillus, Montf. Ptychom-
phalus, Agass.

Ex. U, vestiarium, Linnceus, pi. 46, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, U. vestiarium, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In the animal of Utnbonium, which has been first cor-
rectly described by Dr. Gray, the lateral fringe of the
foot is distinct, with three tentacular filaments on each
side ; at the front of the right side, near the base of the
tentacles, it is produced into an oblong, fleshy lobe.
The right tentacle is the larger and free, with an oblong,
compressed lobe on its hinder side which has an indis-
tinct indication of an eye ; the left tentacle is smaller and
partly attached to the upper side of the left eye-pedicel,
which is cylindrical, bearing a very distinct eye, and fur-
nished with a large, membranous expansion attached to
the whole of its length on its left side, and which is
fringed at the edge. This frontal appendage, when the
animal is alive, is folded on itself to form a tube, which
has caused it to be mistaken for a siphon.

Species of Umbonium.

anguliferum, Pliil.
articulatum, Phil.
australe, Phil.
chalconotum, A. Adams.
conicum, Adams and Reeve.
depressum, A. Adams.
elegans, Beck.

giganteum, Less.
moniliferum, Lam.
parvulum, Anton.
sagittatura. Hinds.
suturale, Lam.
vestiarium, Linn.

CAMITIA. 409

Sub-gen. ethalia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell orbiculai', turbinately depressed ; whorls convex, smooth
or transversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery ;
umbilicus partly closed by a callous deposit ; columellar lip
ending anteriorly in an obtuse, dilated callus.

Guaraense, Qtioy and Gahn. striolatum, A. Adams.

Genus ISANDA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell porcellanous, orbiculately conoidal, polished ;
aperture sub-quadrate ; inner lip straight, forming an angle
with the outer lip ; umbilicus open, perspective, the
margin crenulated.

Ex. I. coronata, A. Adams, pi. 46, fig. 2. Operculum,
I. coronata, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

In this genus the umbilicus is open and not covered by
a callous deposit as in Umhoniimi, and the margin is
crenulated ; the texture of the shell is solid and porcella-
nous, and not nacreous and thin as in Margarita ; the
species, at present known, are from Australia and the Phi-
lippine Islands.

Species of Isanda.

coronata, A. Adams. pulchella, A. Adams.

lepida, A. Adams. sulcifera, A. Adams.

Genus CAMITIA, Gray.

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth, polished, axis im-
perforate ; columella spirally twisted above, forming a

VOL. I. 3 G

410 TROCHIN.E.

false umbilicus with the margin simple ; columella with
the edge edentulate and ending in a point. .
Ex. C. pulcherrima, Grai/, pi. 46, fig. 3,
Camitia somewhat resembles Clanculus, but its surface
is entirely smooth like that of Umhonium. As in Clancu-
liis, moreover, the aperture communicates with the cavity
of the false umbilicus by means of an open, transverse fis-
sure. There are but two species at present known.

Species of Camitia.
Grayi, A. Adams. pulcherrima, Gray.

Genus CHRYSOSTOMA, Swainson.

Shell turbinate, solid, smooth, umbilicated, umbilicus
almost covered by a large callus ; whorls few, convex ;
aperture effuse, round ; inner lip with a large, spreading
callus, covering, and nearly concealing, the umbilicus.

Ea:. C. paradoxum, Bo7'n, pi. 46, fig. 4.

The animal of this genus is unknown ; the shell some-
what resembles Umhonium, but the surface is not po-
lished ; the outer lip is marginate internally, and the
interior of the aperture is coated with a beautiful, golden,
nacreous deposit.

Sub-fam. TROCHIN^.

Operculum horny, orbicular, composed of numerous,
narrow whorls, with the nucleus central.

Shell conoidal or pyramidal, the last whorl more or
less angulated at the circumference, and usually flattened

ANGARIA. 411

beneath ; aperture more or less transverse, wider than
long.

Genus ANGARIA, Bolten.

Shell turbinate, sub discoidal, umbilicated, umbilicus
wide, pervious ; whorls rounded, scaly or spinose ; aper-
ture circular, entire, peritreme continuous, sub-reflexed,
without a marginal varix.

Si/n. Cyclostoma, Lam. {olim). Delphinula, Roissy.
Delphinulus, Monif. Scalator, Gist.

Ex. A. atrata, Chemnitz, pi. 46, fig. 5. Operculum,
A. Martinii, A. Adams., fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, A. del-
phinus, Liiuiceus, fig. 5, c.

We have adopted Bolten's appellation for this genus,
in accordance with the law of priority, thereby prevent-
ing the necessity of using the name Cyclostoma, which,
however, was afterwards discarded by Lamarck for that of
Delphinula, suggested by Eoissy.

Species of Angaria.

aculeata, Reeve. formosa, Reeve.

atrata, Chem. incisa, Reeve.

calcarella, H.andA. Adams Martinii, A. Adams.

(calcar, A. Adams). melanacantha, Reeve.

coronata, A. Adams. nodulosa, Gmel.

delphinus, Linn. sphserula, Kien.

distorta, Linn. stellaris, Adams and Reeve.

euracantba, A. Adams. Tyria, Reeve.

412 TROCIIIN/E.

Genus LivoNA, Gray.

Lateral membrane of the foot with nmnerous, com-
pound appendages.

Shell conoidal, sub-globose, smooth, solid, umbilicated,
umbilicus moderate, with a tooth-shaped process at the
entrance ; aperture circular, peritreme simple, thin,
acute.

Syn. Turbo, Adans., not Linn. Tigris, Klem^ not
Linn. Meleagris, Monff., not Linn. Meleager, Grijf.
Cittarium, Pltil. Trochus, Sicains., not Linn.

Ex. L. pica, Linmeus, pi. 46, fig. 6. Operculum,
L. pica, fig. 6, a, 6, b. Shell, L. pica, fig. (3, c.

The appendages of the lateral membrane of the foot
are compound in this genus, while in the other genera of
TrochidcB they are, as far as we know, simple.

Genus TROCHUS, Linnaeus.

Shell conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulated at
the periphery ; columella superiorly spirally twisted, form-
ing a canal, anteriorly simple, straight, ending in a
point.

Ea\ T. Niloticus, Linnceus, pi. 46, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, T. Niloticus, fig. 7, a. Shell, T. Niloticus, fig. 7, b.

The genus Trochus, as strictly defined, comprises but
few species, all inhabitants of equatorial countries. The
axis of the shell is not truly perforated, but the colu-
mella being twisted abruptly on itself at the hind part,
gives the appearance of a false umbilicus, and produces
the kind of canal which serves to distinguish the genus.

TECTUS. 413

Species of Trochns.

acutaugulus, Chem. maximus, Koch.

asperulus, Lam. Niloticus, Ldnn.

Cumingii, A. Adams. spinosus, Chem.
fastigiatus, A. Adams.

Genus CARDlNxVLlA, Gray.

Shell conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulatcd at
the periphery ; columella simple superiorly, without any
transverse canal, and ending below in a simple point.

Ex. C. virgata, Gmelln, pi. 46, fig. 8.

In this genus the axis is imperforate, nor is there any
appearance even of a false umbilicus, the columella not
forming a spiral fold at the upper part as in many genera
of the Trocliidoi ; there is consequently no posterior
canal as in Trochus ; the arcuate columella ends in a
tooth-like point below, thie whorls are flat and granular,
and the last whorl is angulated at the circumference.

Genus TECTUS, Montfort.

Shell conical, axis imperforate ; whorls numerous,
smooth or tubercular, the last angulated at the circumfer-
ence ; aperture much wider than long ; columella short,
anteriorly spirally twisted, ending in a point.

Syn. Pyramis, Schiim., not Bolt, or Brown. Pyra-
midea, Swains.

Ex. T. fenestratus, Gmelin, pi. 47, fig. 1. Opercu-
lum, T. fenestratus, fig. 1, a. 1, b. Shell, T. pyramis. Born,
fig. l,c.

414 TROCHINiE.

The genus Tectus has the appearance of being umbi-
licated, but, in reality, the axis is imperforate ; the shells
are at once recognised by the short, spiral twist formed by
the fore part of the columella, and which serves to cha-
racterize the genus.

Species of Tectus.

architectonicus, A. Adams. ForskiUii, Bolt.

caperatus, Phil. leucogaster, A. Adams.

crenulatus, Lam. Mauritianus, Gmel.

dentatus, Forsk. pyramis, Born.

fenestratus, Gmel. prasinus, Mke.

ferruginosus, Phil. triserialis, Lam.

Genus POLYDONTA, Schumacher.

Shell conoidal, axis imperforate ; whorls almost always
granulated, the last angulated ; aperture nearly rhom-
boidal; columella spirally twisted, forming a funnel-
shaped, false umbilicus, the margin furnished anteriorly
with many teeth.

Syn. Lamprostoma, Swains., not Rajin.

Ex. P. Sandwichensis, Eydoux, pi. 47, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, P. lineata, Lamarck, fig. 2, a. Shell, P. lineata,
fig. 2, b.

The front, sharp, free edge of the columella in Polydonta
is armed with numerous teeth, and does not end in a sim-
ple point, as in Tectus ; the genus is distinguished from
Clanculus by the conoidal shape and simple outer lip of
the shell.

Species of Polydonta.

aspera, Chem. concinna, Phil.

callicoccus, Phil. conspersa, Gmel.

CLANCULUS.

415

coi-mgata, A. Adams.
costata, Grnel.
elegantula, Wood.
eucosomus, Phil.
eustephes, Phil.
flammulata, Lam.
gibberosa, Chem.
gibberula, A. Adams.
granulans, Bolt.
Hanleyaua, Reeve.
ignobilis, Phil.
incarnata, Phil.
incrassata, Lam.
lineata, La^n.
maculata, Linn.
ochroleucos, Gmel.

pallidula, A. Adams.
pustulosa, Phil.
reticulata, Wood.
rubricata, Phil.
rugulosa, Koch.
Spengleri, Chem.
Sandwichensis, Eyd.
squammigera, A. Adams.
squarrosa, Lain.
teutorium, Gmel.
tiarata, Qitoy and Gaim.
tui'boides, Bolt.
turris, Phil.
vernalis, Chem.
verrucosa, Gmel.
viridis, Chem.

Sub-gen. infundibulum, Montfort (Carinidea, Swains.).

Shell depressly conical ; whorls simple, flattened, the last
concave at the base, with the periphery acutely angulated ; colu-
mella edentulate, or with obsolete teeth.

Californica, A. Adams.
carinifera, Bech.
chloromphalus, A. Adams.
concava, Linn.
delicatula, Phil.

depressa, Gmel.
eugramma, Phil.
Kochii, Phil.
radiata, Gmel.
Saga, Phil.

Genus CLANCULUS, Montfort.

Shell conoidal or turbinate, axis imperforate, whorls
almost always granulated, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture usually narrowed or ringent ; columella
spirally twisted above, forming a false umbilicus with a
crenate margin, edge of columella with numerous, strong,

416

TROCHINiE.

tooth-like plaits ; outer lip often strongly dentate intei--
nally.

Syn. Clangulus, Blainv. Fragella, Swains. Otavia,
Risso, not Gray.

Ex. C. Patagonicus, D'Orhigny, pi. 47, fig. 3. Shell,
C. Pharaonis, LiniKBUs, fig. 3, «.

In this genus the shell is turbinate, the last whorl is
rounded, and both lips of the aperture are furnished with
numerous tubercular teeth.

Species of Clanculus.

acuminatus, A. Adams.
agrestis, Chem.
albiiaus, A. Adams.
amseuus, Koch.
anus, Phil.

atropurpureus, Gould.
Bertheloti, D'Orh.
bruinieus, A. Adams.
carinatus, A. Adams.
cerasinus, Phil.
cingulifer, A. Adams.
clanguloides, Wood.
clangulus, Wood.
couspersus, A. Adams.
coralliuus, Gmel.
edentulus, A. Adams.
elegans, Koch.
erubescens, Phil.
flagellatus, Phil.
gibbosus, A. Adams.
glomus, Phil.
Guiueensis, Gmel.
Jussieui, Payr.
Kraussii, Phil.
Largillierti, Phil.

limbatus, Quoy and Gaim.
lupinus, Mke.
Ludwigi, Krauss.
maculosus, A. Adams.
raargaritarius, Phil.
Maugeri, Wood,
Mediterraneus, Wood.
inicrodon, A. Adams.
miniatus, Anton.
minor, A. Adams.
monim, Phil.
multigranus, Phil.
nigricans, A. Adams.
nodiliratus, A. Adams.
nodulosus, A. Adams.
omalomplialus, A. Adams.
ormophorus, A. Adams.
Patagonicus, D'Orb.
personatus, Phil.
Pharaonis, Linn.
puniceus, Phil.
ringens, Mke.
rotellfeformis, Phil.
scabrosus, Phil.
Smithii, Wood.

MONODONTA. 417

spadiceus, Phil. turgidulus, Brocc.

stigmatarius. A. Adams. imedo, A. Adams.

sulcarius, A. Adams. variegatus, A. Adams.

textillosus, A. Adams. zebrides, A. Adams.
turbinoides, A. Adams.

Genus CRASPEDOTUS, Philippi.

Shell nearly conoidal, axis imperforate, whorls cancel-
lated, convex ; columella twisted, forming a false umbi-
licus, and with a strong tooth narrowing the aperture ;
outer lip internally sulcate, externally with a conspicuous,
marginal varix.

Sy?i. Olivia, Cantraine, not Bertoloni. Otavia, Gray,
not Risso.

Ex. C. Otavianus, Cantraine, pi. 47, fig. 4.

The name used by Cantraine was employed previously
by Bertoloni for a genus of Sponges. A single recent
species of Craspedotus only is known, offering the striking
peculiarity, in this family, of a variced outer lip.

Genus MONODONTA, Lamarck.

Shell conoidal, imperforate, whorls granular or trans-
versely sulcate, the last rounded; aperture oval; co-
lumella with teeth and a concave pit ; outer hp internally
triple, the outer belt porcellanous, the middle perlaceous,
the inner with an elevated, porcellanous border.

Sy7i. Labio, Oken, not Gray. Monodontes, Montf.
Odontis, Sow. Trochidon, Swains. Monodon, Schiceigg.
Unidens, Schinz.

Ex. M. canalifera, Lamarck, pi. 47, fig. 5. Shell,
M. labio, LimKBiis, fig. 5, a.

VOL. I. 3 H

418

TEOCHTNiE.

There is usually a single, strong tooth at the fore part
of the columella in this genus, and the operculum is
orbicular and many-whorled.

Species of Monodonta.

australis, La77i.
canalifera, Lam.
circumcincta, A. Adams.
dama, Phil.
exigua, A. Adams.
labio, Li7in.
neritoides, Phil.

parva, Trosch.
rugulosa, A. Adams.
spilota, A. Adorns.
tuberculata, A. Adams.
turbiuata, Gmel.
viridis, Lam.

Genus EUCHELUS, Philippi.

Operculum ovate, of iew, rapidly-enlarging whorls.

Shell turbinately conoidal, whorls rounded, with trans-
verse, granular ribs, axis usually perforated ; columella
acute, with a small tooth at the fore part ; aperture cir-
cular ; outer lip thick, obtuse, rounded, internally crenate.

Syn. Euchele, Pliil. Aradasia, Gray.

Ex. E. denigratus, Chemnitz, pi. 47, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, E. denigratus, fig. 6, a. Shell, E. denigratus, fig.
6, h.

The sheJls of this genus are usually umbilicated, and
the whorls are always adorned with transverse, granular
ribs ; there is a single tooth on the columella, and the
operculum is ovate, and of comparatively few whorls.

Species of Euchelus.

alveolatus, A. Adams.
asper, Chem.

baccatus, Mke.
circulatus, Anton.

DILOMA. 419

clathratus, A. Adams. lacteus, PJiil.

deiiigratus, Chem. oxytropis, Phil.

Dimkeri, Koch. Philippii, Koch-

edeutulus, A. Adams. Philippinus, A. Adams.

exasperatus, A. Adams. pullatus, Phil.

foveolatus, A. Adams. puuctigerus, ^. Adams.

gemmatus, Gould. ruber, A. Adavis.

Guttadauri, Phil. Straugei, A. Adams.

borridus, Phil. sulciferus, A. Adams.

incisus, Mke. triciugulatus, A. Adams.
iuconspicuus, Phil.

Sub-gen. perrinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell trocbifonn ; wborls flattened, cancellated ; aperture
quadrangular; columella nearly straight, with several tubercles
at tbe fore part ; outer lip strongly Urate internally.

auguliferus, A. Adams. lirostoma, A. Adams.

Genus DILOMA, Philippi.

Shell conoidal, smooth, imperforate, umbilical region
covered with a thin, porcellanous expansion of the colu-
mella ; columellar margin produced anteriorly, forming
an elevated ridge round the inner margin of the outer
lip.

Ex. D. nigerrima, Chemnitz, pi. 47, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, D. nigerrima, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, D. nigerrima,
fig. 7, c.

This genus closely resembles Oxystele, the columellar
margin, however, does not extend into the outer edge of
the labrum, but forms an elevated border within and
parallel to it.

420

TROCIIINyE.

Sj^ecies of Diloma.

atrovirens, Phil.
carbonaria, Phil.
cingulata, Quoy and Gaivi.
coraciua, Trosch.
melauoloma, Mke.
morio, Trosch.
nigerrima, Chem.

odontis, Wood
piperina, Phil.
radula, Parreyss.
Scorpio, Gray.
sulcata, Wood.
undulosa, A. Adams.

Genus THALOTIA, Gray.

Shell solid, ovate, turretecl, axis imperforate, wliorls
flat, granulated or transversely ribbed ; aperture oval,
longer than wide ; columella anteriorly tubercular, sub-
truncate ; outer lip thickened and crenulated internally.

E.T. T. conica, Gray, pi. 48, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. pulcherrima, fig. I, a, 1, b.

The shells of Thalotia are elevately conoidal, with
sub-quadrangular apertures, the columella is rather
straight, truncated and tubercular at the fore part, and
the whorls are transversely grooved or furnished with
granulated ribs. The species appear to be confined,
in geographical range, to Australia and New Zealand.

Species of Thalotia.

balteata, Phil.
conica, Gray.
creuellifera, A. Adams.
eloiigata. Wood.
Lehmanni, Mke.
obscura, Wood.

picta, Wood.
pulcherrima. Wood.
Schayeri, Trosch.
strigata, A. Adams.
suturalis, A. Adams.
triciugulata, A. Adams.

ZIZIPHINUS. 421

Troschelii, Phil. Zebueusis, A. Adams.

zebrides, A. Adams.

Genus ZIZIPHINUS, Leach.

Shell tvochiform, often almost conical, axis imper-
forate, seldom umbilicated, umbilical region covered with
a callosity, last whorl angular at the circumference ;
aperture quadrangular ; columella simple, often ending in
a pointed tooth.

S(/n. Trochilus, Humph., not Linn. Conulus, Nardo,
not Fitz. or K'dst. Calliostoma, Swains. Callistomus,
Herrm.

Ex. 7j. conuloides, Lamarck, pi. 48, iig. 2. Oper-
culum, Z. conuloides, fig. 2, a. Shell, Z. conuloides,
fig. 2, b.

The species of this genus are very numerous, often
brilliant in colour and of exquisite sculpture. The shells
are usually conical, with quadrate apertures, and with
the inner lip ending, in front, in a simple tooth-like
point.

Species of Zizipliinus.

agrestis, Phil. Cecillii, Phil.

alabastrum, Beck. chlorostoma, Mke.

alternatus, Phil. Chemuitzii, Phil.

annulatus, Martyn. ciliaris, Mke.

Aiitouii, Koch. cingulatus, Brocc.

armillatus, Wood. coraptus, A. Adams.

asperulatus, A. Adams. conuloides, Lam.

bicingulatus, Lam. conulus, Linn.

Californicus, A. Adams. crenulatus, Brocc.

callichrous, Phil. Cunningbami, Gray.

canaliculatus, Martyn. decoratus, Phil.

422

TIlOUHINiE.

decussatus, A. Adams.
dubius, Phil.
duplicatus, A. Adams.
elegantulus, A. Adams.
erythrseus, Chem.
euglyptus, A. Adams.
exasperatus, Penn.
eximius, Reeve.
filosus, Wood.
firmus, Phil.
flavus, Anton.
fragrum, Phil.
fulvus, Phil.
gemmosus, Reeve.
gilvus, Phil.
Gmelinii, Phil.
goniostoma, Mke.
grauulatus, Born,
hyacintliinus, Fien.
impressus, Anton.
iudistiuctus, Wood.
interruptus, Wood.
incrassatus, Phil.
Japouicus, A. Adams.
Javauicus, Lam.
jujubinus, Linn.
Isevigatus, Phil.
lepidus, Koch.
liratus, A. Adams.
lima, Phil.
luridus, Nutt.
maculatus, Phil.
metaforuiis, Phil.
millegranus, Phil.
Montagui, Gray.

nebulosus, A. Adams.
nitidulus, Phil.
nobilis, Phil.
nocturnus, Phil.
nubilus, Phil.
nudus, Phil.
ornatus, Lam.
parvulus, Phil.
perspectivus, Koch.
picturatus, A. Adams.
polychroma, A. Adams.
pulchellus, Phil.
pulcher, C. B. Adams.
pumilio, Phil.
punctulatus, Martyn.
puucturatus, A. Adams.
pyrgos, Phil.
quadrisulcatus, Phil.
rubropuuctatus, A. Adams.
scitulus, A. Adams.
scobinatus, A. Adams.
selectus, Chem.
solidus, Phil.
speciosus, A. Adams.
spectabilis, A. Adams.
squarrosus, Phil.
striatus, Linn.
strigosus, Omel.
Ticaonicus, A. Adams.
tigris, Martyn.
torquatus, Anton.
Trauqiiebaricus, Chem.
unicinctus, A. Adams.
unidentatus, Phil.
viridulus, Mke.

CANTHARIDUS. 423

Genus TURCICA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conoidal, thin, sub-diaphanous, imperforate ;
whorls with transverse rows of granules, the last rounded
at the periphery ; columella thick, spirally twisted pos-
teriorly, ending antei'iorly in an obtuse, prominent point ;
outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. T. monilifera, A. Adams, pi. 48, fig. 3.

This genus is founded on a beautiful trochoid shell
from Australia, having somewhat the aspect of Zizi-
phini/s, with the whorls shining with a golden nacre and
ornamented with transverse series of granules. The
chief peculiarity of the genus consists in the spirally-con-
torted columella.

Genus CANTHARIDUS, Montfort.

Shell thin, ovately conoidal, axis imperforate, whorls
striated or rugose ; aperture sub-tetragonal, longer than
wide, iridescent within ; columella rather straight, simple,
ending anteriorly in a simple point; outer lip thin.

Si/n. Cantharis, F^rns,, not Bolt. Cantharius, Voight.

Ex. C. iris, Humphrey, pi. 48, fig. 4.

The shells of CantJiaridun are ovate and thin, the outer
lip is acute, and the columella wants the conspicuous
tooth seen in Elenchus ; the whorls, moreover, are not
polished, as in that genus, but are usually transversely
striated.

Species of Cantharidus.

articularis, A. Adamn. cingulifer, A. Adanift.

artizona, A. Adams. iris, Humph.

424

TROCHIN^.

moniligev, A. Adams.
nigricans, A. Adams.
nitidulus, Phil.
pallidulus, A. Adams.
porcatus, Phil.

purpuratus, Martyn.
rufozona, A. Adavis.
tenebrosus, A. Adams.
Zealandicus, A. Adams.

Genus ELENCHUS, Humphrey.

Shell elevately conoiclal, axis imperforate ; spire ele-
vated, acute, whorls flat, smooth, usually polished ; aper-
ture ovate, longer than wide ; inner lip usually with a con-
spicuous tooth ; outer lip internally thickened and
grooved.

Ex. E. iriodon, Qnoy and Gaimard, pi. 48, fig. 5.
Shell, E. badius, Wood, fig. 5, a.

The shells in this genus are thick and polished, and
there is usually a single tooth, more or less produced, at
the fore part of the columella ; the aperture is vividly iri-
descent within, and the surface is often ornamented with
varied and beautiful markings. The species are Austra-
lian in their geogra})hical distribution.

Species of ElencJms.

apicinus, Mke.
anstralis, Quoy and Gaim.
badius, Wood.
bellulus, Dkr.
elegans, Gmel.
gracilis, Anton.
iriodon, Quoy and Gaim.
Isetus, Phil.

leucostigma, Mke.
lineatus, Lam.
minor, Trosch.
roseus. Lam.
rutilus, A. Adams.
splendidulus, Swains.
virgulatiis, Phil.

TROCIIOCOCIILEA. 425

Genus BANKiviA, Beck.

Shell subulately conical, porcellanous ; spire elevated,
acute, whorls flat, smooth, without epidermis; aperture
small, sub-quadrangular, not pearly within ; columella
twisted, truncate anteriorly ; outer lip acute, simple.

Ex. B. varians. Beck, pi. 48, fig. 6.

The position of this genus among the TrocJiidce is
somewhat doubtful, as neither the animal nor operculum
are known ; the aperture not being pearly within, and the
columella being truncate and tortuous, are against this
view, while other characters of the shell seem to assimi-
late the genus to Elenchus and Ziziphinus.

Species of Bankivia.

major, A. Adams. varians, Beck.

nitida, A. Adams.

Genus TROCHOCOCHLEA, Klein.

Shell solid, conoidal, imperforate in the adult ; whorls
smooth or transversely lirate, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture nearly rhomboidal; columella thick and
rounded, ending anteriorly in a slightly-prominent tu-
bercle.

8y)i. Trochius, Leach. Gibbium, Gray. Osilinus,
Phil. Labio, Gray, not Oken. Melagraphia, Steniz.

Ex. T. tseniata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 48, fig. 7.
Operculum, T. constricta, Macleay, fig. 7, a. Shell,
T. constricta, fig. 7, b.

VOL. I. 3 I

426

trochinj:.

In tliis genus the axis is imperfomte, the inner lip is
broad and excavated, and the columella, instead of ending
in a prominent tooth as in Motiodonta, has only a blunt
tubercle at the fore part.

Species of Trochocochlea.

angulata, Quoy and Gaini.
capillacea, Phil.
concolor, A. Adams.
constricta, Macleay.
corrosa, A. Adams.
fuliginea, A. Adams.
gallina, Forbes.
lineata, Da Costa.
raelaleuca. Link.
mutabilis, Phil.

neritoides, Born.
porcata, A. Adams.
rudis, A. Adams.
sanguinea, Gray.
subrostrata, Gray.
tosniata, Qtioy and Gaim.
turbinata, Born.
turbiniformis, Salis.
zebra, Wood.
zebrina, Phil.

Sub-gen. tegula, Lesson.

Whorls with transverse, granular ribs ; columella spirally
contorted, ending anteriorly in a large, obtuse, prominent tu-
bercle.

pellis-serpentis, Wood.

Genus OXYSTELE, Phihppi.

Shell conoidal, smooth, imperforate, umbilical region
covered with a thin, porcellanous expansion of the colu-
mella; columella Hat, trenchant, gradually blending with
the thin outer lip.

Eic. O. merula, Linnams, pi. 48, fig. 8. Operculum,
O. merula, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, 0. merula, fig. 8, c.

In this genus the neck-lappet appears, from the figure

PHOTINULA. 427

given by Poli, to be bifid, the side-membrane crenated,
and the operculigerous lobe furnished with three tenta-
cular filaments on each side. The outer lip of the shell
is acute, and the umbilical region is not surrounded by
a spiral callus ending in a point, as in Chlorostoma.

Species of Oxy stele.

Adelaidse, Phil. sagittifera, Lam.

fasciata, Anton. sauciata, Koch.

fulgurata, Phil. Saulcyi, D'Orb.

impervia, Mkc. suavis, Phil.

indecora, Phil. tabularis, Krauss.

ujerula, Chem. tenera, Trosch.

meruloides, Krauss. tigrina, Chem.

perdix, Koch. variegata, Anton.

Genus PHOTINULA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell orbicular, depressed ; whorls smooth, polished,
usually transversely lineated, umbilical region covered
with an impressed callus; aperture wide; inner lip con-
vex, thick, ending in a simple point.

Syn. Margarita, sp. Aiict. Photina, H. and A. Adams
(olim), not Burmeister.

E.x. P. caerulescens, Kuig, pi. 48, fig. 9. Operculum,
P. caerulescens, fig. 9, a, 9, h.

This genus includes a small group of shells usually con-
sidered as species of MargarUa, but which approach still
nearer to the Ory.sfcle of Philippi ; the axis is imperforate,
the inner lip is not acute, and the whorls are lineated and
smooth.

428

TROCIIIiYiE.

Species of Photinula.

cserulesceus, King.
expansa, Soii\
fusca, A. Adams.
lineata, Gray.
nigra, A, Adams.

Sanclwichiaiia, /i. Adams.
sigaretiua, Sow.
tseniata, Wood.
violacea, Kinrf.

Genus ClILOROSTOMA, Swainson.

Shell conoidal, usually deeply umbilicated, or with the
umbilical region covered by a callus ; whorls smooth or
longitudinally corrugated, the last generally keeled at the
periphery ; aperture oblique ; inner lip with an acute tu-
bercle at the fore part, continuous with a spiral ridge which
encircles the umbilicus ; outer lip angular at the base, usu-
ally with one or two tubercles.

Ua:. C. argyrostoraa, Chemnitz, pi. 49, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, C. atrum. Lesson, fig. 1, a.

The peculiar feature in the shell of Ghlorostoma is the
spiral ridge which encircles the umbilical region and ends
at the fore part of the inner, lip usually in a short tooth or
tubercle ; the shells are remarkable for their black or
dingy colour.

Species of Chlurostoma.

argyrostoma, Chem.
atrum, Lesson.
bicanaliculatum, Dkr.
bicarinatum, Pot. and Mich.
brunueum, Phil.
castaueum, A. Adams.
leucostigma, A. Adams.

luctuosum, D'Orh.
lugubre, Gviel.
maculosum, A. Adams.
marginatum, Nutt.
mitra, Anton.
moestura, Jonas.
nigerrimum, Gmel.

OMPHALIUS. 429

ulivaceum, Anton. rusticum, Gmel.

PfeifFeri, Phil. tridentaturo, Pot. and Mich.

puUigo, Martyn. tropidophorum, A. Adams.
rugosum, A. Adams.

Genus OMPHALIUS, Philippi.

Shell turbinate, axis perforated ; whorls with transverse
series of granules, the last rounded at the periphery ; um-
bilicus surrounded by a ring-like callus ending at the fore
part of the inner lip in a tooth, often with several tubercles
beyond it.

Ex. O. viridulus, Gmelin, pi. 49, fig. 2. Operculum,
O. viridulus, fig. 2, a.

Omphalitis, unlike Polydonia, is truly umbilicated, and
the last whorl is rounded ; the granular nature of the whorls
will distinguish it from Chlorostoma, and the spiral callus
round the umbilicus, and the whorls not being tumid, will
separate it from Gibbula ; the outer lip, moreover, is
usually grooved internally.

Species of Omphalius.

Brazilianus, Mke. maculo-striatus, C.B.Adams.

Californicus, A. Adams. melaleucos, Jonas.

canus, Koch. modestus, Koch.

carueus, Gmel. nodicinctus, A. Adams.

cruciatus, Chem. quadricarinatus, Gmel.

excavatus, Lam. quadricostatus, Wood.

fasciatus, Born. scalaris, Anton.

fuscescetis, Phil. scabriculus, V. d. Busch.

granifer, A. Adams. semigranosus, A. Adams.

Gruneri, Phil. sordidus, Phil.

Hottesserianus, VOrb. siicticiis, A. Adams.

liratus, A. Adams. viridulus, Gmel.

430 TROCHINiE.

Sub-gen. anadema, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conoidal, depressed ; whorls with transverse I'ows of
granules ; umbilicus with a spiral callus, which gradually be-
comes broader, and blends with the outer lip; columella thin,
simple; outer lip smooth internally.

caelata, A. Adams.

Genus MONILEA, Swainson.

Shell orbicular, depressed, whorls transversely grooved,
axis widely perforated, umbilicus surrounded by a striated
callus, last whorl rounded at the periphery ; columella
ending anteriorly in one or two tubercles.

Si/n. Talopia, Gray.

E.r. M. calyculus. Wood, pi. 49, fig. 3. Operculum,
M. calyculus, fig. 3, a, 3, /;,

In this genus the umbilicus is furnished with a thick,
spiral callus, dilated anteriorly where it joins the exca-
vated columella, and with another striated, spiral callus
more external, which ends anteriorly in a pointed tooth.
In the sub-genus Solariella the internal callus is absent,
and there is no external, striated callus.

Species of Monilea.

Benzi, Krauss. Menkei, A. Admi)s.

callifera, Lam. nucleus, P/t<7.

calyculus, Wood. Philippii, A. Adams.

corrugata, Koch. pusilla, A. Adams.

crenulata, Mkc. rigata, Phil.

kalisoma, A. Adams. Swainsonii, A. Adams.
lirata, A. Adams.

GIBBULA. 431

Sub-gen. solartella, Searles Wood.

Shell thill ; whorls transversely finely striated ; umbilicus
perspective, the margin creaulated, no external striated callus.

angulata, A. Adams. solariiformis, Sow.

aureouitens, A. Adams. vitigilinea, Mice.

delicata, A. Adams.

Genus gibbula, Leach.

Shell conoidal, usually umbilicated, the umbilicus cy-
lindrical or infundibuliform, whorls often superiorly gib-
bous ; aperture sub-rhomboidal, with rounded angles,
entire above, simple beloAV ; columella sometimes ending
in a tubercle or tooth.

Si/ti. Phorcus, Ris.9o. Steromphala, Leach.

Ex. G. Magus, Linnceiis, pi. 49, fig. 4. Operculum,
G. umbilicaris, Linnrens, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell G. Magus,
fig. 4, c.

The species of Gibbula are very numerous, and are
found in all parts of the world ; the gibbosity of the whorls,
the perforated axis, and simple termination of the colu-
mella serve to characterise the genus.

Species of Gihhda.

Adansonii, Paijr. bicarinata, Adams and B^eve.

Adriatica, Phil. bicincta, Phil.

Agatliensis, Ueclnz. Candei, D'Orb.

alveolata, Phil. Capensis, Gmel.

amcEua, Goidd. cineraria, Linn.

ai'dens, Sails. corvus, Phil.

articulata, A. Adams. crinita, Phil.

balteata, A. Adams. divaricata, Linn.

432

TROCHIN^.,

Gundlachi, Phil.
guttata, Koch.
helicoides, Phil.
instricta, Goidcl.
jucuiicla, Gould.
kalinota, A. Adams.
Kotschyi, Phil.
Lehmanni, Mke.
livido-maculata, C. B. Ad.
leucophaea, Phil.
leucosticta, A. Adams.
Magus, Linn.
Mindorensis, A. Adams.
multicolor, Krauss.
Nassaviensis, Chem.
nebulosa, Phil.
nivosa, A. Adams.
obtusa, Chem.

ompbalium, Phil.
Pbilberti, Recluz.
pi sum, Phil.
Preissiana, Phil.
punctata, Anton.
quadrata, Gmel.
rosea, Gmel.
scabra, Linn.
sulcosa, A. Adams.
tessellata, A. Adams.
tumida, Mont.
varia, Linn.
variegata, Pusso.
venusta, A. Adams.
umbilicalis, Da Costa.
umbilicaris, Linn.
UBdosa, A. Adams.
usta, Phil.

Sub-gen. fobskalia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls nodosely plicate at
the sutures, granulated, the last whorl with a conspicuous groove
at the periphery.

declivis, Forsk.
familiaris, Petiv.
fanulum, Gmel.

pulcherrima, A. Adams.
puncto-costata, A. Adams.

Genus TROCHISCUS, Sowerby.

Operculum with the edges of the whorls elevated and
scaly.

Shell orbicular, sub-discoidal, covered with an epidermis,
solid, smooth, widely and deeply umbilicated ; aperture
nearly circular, peritreme not continuous ; inner lip flat-
tened and produced anteriorly; outer lip thin, acute.

MARGARITA. 433

Ex\ T. Norrissii, Soirerbi/, pi. 49, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. Norrissii, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The operculum in this genus is remarkable for having
the outer edge of each spiral volution free and membran-
ous, with the margin curled. The axis of the shell is
widely perforated, the spire is obtuse, the columella
simple, and the whorls are smooth.

Genus MARGARITA, Leach.

Shell thin, usually without any colouring, globosely
conoidal, umbilicated, whorls rounded, smooth or trans-
versely striated ; a^oerture nearly circular; columella end-
ing in a simple point.

Ex. M. helicina, Fabricius, pi. 49, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. helicina, fig. 6, «, 6, b. Shell, M. helicina, fig. 6, c.

The species of this genus are principally inhabitants of
the shores of northern countries ; they may be distin-
guished from Gibbula by the whorls being simple and
rounded, and by the circular aperture, the interior of
which is often brilliantly iridescent.

Species of Margarita.

acuminata, Son-. costellata, Sow.

argentata, Gould. Cumingii, A. Adams.

aspecta, A. Adams. dilecta, A. Adams.

balteata, A. Adams. helicina, Fair.

biangulosa, A. Adams. Hillii, Forbes.

calostoma, A. Adams. glauca, Moll.

carinata, A. Adams. Gronlandica, Chem.

cinerea, Couth. ligata, Gould.

cingulata, A. Adams. Magellauica, Gould.

coarctata, Migh. minutissima, Migh.

I

VOL. I.

3 K

434

TTlOCHIXiE.

multilineata, De Kay.
obscura, Couth..
ornata, Be Kay.
Persica, Gould.
polytropa, A. Adams.
papilla, Gould.
purpurata, Forbes.
striata, Leach.

sulcata, Soiv.
tessellata, A. Adams.
umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow.
undulata, Moll.
Vahlii, Moll.
variabilis, A. Adams.
venusta, Phil.

Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams.

Shell tuvbiniform, vitreous, minute, vpitli a large, orbi-
cular aperture ; either umbilicated, or with the umbilical
region deeply and widely indented.

Ea;. V. valvatoides, C. B. Adams, pi. 49, fig. 7.

This genus comprises a group of small, transparent
shells having large apertures, and rapidly-enlarging
whorls; it consists of numerous species. "They are not
the young of any other species, for the first one, or one
and a half, whorls are distinguished from the following
whorls by nuclear peculiarities, as want of sculpture, &c.
We are acquainted with the young of all the larger species
which inhabit the same localities, and none of them re-
semble these shells." (C B. Adams.)

Sj^ecies of Vitrinella.

anomala, D'Orh. (Rotella).
concinna, C. B. Adams.
exigua, C. B. Adams.
helicoidea, C. B. Adams.
hyalina, C. B. Adams.
interrupta, C. B. Adams.
Janus, C. B. Adams.
megastoma, C. B. Adams.

minuta, C. B. Adams.
moclesta, G. B. Adams.
Pauamensis, C. B. Adams.
parva, C. B. Adams.
perparva, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, Pfeiff. (Rotella).
regularis, C. B. Adams.
seminuda, C. B. Adams.

STOMATELLLV^K. 485

semistriata, D'Ori. (Rotella). tricarinata, C. B. Adams

striata, VOrh. (Rotella). valvatoides, C. B. Adams.

tincta, C. B. Adams.

Sub-fam. STOMATELLIN.E.

Foot often very thick, fleshy, developed posteriorly.

Operculum thin, horny, ovate, of few rapidly-increasing
whorls, often entirely wanting.

Shell more or less ear-shaped, of few whorls ; aperture
very wide.

Genus STOMATELLA, Lamarck.

Animal spiral, retractile within the shell ; frontal lobes
triangular, their edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular,
not posteriorly produced, opercuHgerous ; lateral membrane
very wide, the edge fimbriated.

Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled.

Shell spiral, sub-orbicular, depressed, transversely ribbed
or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ;
aperture large, wider than long.

Ex. S. maculata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 49, fig, 8,
8, a. Operculum, S. sulcifera, Lamarck., fig. 8, h, 8, c.
Shell, S. imbricata, Lamarck, fig. 8, d.

The Stomatelhe are most numerous in the Philippines,
sixteen species being inhabitants of those islands.

Species of Stomatella.

Arabica, A. Adams. biporcata, A. Adams.

articulata, A. Adams. calliostoma, A. Adams.

Bacoui, A. Adams. cancellata, Krauss.

bicarinata, A. Adains. Candida, A. Adams.

436

STOMATELLIX^..

clathratula, A. Adams.
coccinea, A. Adams.
compta, A. Adams.
costellata, A. Adams.
decolorata, Gould.
decorata, A. Adams.
elegans, Gray.
fulgurans, A. Adams.
haliotidea, Sow.
imbricata, Lam.
inflata, G. B. Adams.
maculata, Quay and Gaim.
Malukana, A. Adams.

margaritana, A. Adams.
monilifera, A. Adams.
notata, A. Adams.
orbiculata, A. Adams.
pallida, A. Adams.
papyracea, Chem.
rufescens, Gray.
saiiguinea, A. Adams.
selecta, A. Adams.
speciosa, A. Adams.
sulcifera, Lam.
tigrina, A. Adams.

Genus STOMATIA, Helbling.

Animal spiral, too large entirely to enter the shell ;
frontal lobes digitated ; foot large, tubercular, greatly pro-
duced behind, lateral membrane fringed, ending anteriorly,
on the left side, in a fimbriated crest under the eye-pedicel,
and on the right, in a slightly -projecting fold or gutter lead-
ing to the respiratory cavity.

Operculum none.

Shell sub-spiral, oblong, or sub-orbicular; spire promi-
nent, whorls plicated at the suture, carinated or tuber-
cular ; aperture wider than long, pearly within.

Si/u. Haliotidea, Humph., not Sivains. Stomax, Montf.
Sigaretus, Schiim., not Lam. or Cuv.

Ex. S. rubra, Lamarck, pi. 49, fig. 9, 9, a, 9, b. Shell,
S. phymotis, Helhling, fig. 9, c.

Stomatia, like Harpa and some Nudibranchs, has the
power of spontaneously throwing off the hind jDart of the
foot when the animal is irritated, and Geiia exhibits the
same peculiarity ; specimens in spirits have the foot usually
truncated from this cause. The species of Siom.atia are

GENA. 437

most numerous iu the Philippines, the majority having
been discovered iu those Islands by the indefatigable
Mr. Cuming; their favourite locality is on coral reefs,
but they are also found under stones at low-water.

Species of Stomatia.

acuminata, A. Adams. phymotis, Helbt.

angulata, A. Adams. rubra, Lam.

decussata, A. Adams. splenclidula, A. Adams.
duplicata, Soiv.

Genus MICROTIS, A. Adams.

Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep, anterior
fissure for the head, and with the front edge bilobed.

Operculum none.

Shell spiral, sub-orbicular, depressed, with two tubercu-
lated ridges ; spire slightly prominent ; aperture very large,
wider than long ; columellar margin spiral, visible as far
as the apex of the spire.

Ex. M. tuberculata, A. Adams, pi. 50, fig. 1, 1, a,
I, h. Shell, M. tuberculata, fig. 1, c.

The shell of Microtis resembles that of a little Hali-
otis without the perforations ; the foot of the animal being
fissured in front, and the spiral columella of the shell, dis-
tinguish the genus, of which there is but a single species
at present known.

Genus gena. Gray.

Animal sub-spiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the
shell ; frontal lobes plumose ; foot very large, tubercular,
posteriorly produced ; lateral membrane not fringed, more
or less extended and partially covering the shell.

438

STOMATELLIN.E.

Operculum none.

Shell sub-spiral, oblong, ear-shaped, depressed, smooth
or striated ; spire flattened, nearly obsolete ; aperture
large.

Syn. Stomatella, b. Blainv.

Ex. G. planulata, Lamarck, pi. 50, fig. 2, 2, a. Shell,
G. lutea, Linnoius, fig. 2, b.

Thirteen species of this genus were discovered by Mr.
Cuming among the Islands of the Philijipine Archipelago,
where they appear to represent Haliotis.

Species of Gena.

asperulata, A. Adams.
conciuua, Gould.
irasata, Dufo.
lineata, A. Adams.
lintricula, A. Adavis.
lutea, Linn.
miniraa, Dufo.
nebulosa, A. Adams.

nigra, Quoy and Gaim.
ornata, A. Adams.
plauulata, Layn.
plumbea, A. Adams.
pulchella, A. Adams.
striatula, A. Adams.
strigosa, A. Adams.
varia, A. Adams.

Genus BRODERIPIA, Gray.

Shell non-spiral, ancyliform, oblong, ovate, flattened ;
apex posterior, sub -involute ; aperture very large, oval,
iridescent and nacreous within.

Syn. Scutella, sp. Brod.

Ex. B. rosea, Broderip, pi. 50, fig. 3.

The small and singular genus Broderipia is known only
by its shell, which differs from that of the rest of the
genera in the family in not being spiral ; three species
only are known, all natives of the Phihppines.

HALIOTTD.E. 430

Species of Broderipia.

Cumingii, A. Adams. rosea, Brod.

iridescens, Brod.

Genus ANATOMUS, Montfort.

Operculum thin, horny, sub-spiral.

Shell minute, spiral, heliciform, depressed, widely um-
bilicated ; spire short ; aperture sub-orbicular, not pearly
within ; outer lip with a narrow fissure or slit.

Sy?i. Scissurella, D'Orb.

E.V. A. crispatus, Fleming, pi. 50, fig. 4.

The animal of Anatomus has not hitherto been accurately
observed, so that the systematic position of the genus is
rather doubtful. The aperture of the shell is not nacreous
or pearly internally ; the fissure in the outer lip is some-
times incomplete. Montfort, speaking of his A. Indicus,
observes that it inhabits the Sargassa or Gulf-weed.

Species of Anatomus.

angulatus, Sow. D'Orbigiiyi, Audouin.

asper, Phil. Indicus, Montf.

Bertheloti, Webb. laevigatas, UOrb.

couicus, UOrb. striatulus, Phil.

costatus, D'Orb. reticulatus, Phil.
crispatus, Flem.

Fam. HALIOTID^.

Tongue with a small median tooth, flanked by two beam-
like laterals and numerous uucini with denticulated hooks,

440 HALI0TIDJ5.

the four inner being very large. Head with a short, broad
muzzle; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on stout, cylin-
drical peduncles at their outer bases, and with a fimbriated
lobe, or an emarginate veil, between them. Mantle-margin
fissured in front, the left lobe elongated into an anal
siphon occupying the anterior perforation of the shell ;
gills two, unequal. Foot thick and fleshy, the sides with
a double membrane, furnished with serrated lobes and fila-
ments on the edges, and continued, anteriorly, in a free
crest, under the head.

Operculum none.

Shell ear-shaped ; aperture large, nacreous and irides-
cent internally, perforated with a series of holes.

In the family of Haliotidce or " Ear-shells," we find the
lingual dentition very similar to that of the Trochidce, the
eyes, moreover, are pedunculated, and there are analogous
head-lobes and lateral fringes ; there are, however, two
branchial plumes, and the muscle of attachment, instead
of being crescentic round the mantle, is central and
ovate. In the perforated shell and double gill, as well as
in the great development of the foot, this family seems
to resemble that of FissurellidiP, but the shell is sub-
spiral, and the apertui'e is lined with an iridescent nacre.

Genus HALIOTIS, Linnaeus.

Foot moderate, not grooved and produced posteriorly.

Shell depressly ovate, or ear-shaped ; spire small, obtuse,
sub-lateral, surface rough, wrinkled, or tubercular ; aper-
ture very wide, broader than long, iridescent and pearly
within, the left side perforated with a series of holes.

HALIOTIS.

441

Syn. Amis, Klein, not Spix. ? Deridobranchus,
Ehrenh. Ralia, Gray. Haliotidarius, Dum.

Ex. H. glabra, Chemnitz, pi. 50, fig. 5, 5, a. Shell,
H. tuberculata, Linmeus, fig. 5, b.

The species of this genus, remarkable for the beauty
and variety of colour of their shells, are most numerous
in Australia, where they appear to take the place of the
Chitonidce, which are most abundant along the shores of
America. Species of Haliotis, however, are found in
various parts of the world, the Cape, India, China, Cali-
fornia, New Zealand, and the Canaries. One species, H.
tuberculata, is eaten in the Channel Islands, and others
constitute an indifferent article of diet in Japan and China.
Great quantities of Haliotis are brought to Birmingham
for the manufacture of the " mother-of-pearl " ornaments
used in " papier mache " articles.

Species of Haliotis.

albicans, Quoy.
ancile, Reeve.
aquatilis, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
bistriata, Gmel.
Californieusis, Swains.
coccinea, Reeve.
coccoradiata, Reeve.
conciniia, Reeve.
corrugata, Gray.
Cracherodi, Leach.
crispata, Gould.
cruenta, Reeve.
Cunningbami, Gray.
discors, Reeve.
diversicolor. Reeve.

VOL. I.

elegans, Koch.
fulgens, Phil.
funebris, Reeve.
gemma, Reeve.
gibba, Phil.
gigantea, Chem.
glabra, Chem.
iris, Martyu.
Jacuensis, Reeve.
Kamtschatkana, Jonas.
lamellosa. Lam.
lauta, Reeve.
Marias, Gray.
marmorata. Gray.
Midse, Linn.
multiperforata, Reeve.

3l

442 IIALIOTID.Tl.

nebulata, Reeve. sepiculata, Reeve.

pertusa, Reeve. Sieboldii, Reeve.

planilirata, Reeve. squamata, Reeve.

pustulata, Reeve. squamosa, Gray.

rubiginosa, Reeve. Tayloriana, Reeve.

rufescens, Swains. tuberculata, Limi.

rugosa, Reeve. varia, Linn.

rugoso-plicata, Chem. viridis, Reeve.

scutulum, Reeve. Zealandica, Reeve.

semistriata, Reeve. zic-zac, Reeve.

Genus TEINOTIS, H. & A. Adams.

Foot very large and thick, greatly produced, and with
a d^ep, superior, longitudinal groove posteriorly.

Shell depressed, elongate, ear-shaped ; spire sub-spiral,
posterior, produced beyond the last whorl ; aperture very
large, much wider than long, pearly within and perforated
with a series of holes,

Si/n. Haliotis, Montf., not Linn.

Ex. T. asinina, Linnceiis, pi. 50, fig. 6, 6, a. Shell,
T. asinina, fig. 6, h.

TeinotiSy in its development of foot and consequent
greater locomotive power, seems to bear the same relation
to the other genera of this family that Cryptoplax does
among the Chitonidee. As in Haliotis, the anal lobe of
the mantle-margin is protruded from the last-formed per-
foration of the shell, the other holes progressively closing
with the growth of the shell. The Teinotis lives among
the rocks and reefs along the shore, and crawls with con-
siderable vivacity ; in the typical species, the lateral
membrane of the foot, when fully expanded, is slightly
reflexed over the dorsal surface of the shell.

I

PADOLLUS. 443

Species of Teinotis.
asiuiua, Liiin. stomatellseformis, Reeve.

Genus padollus, Montfort.

Shell depressed, ear-shaped; spire small, sub-lateral,
surface corrugated or tubercular, with a prominent, spiral
ridge in the middle ; aperture very large, pearly within,
perforated with a few holes, and with a deep furrow parallel
with the series of perforations.

S//n. Padolla, Oken. Padola, Flem.

Ex. P. tricostalis, Cliemnitz, pi. 50, fig. 7.

The chief peculiarity of this genus consists in the groove
which runs parallel with the line of perforations in the
shell, and which, doubtless, is attended with a correspond-
ing peculiarity in the animal ; the species are from Africa
and New Holland.

Species of Padollus.

clathratus, Reeve. papulatus, Reeve.

Driugii, Reeve. pulcherrimus, Martyn.

Emma, Gray. Roei, Gray.

excavatus, Lam. tricostalis, Chem.

uffivosus, Martyn. venustus, Adams and Reeve.
ovinus, Chem.

Sub-gen. sulculus, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with an elevated dorsal ridge, running parallel with the
row of perforations ; aperture with a corresponding spiral de-
pression ; apex sub-spiral, the spire nearly terminal.

incisus. Reeve. parvus, Linn.

Janus, Reeve. reticulatus, Reeve.

444 FISSURELLID.E.

rosaceus, Reeve. striatus, Linn.

sanguineus, Hanley. virgineus, Chem.

speciosus, Reeve.

Sub-order EDRIOPHTHALMA.

Eyes sessile, or on slightly-raised tubercles on the
outer side of the base of the tentacles. Operculum none.
Shell, in the adult, symmetrical, conical, not spiral;
aperture not pearly internally.

Fam. FISSURELLID.E.

Tongue with a central median tooth, five denticulated
uncini, and numerous, slender, hooked laterals. Body
broad and conical. Head with a short, wide muzzle ;
tentacles subulate, with the eyes on slightly-elevated
tubercles at their external bases. Mantle-margin fissured
in front, the free edges forming an anal siphon occupying
the anterior fissure or perforation in the apex of the shell ;
gills two, symmetrical, on the back of the neck. Foot di-
lated, sides with the upper part furnished with a series of
short cirrhi or rudimentary filaments.

Operculum none.

Shell, in the adult, conical, symmetrical, not spiral,
either pierced at the apex, or more or less grooved or fis-
sured anteriorly ; aperture wide, not pearly within ; mus-
cular impression crescentic, open in front.

The animals composing this family, like those of the
Scutibranch Gasteropods generally, are littoral and phyto-
phagous in their habits. In their lingual dention, and in
the sides of their foot being ornamented with cirrhi, they

FISSURELLA. 445

exhibit an affinity with the Trochidce and Hnliotida<, but
their eyes are not situated at the ends of separate peduncles,
and their shells are not nacreous or pearly within. The
nucleus is always spiral, although, in the adult, the shell
assumes a conic form ; in some genera there is a rudi-
mentary spire in the young state, which disappears in the
course of growth. The perforation or fissure of the shell,
though sometimes regarded as branchial, is undoubtedly
faecal in its office.

Genus nssuRELLA, Bruguiere.

Mantle-margin fringed with cirrhi ; anal siphon a short,
truncate, membranous canal, projecting from the perfora-
tion in the shell.

Shell oval, conical, depressed, surface radiated or can-
cellated ; apex truncate and perforated in front of the
centre ; aperture wide, expanded, oblong, simple internally.

8yn. Larva, Humph., not Veill. Caminata, Fahr.
Fissurellus, Montf. Serra, Less.

Ex. F. maxima, Sowerhy, pi. 51, fig. 1. Shell, F.
picta, Gnielin, fig. 1, a.

In the young shell the apex is entire and sub-spiral, and
the perforation is situated in the same position in which
it exists permanently. The species are found in nearly
all countries, but are most numerous along the coasts of
South America.

Species of Fissurella.

atrata, Reeve. catillus, Beeve.

bella, Reeve. Cliilensis, Sow.

biradiata, Fremb. clypeus, Son-.

Bridgesii, Reeve. costata, Less.

446

FISSURELLID^.

crassa, Lam.
crenifera, Soiv.
Cumingii, Reeve.
D&Yw'mu, Reeve.
exquisita, Reeve,
galeviculum, Reeve.
grandis, Sow.
grisea, Reeve.
Houdurasensis, Reeve.
lata, Sow.

latimarginata, Sow.
limbata, iSoic.
maxima, Soiv.
Mexicaua, Sow.

nuitabilis. Sow.
nigra, Less.
iiimbosa, Linn.
oriens, Soiv.
Philippiaua, Reeve.
picta, Gmel.
pulchra, Sow.
radiosa, Less.
rota, Reeve.
rudis, Desh.
sagittifera. Reeve.
stellata. Reeve.
virescens, Sow.

Sub-gen. cbemides, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conical, surface rough, muricated or cancellated ; aper-
ture with the margin denticulated.

alabastrites. Reeve.
asperelhi, Sow.
balanoides, Reeve.
Barbadensis, Gmel.
coarctata. King.
compressa. Reeve.
conoides, Reeve.
edititia. Reeve.
glaucopis, Reeve.
Humphreyi, Reeve.
macrotrema, Sow.
microtrema, Sow.

muricata. Reeve.
Natalensis, Krauss.
nigro-punctata, Sow.
nodosa, Born.
obscura, Sow.
obtusa, Soiv.
olivacea. Gray.
ostrina. Reeve.
Peruviana, Lam.
rugosa, Sow.
Tongana, Quoij.
volcano, Reeve.

Sub-gen. fissukidea, Swainson.

Shell sub-conical, cap-shaped, the apex close to the posterior
margin ; perforation narrow.

pileus, Swains, (pileopsoidcs. Reeve).

LUCAPINA.

447

Genus LUCAPINA, Gray.

Mantle-margin fimbriated, reflexed more or less over
the edges of the shell.

Shell oblong, oval, depressly conical, surface cancel-
lated ; apex sub-central, with an oval perforation ; aperture
expanded, the margin crenulated ; perforation surrounded
by a callus, truncated posteriorly, and sometimes produced
into a transverse lamella.

Ex. L. reticulata, Donovan, pi. 51, fig. 2. Shell, L.
crenulata, Sowerby, fig. 2, a .

This genus includes all those reticulated and cancel-
lated forms, generally referred to Fissurella, which have
the margin of the aperture crenulated, and in which the
perforation, internally, is transversely truncate and some-
times slightly concamerated.

Species of Lucapina.

aegis, Eeeve.
alta, C. B. Adams.
alternata, Soy.
aspera, Soiv.
australis, Krauss.
Benguelensis, Dkr.
calvculata, Sow.
caucellata, Soland.
Candida, Soiv.
Cayenriensis, Lam.
crenulata, Sow.
cruciata, Krauss.
cyathulum, Reeve.
deusiclathrata, Reeve.
digitale, Reeve.
Dysoni, Reeve.

elongata, Phil.
excelsa, Adams and Reeve
fimbriata, Reeve.
fumata. Reeve.
fuuiculata, Reeve.
gemmulata, Reeve
gibberula, Lam.
inaequalis, Sow.
lucei, Reeve.
indusica, Reeve.
Jukesii, Reeve.
larva, Reeve.
lentiginosa, Reeve
Lincolni, Gray.
Menkeana, Dkr.
Metcalfii, Reeve.

448 fissurellid;e.

neglecta, Desh. Sieboldii, Tleeve.

nigro-ocellata, Tteeve. Singaporensis, Reeve.

nigro-radiata, Reeve. solida, Phil.

octagona, Reeve. suffusa, Reeve.

Panameiisis, Sow. tegula. Reeve.

Philippiana, Dkr. Ticaonica, Reeve.

pica, Sow. venusta, Reeve.

quadriradiata, Pieeve. vimiuea, Reeve.

reticulata, Donov. viridula, Lam,
Riippellii, Sow.

Genus CLYPIDELLA, Swain son.

Mantle-margin double, the edges scalloped and fringed,
anal siphon surrounded by a fimbriated membrane ; foot
large, fleshy and tubercular, with a series of rudimentary,
tentacular filaments on the sides near the fore part.

Shell ovate, scutiform, surface rugose, the anterior ex-
tremity slightly elevated, truncate and sub-emarginate ;
perforation large, situated near the fore part of the shell.

Ea:. C. pustula, Linnaus, pi. 51, fig. 3. Shell, C.
pustula, fig. 3, a.

In this genus the sides of the shell are covered by the
upper fold of the double-edged mantle, the anal siphon is
encircled by a fringed and plicate membranous expansion,
and the foot is fleshy and tubercular.

Species of Clypidella.

aculeata, Reeve. pustula, Linn.

Baikiei, A. Adams. salebrosa, Reeve.

dubia. Reeve. scutella, Gray.
fascicularis, Lam.

MACROCHIRMA, 449

Genus FISSURELLID.5CA, D'Oibigny.

Mantle greatly developed, thickened at the edges, and
nearly covering the shell ; foot very large and elongated.

Shell oval, depressed, surface nearly smooth ; perfora-
tion oval, large, central, with an internal, thickened rim
round the margin ; aperture very wide, with a thickened
callus round the inner margin, margin smooth.

Ex. F. hiantula, Lamarck, pi. 51, fig. 4. Shell, F.
hiantula, fig. 4, a.

In this genus the animal is of large size compared with
the shell, and the mantle is thick and almost coriaceous ;
there appear to be but few species, inhabitants of the
Cape, Tasmania, and South America.

Species of FIssurellidiBa.

sequalis, Sow. hiantula, Lam.

Chemnitzii, Sow. nigrita, Sow.

Genus MACROCHISMA, Swainson.

Shell scutiform, elongated, surface radiately striated,
anterior extremity elevated, sub-emarginate, grooved
above; perforation large, ovate or lanceolate, elongate or
oblong, situated near the front edge.

Ex. M. maxima, A. Adams, pi. 51, fig. 5.

In this genus the animal, according to the observations
of Mr. Cuming, is of large size, larviform and greatly
elongated, with the shell situated towards the hinder ex-
tremity. The anal aperture or faecal perforation of the

VOL. I. 3 M

450 FISSURELLIDiE.

shell is much nearer the front margin than in the other
genera of the family.

Species of Macrochisma.

angustata, A. Adams. hiatula, Swains.

compressa, A. Adams. raaxima, A. Adams.

cuspidata, A. Adams. megatrema, A. Adams.

dilatata, A. Adams, producta, A. Adams.

Genus PUPILLIA, Gray.

Mantle coriaceous, entirely covering the shell, orifice
of anal siphon small, oblong, at the anterior third ; foot
granulated, shorter than the mantle.

Shell internal, depressly-conical, surface nearly smooth ;
perforation large, oblong, sub-central ; aperture wide,
ovate, the margin entire, double, sharp, white-limbed.

Syn. Pupilleea, Krau.ss. Pupillaca, Phil.

Eai. P. apertura. Born, pi. 51, fig. 6. Shell, P. aper-
tura, fig. 6, a, 6, h.

The striking peculiarity of this genus is the fact of
the shell being entirely covered and concealed by the
mantle. The shell may readily be known by the sharp-
edged, white border, which is received into the integu-
ment of the animal, like one of the valves of a Chiton.
Pupillia apertura is an inhabitant of South Africa.

Genus CEMORIA, Leach.

Mantle-margin simple, anal siphon prominent, tubular,
with six papillae in front, and four behind j foot with a
rudimentary, operculigerous lobe.

RIMULA. 451

Shell ovate, conical, elevated, surface with radiating
ribs; apex entire, sub-spiral, slightly recurved posteriorly;
perforation linear, between the apex and front edge, vaulted
over internally by a shelly plate ; aperture oval, expanded,
the margin entire.

Syn. Sipho, Broun, not Klein. Diadora, Gray. Ri-
mula, Loven, not Defrance. Puncturella, Lowe.

Ex. C. Noachina, Litinceus, pi. 51, fig. 7, 7, a, 7, b.
Shell, C. Noachina, fig. 7, c, 7, d.

The range of cirrhi on the sides of the foot in this
genus is interrupted, behind, on each side; the species
inhabit the British Islands, Greenland, Norway, Boreal
America, and Tierra del Fuego.

Species of Cemoria.

cognata, Gould. galeata, Gould.

conica, UOrb. Noachina, Linn.

cucullata, Gould. priuceps, Gould.
fastigiata, A. Adams.

Genus RT.MULA, Defrance.

Shell ovate, depressly-conical, thin, surface cancellated;
apex recurved towards the hinder extremity, entire ; per-
foration elongate, fissure-like, between the vertex and the
front edge.

Syn. Rimularia, Defrance. Rimulus, D'Orb. Ditre-
maria, D'Orh.

Ex. R. exquisita, A. Adams, pi. 51, fig. 8.

This genus was founded on some fossil species of the
Bath Oolite ; several recent species, however, have been
discovered by Mr. Cuming among the Islands of the

452 FISSURELLIDiE.

Philippine Archipelago, principally dredged from ten to
twenty-five fathoms water. The genus is easily recognised
by the position of the perforation.

Species of Riinula.

Blainvillii, Defr. exquisita, A. Adams.

carinata, A. Adams. propinqua, A. Adams.

Genus EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

Mantle-margin simple, reflexed over the edges of the
shell, anal siphon with prominent, membranous margins
projecting from the fissure in the shell ; foot with a rudi-
mentary, operculigerous lobe.

Shell oval, conical, surface radiated or cancellated ;
apex entire, recurved posteriorly ; aperture oval, expanded,
the front edge fissured, the fissure continuous with a groove
which extends as far as the vertex.

Syn. Emarginulus, Montf. .? Palmarium, Montf,

Ex. E. rosea. Bell, pi. 51, fig. 9. Shell, E. crassa,
Sowerby, fig. 9, a.

The angulated sides of the anal siphon are seen, in the
living animal, projecting from the fissure in the front
margin of the shell ; the operculigerous lobe exists in the
form of a single, central cirrhus on the hind part of the
foot. Most of the species are from considerable depths,
while the species of Fissurella, on the contrary, are chiefly
littoral. Australia, the West Indies, and the Philippines
harbour the greatest number, a iew only being inhabitants
of temperate climates.

EMARGINULA. 453

Species of Emarginula.

alveolata, A. Adams Huzardii, Payr.

Arabica, A. Adams. imbricata, A. Adams.

cancellata, Pliil. lata, Quoy.

catillus, A. Adams. pumila, A. Adams.

crassilabrum, A. Adams. reticulata, Chem.

erassa, Sow. rosea. Bell.

cratitia, A. Adams. rubra, Lam.

curvirostris, Desli. sculptilis, A. Adams.

deuticulata, A. Adams. scutellaris, A. Adams.

fissura, Linn. striatula, Quoy.

fissurata, Chem. Vanicorensis, Quoy.
galeata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. sqbemarginula, Blainville (Hemitonia, Swains.
Montfortia, Uecluz).

Shell radiately ribbed, tubercular; aperture not fissured ante-
riorly, but with a conspicuous groove or gutter at the front
edge.

depressa, Blainv. polygonalis, A. Adams.

nodulosa, A.Adams. tricarinata, Born.

octoradiata, Gmel.

Sub-gen. clypidina. Gray.

Shell ovate, depressly-conical, surface rugose or spiny ; aper-

► ture not fissured anteriorly, but with an internal canal extending

from the right side of the front margin to the vertex.

acuminata, A. Adams. parmophoroidea, Quoy and
aiinulata, A. Adams. Gaim.

aspera, Goidd. rudis, A. Adams.

Candida, A. Adams. stellata, A. Adams.

fungina, Gould. sulcifera, A. Adams.
notata, Linn.

454 FISSURELLID^.

Genus SCUTUS, Montfort.

Mantle-margin simple, permanently more or less pro-
duced and covering the sides of the shell ; foot moderate,
smooth, with a series of short, lateral cirrhi.

Shell depressed, oblong, shield-shaped, surface smooth
or striated ; apex at the hinder thii'd ; aperture with the
front edge truncate, arched, and slightly emarginate, with
an internal groove leading to the sinus; margin smooth,
rounded behind.

St/)K Dascinus, Rq/ln. Parmophorus, Blainv. Par-
mophora, Desk. Scutifera, Blainv. Scutum, Sotc. jun.

Ex. S. unguis, Linnceus, pi. 51, fig. 10. Shell, S.
unguis, fig. 10, a.

The animal of Sciitus does not differ much from that
of Emarginula, but the shell is not fissured anteriorly,
and is, moreover, smooth, depressed, and sub-quadran-
gular, with the margin permanently covered by the re-
flexed border of the mantle. Tlie shells are all white
or devoid of colour, although the animal is black ;
the species are found in shallow water, and are not very
numerous; they are chiefly inhabitants of the Philippines,
Australia, and New Zealand.

Species of Scutus.

angustatus, A. Adams. granulatus, Blainv.

australis, Blainv. imbricatus, Quoij and Ga'im.

corrugatus, Reeve. tumidus, Qnoy and Gaim.

clongatus, Lam. unguis, Linn.

I

DENTALIIDyE. 455

Sub-gen. tugali, Gray.

Shell white, oblong, surface cancellated ; aperture with the
margin creuulated.

cariuatus, A. Adams. elegans. Gray.

cicatrosus, A. Adams. osseus, Gould.

cinereus, Gould. radiatus, A. Adams.
decussatus, A. Adams.

Fam. DENTALIID^E.

Lingual ribbon wide, ovate, rachis single-toothed, im-
cini single, flanked by single, unarmed plates. Body
elongated ; head rudimentary, without tentacles or eyes ;
mouth with cirrhated lips. Mantle circular, anteriorly
thick and fleshy, investing the fore part of the body; gills
two, symmetrical. Foot rudimentary, small, conical,
with two symmetrical side-lobes, and an attenuated, hollow
base, communicating with the stomach.

Operculum none.

Shell elongate, or elevately-conical, surface smooth or
longitudinally striated ; vertex perforated, posteriorly in-
clined ; aperture circular, not constricted.

According to the observations of Clark, the blood of
these animals is red, the sexes are united, and the gills
are posterior to the heart. Should these views be con-
firmed, the family must be removed from the Prosobran-
chiate division of Mollusks. The most usual way of re-
garding the Dentaliid(B has been to consider them as
elongated Fissurella, with the eyes and tentacles wanting,
and the foot rudimentary and tubular; the perforated.

456

DENTALIIDJi;.

small end of the shell, corresponding with the orifice in
the vertex of F/ssurella, and subserving the same pur-
pose. The stomach of the Dentaliiche is furnished with
a strong gizzard, and the vent is sub-central.

Genus dentalium, Linnaeus.

Shell symmetrical, tubular, tapering, recurved, surface
longitudinally ribbed or striated ; apex perforated, per-
foration entire, without any fissure or emargination ; aper-
ture circular.

Syn. Tubulus, Scilla. Dentale, List. Dentalis,
Llwyd. Syringites, Auct. Canalis, D'Argenv. Cana-
lites, Vogel.

Ex. D. vulgare, Da Costa, pi. 5'2, fig. 1. Shell, D.
arcuatum, Linn(Bus, fig. 1, a.

According to Clark, the " Tooth Shells," as they are
often termed, are animal feeders, devouring with avidity
Foraminifera, and sometimes small bivalves. They are
usually found in deep water, and often bury themselves in
mud and sand.

Species of Dentalium.

abbreviatuiu, Desk.
alternatum, Lea.
ambiguum, Chenu.
aprinum, Linn.
arcuatum, Linn.
dentalis, Linn.
elephantinum, Linn.
ellipticum. Sow.
fasciatum, Gmel.
formosum, Adams and Reeve.
gigauteum, Brug.

IndicuiD, Chenu.
Lessoiii, Desk.
lacteum. Desk.
multistriatum. Desk.
nigrum. Lam.
Novte Hollaudias, Chenu.
novem-costatum. Lam.
octogouum, Lam.
Panormum, Chenu.
politum, Linn.
pseudo-sexagonum, Desh.

ANTALIS,

457

quinquangulare, Forbes.
rectum, Linn.
rubescens, Desk.
striatulum, Gmel.

sulcatum, Lam.
translucidum, Desk
variabile, Desk.
vulgare. Da Costa.

Genus AISTTALIS, Aldrovandiis.

Shell symmetrical, tubular, sub-cylindrical, recurved ;
apex perforated, perforation with a notch-like fissure on
the dorsal or posterior margin ; aperture circular, entire.

S^n. Antalium, Auct. Entale, Toiirnef. Entalites,
Auct. Entalium, Defr. Entalis, G. B. Sow., jun.

Ex. A. seraistriolata, Guilding, pi. 52, fig. 2. Shell,
A. entalis, Linmeus, fig. 2, a.

In this genus the faecal foramen in the apex of the shell
is fissured on the hinder margin, and the surface of the
shell is smooth or longitudinally striated. The species
often range from 10 to 100 fathoms, and are found in the
East and West Indies, the Mediterranean, and on the
shores of Britain and Norway.

Species of Antalis.

Delessertiaiia, Chenii.
diffusa, Chenu.
eburnea, Linn.
entalis, Linn.
fissura, Lam.
incisa, Chenu.
inversa, Desh.
Lamarckii, Chenu.

nebulosa, Desh.
occidentalis, Stimp.
Philippii, Chenu.
secta, Desh.
semistriolata, Guild.
Sowerbyi, Chenu.
striata. Lam.
striolata, Stimp.

VOL. I.

3 N

458 TECTURIDiE.

Fam. TECTURID^.

Lingual riband long, with two centi-al, and two hooked
lateral teeth on each side in an oblique line, the inner
often the larger. Head with a short muzzle ; mouth with
cartilaginous jaws ; tentacles subulate ; eyes on bulgings
at their outer bases. Mantle-margin simple or fringed ;
gill forming a single pectinated plume on the side of the
back of the neck. Foot large, ovate, with a simple, im-
pressed groove.
Operculum none.

Shell depressed, conical, or cap-shaped ; aperture wide^
with a crescentic, muscular impression, interrupted in the
region of the head.

The family of Tecturida, or " False Limpets," is dis-
tinguished from that of the PatelUdm, or " True Lim-
pets," by the gill being single, and situated in a cavity on
the right side of the neck, instead of forming a series of
lamellae between the mantle and foot. They are littoral
in their habits, feeding on the sea-weed between tide-
marks ; their locomotion is very limited, and in their
geographical distribution, they are found both in tropical
and temperate countries.

Genus TECTUEA, Audouin and Milne Edwards.

Mantle-margin fringed ; foot oval, flat.

Shell patelliform, regular, depressly-conical, surface
smooth or with radiating striae ; apex anterior, sub-cen-
tral; aperture very wide, muscular impression non-sym-
metrical, the anterior part under the right side.

SCURRIA.

459

Syn. Acmsea, Eschscholtz. Patelloida, Quoij and
Gaimard. Lottia, Gray.

Ex. T. testudiualis, M'uller, pi. 52, fig. .3, 3, a. Shell,
T. testudinalis, fig. 3, h.

Species of Tectura are found in Western America,
Australia, and on the shores of northern countries ; they
range from low-water to thirty fathoms.

Species of Tectura.

aeruginosa, Midd.

alveus, Couth.

ancylus, Esch.

araueosa, Gould.

Asmi, Midd.

cassis, Eschr.

conoidea, Quoy and Gaim.

conspicua, Phil.

cymbiola, Gould.

digitalis, Eschr.

discors, Phil.

elougata, Quoxj and Gaim.

flammea, Quoij and Gaim.

fragilis, Quoy and Gaim.

fungus, Meusch.

leucopleura, Gmel.

limbata, Phil.

melanoleuca, Gmel,

melanosticta, Gmel.

mitella, Mke.

orbicularis, Quoy and Gaim.

parasitica, D'Orb.
patina, Eschr.
persona, Eschr.
personoides, Midd.
pileolus, Midd.
pileopsis, Quoy and Gaim.
pintadina, Gmel.
pustula, Helb.
rugosa, Quay and Gaim.
scabra, Gould.
septiformis, Quoy and Gaim.
squamosa, Quoy and Gaim.
stellaris, Quoy and Gaim.
striata, Quoy and Gaim.
subrugosa, D'Orb.
testudinalis, Miill.
textilis, Gould.
variabilis, Sow.
vii'ginea, MUll.
viridula. Lam.

Genus SCURRIA, Gray.

Mantle-margin with a series of lamellar papillae ; foot
oval, thick.

Shell elevately-conical, solid, surface smooth ; apex

460

TECTURIDiE.

central, mamillated ; aperture wide, oval, margin regular,
entire.

jE'.r, S. scurra, Lesson, pi. 52, fig. 4, 4, a. Shell, S.
scurra, fig. 4, b.

This genus is founded upon the Patella scurra of Les-
son, which is the Acmcea mitra of Eschscholtz, and the
Loitia pallida of Sowerby. The margin of the mantle is
surrounded by a number of singular, sub-annular, curved,
lamellar processes, which resemble gills ; the branchial
plume, however, exists in a cervical cavity, as in Tec-
tura.

conica, Gould.

Species of Scurria.

scurra, Lesson.

Genus HELCION, Montfort.

Shell oval, depressly-conical, cap-shaped, surface with
radiating, pectinated ribs; apex excentric, recurved, sub-
marginal ; interior covered with a vitreous deposit, margin
of aperture crenate ; muscular impression crescentic, in-
terrupted in the region of the head.

Ea^. H. pectinatus, Linnaus, pi. 52, fig. 5.

The shell of Helcion does not appear to differ generi-
cally from that of ScutelUna, except that the interior of
the aperture is covered with a peculiar glazed deposit.
The nature of the gills has not been well made out ; Dr.
Gray, however, states that they resemble those of Patella.

Genus SCUTELLINA, Gray.
Animal provided with eyes.

SCUTELLINA. 461

Shell orbicular or ovate, depressly-conical or cap-
shaped, surface cancellated, or with radiating ribs or
striae; apex sub-central, or sub-marginal and posterior;
aperture wide, circular, or ovate, margin often bordered
internally, outer edge more or less crenulated ; interior
with a cresentic, muscular impression, interrupted in the
region of the head.

Syn. Scutella, Brod., not Lam.

Ex. S. ferruginea, A. Adams, pi. 52, fig. 6, 6, a. Shell,
S. crenulata, Brodevip, fig. Q, h. S. (Tothia) fulva,
Afiiller, 6, c.

This genus is composed of a series of beautiful and de-
licate shells from the Red Sea, Panama, the Philippines,
and the north of Europe ; they are usually of a white
colour, and very similar in form and sculpture to Helcion.
The lingual riband in the sub-genus lothia, which scarcely
differs, even in the shell, from Scutellina, is composed of
a single series of squares, on each of which a single tri-
lobed tooth is borne, flanked on each side by two distinct
accessorials. (Forbes.)

Species of Scutellina.

Arabica, Riipp. elongata, A. Adams.

asperulata, A. Adams. ferruginea, A. Adams.

cinuamomea, Gould. Galathea, Lam.

costata, A. Adams. granulosa, A. Adams.

crenulata, Brod. laevicostalis, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. iothia, Forbes (Pilidium, Forbes and Hanley. Patel-
loida, Cantr., not Quoy and Gaim.).

Shell with the apex sub-central; aperture with the margin
entire.

fulva, Midi.

462

GADINIID^.

Genus LEPETA, Gray.

Animal blind.

Shell obovate, depressly-conical, surface with radiating
striae ; apex excentric, posterior ; aperture oval, muscular
impression horse-shoe-shaped, open anteriorly.

Syn. Propilidium, Forbes and Hanley, Pilidium,
Midd., not Forbes.

Ex. L. ceeca, Midler, pi. 52, fig. 7. Shell, L. caeca,
fig. 7, a.

In this genus, which is established on the Patella cceca
of Miiller, the animal is deprived of eyes, the tentacles
are short and obtuse, and there is a single, central, rachi-
dian tooth on the lingual membrane.

caeca, Mull.
Candida, Couth.

Species of Lepeta.

commoda, Midd.
rubella, Miill.

Fam. GADINIID^.

Head distinct, flattened ; tentacles expanded, funnel-
shaped ; eyes sessile. Gill single, placed obliquely across
the bacli of the neck. Foot, flat, thin, simple.

Shell depressly-conical ; aperture with a siphonal
groove anteriorly on the right side.

In this family the gill is single and cervical as in
Tecturid(B, but the tentacles are expanded and infundi-
buliform. The groove in the interior of the shell, for the
anal siphon, resembles that of Siphonaria, but the genera

PATELLIDiE. 463

are unlike each other in the position of the gill and in
the form of the head.

Genus gadinia, Gray.

Shell depresssly-conical, surface radiated ; apex sub-
central, or a little posterior ; aperture wide, expanded, mus-
cular impression horse-shoe-shaped, the right side shortest,
terminating at the siphonal groove ; siphonal groove in
the front of the right side of the muscular scar,

Syn. Mouretia, Soiv. Lyria, Gray. Clypeus, Scac-
chi, not Klein.

Ex. G. Garnotii, Payraudeau, pi. 52, fig. 8. Shell,
G. Afra, Gray., fig. 8, a.

The animals of this genus have very similar habits to
those of the Patellidce. Adanson, who first observed
them, living on the rocks of the Island of Goree, and of
Cape Manuel, named them " Gadin."

Species of Gadinia.

Afra, Grarj. Peruviana, Sow.

costata, Kraiiss. reticulata, Sow.

Garnotii, Payr. ^ stellata, Sow.

Fam. PATELLID^.

Mouth armed with horny jaws; lingual riband very
long ; teeth in numerous transverse rows (2'4-2), central,
two pairs ; lateral, two on each side, the inner one larger
and lower down, vmcini three. Head with a short muz-
zle ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on the outer side of
their swollen bases. Mantle-margin fringed j gill on the

464 PATELLIDiE.

inner surface of the mantle, forming a more or less com-
plete ring just beneath the margin. Side of foot with a
sunken groove.

Operculum none.

Shell simple, conical; muscular impression crescentic,
interrupted in front.

The continuous series of branchial lamellae forming a
fixed cordon between the mantle and foot, together with
the peculiarities of their lingual dentition, serve to distin-
guish this family from the Tecturidcs ; from the Chito-
nid(B the presence of tentacles and eyes, and the simple,
conical nature of the shell at once separate them. The
PatellidcB are strictly littoral in their habits, living upon
the rocks between tide-marks; they are chiefly sedentary,
adhering firmly by atmospheric pressure, and feeding on
the sea-weed within reach of their long tongues ; during
the night-time, however, they make short excursions, in-
dicated by the irregular tracks they form, probably by
rasping the surface of the rocks with their foot.

Genus PATELLA, Linnseus.

Mouth emarginate below ; gills extending nearly round
the body, interrupted on one side near the neck.

Shell non-spiral, orbicular or oval, depressly-conical,
surface smooth, or with radiating ribs or striae ; apex sub-
central, inclined anteriorly ; aperture wide, the margin
entire or spinose, simple within.

Syn. YaieWdiXiQ.y Llwyd. ^vucsl, Tournef., not Swains.
Patellus, Montf. Patellarius, Dum. Goniclis, Rafin.

Ex. P. vulgata, Linnaus, pi. 52, fig. 9. Shell, P. tes-
tudinaria, Linn., fig. 9, a.

PATELLA.

465

The species of this genus are very numerous, and are
world-wide in their geographical distribution, being found
on the shores, usually affixed to rocks, to which they ad-
here with the greatest tenacity. The Patelloi possess the
power of boring in a slight degree ; the excavations are
produced simply by mechanical attrition, the foot being
strengthened with hard, crystalline, siliceous spicula,
similar to those in the foot of the perforating Pholades.
One species, P. vulgata^ is very abundant on our own
shores, and is extensively used by fishermen as bait ; in
the north of Ireland many tons' weight are annually col-
lected as food among the poor.

Species of Patella.

Adansonii, Dkr.
senea, Martyn.
albida, Mart.
angulosa, GmeL
argentea, Quoy and Gaim.
athletica, Lam.
barbata, Linn.
Capensis, Gmel.
chlorosticta, Gmel.
citrulus, Gould.
costoplicata, Mart.
cljpeaster, Lesson.
fimbriata, Gould.
flammea, Gmel.
flexuosa, Quoy and Gaim.
granatina, Linn.
granulans, Linn.
Guineensis, Dkr.
guttata, UOrh.
illuminata, Goidd.
instabilis, Gould.
Kraussii, Dkr.

VOL. I.

laciniosa, Linn.
langula, Meusch.
lineata, Lam.
Lowei, D'Orb.
luctuosa, Gould.
lugubris. Mart.
luteola, Lam.
Lusitauica, Gmel.
Magellauica, Gmel.
mamillaris, Linn.
miniata. Born.
nigro-squamosa, Dkr.
novem-radiata, Quoy and

Gaim.
oculata, Meusch.
oculus, Born.
oruata, Dillw.
Paumotensis, Goidd.
petasus, Meusch.
piperita, Gould.
puncturata, Lam.
Reynaudi, Desh.

3 o

466

PATELLIDiE.

rota, Chem.
rustica, Linn.
saccharina, Liiin.
sagittata, Gould.
scutellaris, Lam.
spectabilis, Dkr.
spinulosa, Meusch.
stellifera, Gmel.
stellularia, Quoy and Gaini.

talcosa, Gould.
Tarentina, Lam.
testudinaria, Linn.
tramoserica, Chem.
Tranquebarica, Gm,el.
fuberculifera, Lam.
Ulyssiponensis, Gmel.
vulgata, Linn.
zonata, Schub. and Wag.

Sub-gen. scutellastra, H. and A. Adams.

Shell stellate, surface radiately ribbed ; vertex sub-central ;
margin of aperture with radiating processes.

gorgonica. Humph.
pentagona, Born.

plicata, Born.

Sub-gen. cymbula, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong, laterally compressed, surface radiately striated;
vertex hooked; aperture with the margin entire.

compressa, Linn.

Sub-gen. olana, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, narrowed in front, dilated and
rounded behind, surface radiately striated; vertex obtuse;
aperture with the margin slightly irregular.

cochlear, Gmel.

CHITONIDiE. 467

Genus NACELLA, Schumacher.

Mouth entire below ; gills interrupted in front of the
head, and ending nearly symmetrically on each side of
the neck.

Shell thin, semi -pellucid, cap-shaped, surface smooth j
apex anterior, recurved, nearly marginal ; aperture wide,
oval, internally opalescent, margin simple, entire.

Syn. Patina, Leacli. Ansates, Sow. jun.

Ex. N. pellucida, LimKBus, pi. 52, fig. 10. Shell, N.
cymbalaria, Lamarck, fig. 10, a.

The " Sea-weed Limpets " are readily distinguished
from the " Rock Limpets " even by their shells, which are
smooth, thin, sharp-edged, and cap-shaped. They are
usually found parasitic on sea-weed, adhering to the fronds
or even imbedding themselves in the parenchyma of the
stalks, as N. insessa, and a variety of A^. pellucida on our
own shores. Species of Nacella are inhabitants of the
British Islands, the Cape of Good E[ope, Cape Horn, and
Australia.

Species of Nacella.

cterulea, Linn. insessa, Hinds.

cymbalaria, Lam. pellucida, Linn.

Delessertii, Phil. plumbea, Lam.

depicta, Hinds. radians, Gmel.

hyalina, Phil. vitrea, Phil.

Fam. CHITONIDJE.

Lingual riband long and linear, furnished with nume-
rous transverse series of teeth ; three central or rachidian.

468 CHITOXIDiE.

the median small ; the laterals large, with dentated hooks,
uncini five, trapezoidal, one of them erect and hooked.
Head surrounded by a semi-circular veil or hood ; eyes
and tentacles none ; mouth with cartilaginous jaws.
Gills, in a series of lamellae, between the mantle and foot
round the sides and posterior part of the body. Foot
oblong, rounded at each end.

Shell composed of eight transverse valves or imbri-
cated plates, immersed in the coriaceous mantle which
forms an expanded margin beyond them.

There are several anatomical peculiarities in these
animals, which have caused many eminent authorities to
hesitate even in considering them Mollusca. The number
of shelly valves covering their bodies gives them an arti-
culated appearance ; their heart is central and elongated,
like the dorsal vessel of the Annelida; their organs
of reproduction are symmetrical, and have two orifices ;
the sexes are united ; and the intestine is straight, with
the anal orifice posterior and median. These consi-
derations induced M. Blainville to constitute a special
group for them between the Mollusca and Annelida, and
which he named Polyplaxiphora. The opinion of Cuvier,
however, that they are Gasteropodous Mollusks is more
in accordance with nature ; their gills are like those of the
Patellidce ; their foot is that of a true Gasteropod ; and
in their lingual armature and stomach they resemble the
Prosohranchiate Mollusca; the extra portions of shelly
covering, moreover, are considered by Dr. Gray as so
many detached plates separated from the fore part of the
hind valve, which he regards as the homologue of the
shell of Patella.

ciiiTONm^. 469

Sub-fam. CHITONIN^.

Mantle simple, without any pores or tufts of spines on
the sides.

This sub-family is naturally divided into those which
have the valves exposed, including.the first eleven genera,
and those in which the valves are more or less covered by
the mantle, comprising the last three genera. Dr. Gray
finds that the plate of insertion of the anterior and poste-
rior valves of the first section is divided into several
lobes, and that of the central valves into two lobes, while
in the second division the plate of insertion of all the
valves has a single notch on each side, and that of the
hinder valves a single notch on each side, with a concave
sinuosity below.

Genus LOPHYRUS, Poli.

Mantle covered with regularly-disposed, smooth, imbri-
cate, roundish, conspicuous scales.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex superior.

Syn. Lophuviderma, Poli. Radsia, Gray. Gymno-
plax, Gray. Lophurus, Gray.

Ex. L. squaraosus, Linnceiis, pi. 53, fig. ].

The margin of the plate of insertion of the valves is
divided into lobes more or less denticulated, and the pos-
terior valve is entire behind ; the mantle-margin is con-
spicuously tessellated with smooth, roundish scales. The
species, which are very numerous, are found in all parts of
the globe.

470

chitoninj:.

Species of Lophyrus.

Adelaidensis, Reeve.
sereus, Reeve.
albolineatus, Sow.
aquatilis, Reeve.
articulatus, Sow.
assimilis, Reeve.
australis, Soiv.
Barnesii, Gray.
Bowenii, King.
Canariensis, D'Orb.
Capensis, Gray.
concentricus, Reeve.
Coreanicus, Adams and

Reeve.
Cumingii, Frembl.
dispar, Sotv.
dissimilis, Reeve.
divergens, Reeve.
evanidus, Soiv.
excavatus, Gray.
fasciatus, Wood.
gemmulatus, Shuttl.
glaucus, Gray.
Goodallii, Brod.
granosus, Frembl.
jugosus, Gould.
Incei, Reeve.
insculptus, A. Adams.

laevigatus, Sow.
lyratus, Soiv.
magnificus, Desh.
marmoratus, Chem.
muricatus, A. Adams.
Novse Hollaudiai, Gray.
patulus, Soiv.
pellis-serpentis, Quoy and

Gaim.
petaloides, Gould.
picus, Reeve.
pruiuosus, Gould.
quercinvis, Gould.
Quoyi, Desh.
rugulatus, Sow.
scarabfeus, Reeve.
Siculus, Gray.
Sinclairii, Gray.
squamosus, Linn.
Stangeri, Reeve.
Stokesii, Brod.
striatus, Barnes.
sulcatus, Wood.
tulipa, Quoy.
virgulatus, Sow.
undatus, Spengl.
viridis, Spengl.

Genus CALLOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle covered with very minute, elongate, rhombi-
form, closely-pressed scales, producing a reticulated ap-
pearance.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ;
hinder valve with the apex sub-central.

i

LEPIDOPLEURUS. 471

Ex. C. fuliginatns, Adams and Reeve, pi. 53, fig. -2,
2, a. C. laevis, Pennant, fig. 2, 6.

In this genus, which is remarkable for the smooth,
reticulate aspect of the mantle-margin, the plate of in-
sertion of the terminal valve is many-lobed, and that of
the middle-valves four-lobed.

Species of Callochiton.

castaneus, Wood. interstinctus, Gould.

cerasinus, Chem. laevis, Penn.

fuliginatus, Adams and pulchellus, Graij.

Reeve. punctulatissimus, Sow.

fulgetrum, E^eve. ■ puniceus, Couth.

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS, Risso.

Mantle covered with minute, flattened, longitudinally-
grooved scales.

Shell with the valves external, broad ; the hinder valve
with the apex sub-central.

Si/n. Ischnochiton, Grai/. Ischnoradsia, Shuttleiv.

Ex. L. limaciformis, »S'o^£7er%, pi. 53, fig, 3. L. Caje-
tanus, Poll, fig. 3, a. L. pectinatus, Sotverhy, fig. 3, h.

The plates of insertion of the valves in this group are
thin and smooth-edged ; those of the central valves have a
single notch in some species, but in others they are four-
to five-lobed ; the laminae of insertion of the terminal
valves are many-lobed. The species are numerous, and
have a world-wide distribution.

Species of Lepidopleurus.

alatus, Sow. Cajetanus, Pali.

antiquus, Heeve. caliginosus, Reeve.

472

CHITONINiE.

canaliculatus, Quoy and

Oaim.
carinulatus, Reeve.
castas, Reeve.
cateiiLilatus, Wood.
catillus, Reeve.
circumvallatus, Reeve.
colubrifer, Reeve.
contractus, Reeve.
cor ruga tus, Reeve.
crispus. Reeve.
decussatus, Reeve.
Dieffenbacbii, Reeve.
divergens, Reeve.
erythronotus, G. B. Adams.
floccatus, Sow.
granulosus, Fremhl.
illumiuatus, Reeve.
incarnatus, Reeve.
inquinatus, Reeve.
Janeirensis, Gray.
lateritius, Shuttl.
limaciformis. Sow.
longicymba, Blainv.
lutulatus, Shuttl.

Luzonicus, Soiv.
Magdalensis, Hinds.
Mediterraneus, Gray.
nietallicus, Reeve.
pallidulus, Reeve.
pallidas, Reeve.
papillosus, C. B. Adams.
pectinatus, Sow.
pertusus. Reeve.
platessa, Gould.
productus. Reeve.
Proteus, Reeve.
pulcherrimus, Soiv.
purpurascens, C. B. Adams.
reticulatus, Reeve.
Rissoi, Payr.
sculptus, Sow.
segmeutatus. Reeve.
squamulosus, C. B. Adams.
stramineus, Soiv.
striolatus, Gray.
textilis, Gray.
ustulatus, Reeve.
viridulus. Couth.
virgatus. Reeve.

Genus LEPTOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin covered with minute, granule-like,
round, smooth scales, not imbricate.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central, superior.

Si/n. Stenosemus, Midd.

Ex. L. asellus, Chemnitz, pi. 53, fig. 4. L. cinereus,
Linnaus, fig. 4, a.

In Leptochifon the plates of insertion are rudimentary,
without any notches in either the terminal or central

TOiXiciA. 473

valves. The species are usually of rather a small size,
and are principally inhabitants of the shores of temperate
climates, being found in Greenland, Britain, the Mediter-
ranean, and Western America.

Species of Leptochiton.

albus, Linn. Mecliterraneus, Gray.

arbutum, Reeve. Mertensii, Midd.

asellus, Chem. Milleri, Gray.

cancellatus, Leach. muscarius, Reeve.

cinereus, Linn. muricatus, Tiles.

cingillatus, Reeve. proprius, Reeve.

Colliei, Gray. pusillus, Soir.

crocinus, Reeve. pusio, Sow.

exiguus, Sow. ruber, Linn.

giganteus, Tiles. scrobiculatus, Midd.

Ifevigatus, Flem. versicolor, A. Adams,

lividus, Midd. virescens, Reeve.
lentiginosus, Sou\

Genus TONICIA, Gray.

Mantle simple, horny, naked, smooth or glabrous.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex superior.

Si/n. Tonichia, GraT/ (olim).

Ex. T. elegans, Fremhley, pi. 53, fig. 5, 5, a.

The laminae of insertion of the terminal valves are
many-lobed, and those of the middle bi-lobed. According
to Dr. Gray, the valves are similar, with regard to their
plates of insertion, to those of Chiton, and that of the
posterior valve is entire. The chief external peculiarit}-,
however, consists in the simplicity of the mantle-margin ;

VOL. I. 3 p

474

CIIITOKINi^E.

the species inhabit Greenland, Peru, Chili, the Philip-
pine Islands, and New Zealand.

Species of Tonicia.

atrata, Sow.
Brandtii, Midd.
Chilensis, Frembl.
Chiloensis, Sow.
crenulata, Brad.
disjuncta, Frembl.
elegans, Frembl.
Eschscholtzii, Midd.
fastigiata, Gray.
granifera, Sow.

Grayi, Sow.
insignis, Reeve.
lineata, Wood.
lineolata, Frembl.
marmorea, 0. Fabr.
]\Ierckii, Midd.
picta, Reeve.
Sitchensis, Midd.
Svvainsoni, Soiv.
truncata, Sow.

Genus CHITON, Linnasus.

Mantle densely beset with unequal, corneo-calcareous,
often very long spines, or with small, calcareous spicula,
giving it a spinulose appearance.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central,

Si/ii. Scutigerulus, Meusch. Acanthopleura, Guild.
Canthapleura, Swains. Corephium, Gray, not Browne.

Ex. C. brevispinosus, Sowerby, pi. 54, fig. 1. C.
aculeatus, Linnceiis, fig. 1, a.

The calcareous nature of the spicula which cover the
mantle-margin, will at once distinguish the species of this
genus from those of Chcetopleura, in which they are
horny. The plates of insertion of the terminal valves
are many-lobed, of the posterior sometimes somewhat
obsolete, and of the middle bi-lobed. The Corephiwn of
Browne, figured previously by Petiver under the name
of Asellus marinns, is a Crustaceous animal.

CHiETOPLEURA.

475

Species of Chiton.

aculeatus, Li^in.
acutirostratus, Adams and

Reeve.
brevispinosus, Son:.
cselatus, Reeve.
Califoniicus, Nutt.
Columbiensis, Soiv.
Cunningbami, Reeve.
fortiliratus, Reeve.
Fremblii, Brod.
gigas, Chem.
labeculatus, Reeve.
linter, Chem.
luridus, Soiv.
Magellanicus, Chem.
magnificus, Grai/.

micans, Gould.
mucrouulatus, Shiittl.
muscosus, Gould.
Owenii, Gray.
piceolus, Shuttl.
piceus, Gmel.
Polii, Phil.
pulcberrimus, Sow.
salamander, Spengl.
scaber, Reeve.
scabriculus, Sow.
SoAverbiauus, Reeve.
spiniger, Soiv.
spinosus, Bruff.
spinulosus, Gray.
tuberculiferus, Sow.

Genus CHiETOPLEURA, Shuttle worth.

Mantle beset with horny bristles.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central.

Si/n. Eudoxochiton, Sliutllew. Craspedochiton,
SJiuHleiv.

Ex. C. Peruviana, Lamarck, pi. 54, fig. 2.

In this genus the laminae of insertion of the hinder
valve are many-lobed, those of the middle valves bi-lobed,
or six-lobed, but the obvious feature of distinction con-
sists in the mantle-margin being covered with hairs or
horny bristles, instead of with calcareous spines.

476 CIIITONIN^.

Species of Chatopleura.

fulva, Wood. nobilis, Gray.

Hanleyi, Bean. Peruviana, ham.

Henuahi, Gray. rugosa, Sow.

laqueata, Reeve. Watsonii, Sow.

Genus ONITHOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin densely covered with short bristles or
chafT-like scales.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex terminal.

ElV. O. undulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 54, fig. 3.

The lamina of insertion of the anterior valve in this
genus is few-lobed, that of the posterior sub-emarginate
and entire, and that of the middle bi-lobate. The species
of OnitJtochiton are not very numerous, and are found
chiefly in Australia and New Zealand.

Siyecies of OnitJiocJiiton.

concentricus, Reeve. Sueziensis, Reeve.

Lyellii, Sow. undulatus, Quoy and Gam.

puncticulatus, Reeve.

Genus ENOPLOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle horny, sparsely covered with oblong, unequal,
elongated, flattened, calcareous scales.

Shell with the valves transverse, external, sub-cordi-
form ; the hinder valve with the apex terminal.

E.i: E. niger, Barnes, pi. 54, fig. 4.

SCHlZOCHITOJf. 477

In this genus the lamina of insertion of the anterior
valve is few-lobed, that of- the posterior somewhat obso-
lete, entire, and receding, and that of the middle bi-lobed.
Only a single species, from the coasts of Chili, has been
hitherto discovered. The plates of insertion are very
similar to those of Plaxiphora.

Genus LORICA, H. and A. Adams.

Mantle-margin very densely covered with small, smooth,
ovate, imbricate scales, the posterior margin fissured.

Shell with the valves broad, transverse, external; the
hinder valve small, with the apex terminal, produced, and
notched on its hind lower edge.

Syn. Aulacochiton, Shuttleicorth.

Ex. L. cimolia. Reeve, pi. 54, fig. 5.

The plate of insertion of the anterior valve in Lorica
is few-lobed, that of the posterior deeply emarginate, and
obsoletely lobed, and that of the middle valves bi-lobate.
The squamose mantle distinguishes this genus from
Schizochiton and Mopalia, and the deep notch in the
centre of the hind margin of the posterior valve from
Lophyrus.

Species of Lorica.
cimolia, Reeve. volvox, Reeve.

Genus SCHIZOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin broad, horny, sparsely covered with
small, chafF-like, and cylindrical curved scales, the poste-
rior margin deeply fissured.

478 CHITOA'IN^.

Shell with the valves external, narrow, elongate, sub-
cordate ; the hinder valve large, with the apex posterior,
and with a deep notch on its hind lower edge.

Ex. S. incisus, Sowerhy, pi. 54, fig. 6, 6, a.

The plates of insertion are nearly the same in this
genus as in Chiton, that of the terminal valves being few-
lobed, that of the posterior deeply fissured, and that of
the middle tri-lobed ; the fissured mantle-margin is the
most obvious external character. Two species only, from
the Philippines, are known.

Species of Schizochiton.
elongatus, Reeve. incisus, Sow.

Genus MOPALIA, Gray.

Mantle-margin moderately wide, bristly or hairy, with a
sinuosity on the hinder lower edge.

Shell with the valves almost external, broad, transverse,
slightly covered at the sides by the mantle ; the hinder
valve large, with the apex sub-central, and posteriorly
slightly sinuated.

Ex. M. Hindsii, Sowerhy, pi. 54, fig. 7.

In this genus the plate of insertion of all the valves
has only a single notch on each side. The front edge of
the mantle is sometimes greatly dilated, and a small por-
tion of the lateral areas of the valves of the shell is
covered by the mantle.

Species oj Mojmlia.

asperrima, Couth. ciliala, Sow.

Blainvillii, Brod. Hindsii, Sow.

CRYPTOCHITON. 479

petasus, Adams and Eeeve. vespertina, Gould.

Simpsonii, Gray.

Genus KATHARINA, Gray.

Mantle-margin horny, smooth.

Shell with the valves deeply immersed in, and partly
covered by, the mantle, the exposed parts small, cordate,
as broad as long; the hinder valve with the apex sub-
central.

Ea^. K. tunicata, JVuod, pi. 54, fig. 8.

In this genus the lamina of insertion is greatly pro-
duced, that of the anterior valve nine-lobed, that of the
posterior four-lobed, and that of the middle bi-lobate. The
margins of insertion are nearly as in Mopalia, but the
valves are more covered, and the mantle-margin is bare
and horny.

Species of Katharina.

Douglasiae, Graij. tunicata, Wood.

submarmorea, Mldd.

Genus CRYPTOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle with tufts of spicula ; gill extending all round.

Shell with the valves internal, entirely concealed by the
mantle ; umbo of growth of all the valves central.

JE.v. C. Stelleri, Middendorff, pi. 55, fig. 1, 1, «.

In this genus the beak of all the valves is central, and
the shell is quite internal, being entirely enclosed on
every side by the mantle, which covers the body like a
capsule ; the epidermis is somewhat pustulose,the pustules

480 CRYPTOPLACINiE.

everywhere covering the back and containing fascicles of
bristles. A single species only is known, from the shores
of Kamtschatka.

Sub-fam. CRYPTOPLACIN^.

Mantle with a double series of pores beset with horny
bristles, or a single series of pores furnished with tufts of
calcareous spines.

In this sub-family the general similarity of the animals
to the annulose tribes is even more striking than in the
last division, on account of the tufts of spicula surround-
ing the pores along the sides of the mantle. Tliere are
four genera, not very numerous in species, and all remark-
able for the large portion of the valves covered by the
mantle.

Genus AMICULA, Gray.

Mantle covered with scattered fascicles of hairs, and
having two series of setigerous pores ; gills posterior.

Shell with the valves externally scarcely conspicuous,
the exposed parts small, sub-cordate, as broad as long.

Ex. A. vestita, Sowerhy, pi. 55, fig. 2.

In this genus the shell is concealed under the mantle,
except in the median dorsal line, where the valves are free
from the mantle and conspicuous externally ; the plates
of insertion are similar to those of Cryptoconchus. There
are four species described, all from northern shores.

PLAXIPHORA. 481

Species of Amicula.

amiculata, Pallas. Pallasii, Midd.

Emersonii, Couth. vestita, Sow.

Genus PLAXIPHOEA, Gray.

Mantle with a double series of pores beset with bifur-
cate bristles, one row at the insertion of the valves, the
other at the external margin ; mantle-margin smooth
and horny, or more or less covered with setose or furfu-
raceous scales.

Shell with the valves broad, transverse, external ; the
hinder valve small, with the apex posterior, and with
a slight notch on the hind lower edge.

Syn. Euplaxiphora, Slmttleworth.

Ex. P. Carmichaelis, Gray, pi. 55, fig. 3.

In this genus the hinder valve has a slightly-raised,
smooth plate of insertion, not divided into lobes at the
sides ; the plates of insertion of the middle valves are
bi-lobatc, and those of the anterior usually about nine-
lobed.

Sjjecies of Plaxiphora.

bipunctata, Sow. petholata, Sow.

biramosa, Qnoy and Gaim. retusa, Soiv.

Carmichaelis, Gray.

VOL. I. 3 Q

482 CRYPTOPLACINiE.

Genus CRYPTOCONCHUS, Blainville.

Mantle with a single series of pores, thick, smooth,
elevated at the pores into conical tubercles.

Shell with the valves sub-cordate, with the exposed
part very small, linear, much longer than broad.

Ex. C. porosus, Blainville, pi. 55, fig. 4.

In this genus the valves are immersed in, and covered
by, the mantle, except" in the middle line ; the plates of
insertion of all the valves have only a single notch on
each side, which is sometimes rudimentary, and the
mantle-mai'gin is not beset with calcareous tufts of spicula
as in AcantliocJiites. A single species only is known, from
New Zealand.

Genus ACANTHOCinTES, Risso,

Mantle densely spinulose, surrounded with a series
of setigerous pores.

Shell with the valves deeply immersed, sub-equal, ex-
ternally contiguous, with the exposed part moderate,
cordate, as broad as long.

8yn. Acanthochitona, Gray. Acanthochitus, Phil.
Phakellopleura, Guild. Acauthochiton, Herrm.

Ex. A. fascicularis, Linnaus, pi. 55, fig. 5.

In this genus the plate of insertion of the anterior
valves is six-lobed, that of the middle bi-lobed, and that
of the posterior five-lobed. The species are from New
Zealand, the Canary Islands, the Indian Ocean, the
Mediterranean, arid the British Islands ; the margins of
insertion do not materially differ from those of Crypto-
conchus.

CRYPTOPLAX.

483

Species of Acanthochites.

astriger, Reeve,
castaneus, Couth.
cancellatus, Adams and

Reeve.
coarctatus, Soic.
discrepans, Broivn.
ecliiuatus, Tiles.
fascicularis, Linn.
formosus, Adams and Reeve.
Garnottii, Blainv.

grauatus, Reeve.
bastatus, Sow.
laqueatus, Reeve.
porphyreticus, Reeve.
scutiger, Adams and Reeve.
spiculosus, Reeve.
strigatus, So7v.
violaceus, Quoy and Gaim.
Zealandicus, Quoi/ and
Gaim.

Genus CRYTOPLAX, Blainville.

Body vermiform, thick. Mantle spinulose, encircled
with a series of setigerous pores.

Shell with the valves sub-internal, the three or four
anterior continuous, the others interrupted externally by
bridges of the mantle ; the exposed part linear, lan-
ceolate, elongate.

8yn. Chitonellus, Lam. Chitonella, Desh. Chito-
niscus, Herrm. Ametrogephyrus, Midd.

Ex.- C. fasciatus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 55, fig,
n, 6, a.

The valves in this genus are deeply immersed in
the thick, fleshy mantle, the four anterior being con-
tiguous, the posterior distinct, gradually becoming nar-
rower and diminishing in size. The plate of insertion of
the anterior valve is four-lobed, those of the middle and
hinder ones entire and thick. The species enjoy consi-
derable powers of locomotion compared with other genera
in the family.

484

CRYPTOrLACINJ];.

Species of Cryptoplax.

fasciata, Qiioy and Gam.
Gunuii, Reeve.
liBvis, Lam.
larviformis, Blainv.

oculata, Qaoy and Gaim.
rostra ta, Reeve.
striata, Lam.

END OF VOL. I.

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